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1.
The Luna 16 regolith sample differs from Apollo 11, 12 and 14 regolith and basalt samples by having smaller negative Eu and Sr anomalies and nearly chondritic Eu/Sm and Eu/Sr ratios although the overall REE, Ba, Sr and U concentrations are 25 to 45 times chondrites. Major element data, in particular FeO vs. Al2O3, show that the Luna 16 regolith sample is composed of materials that follow a quantitatively different Fe/Al variation than do Apollo 11, 12, 14 and 15 samples. The small Eu and Sr anomalies and the displaced Fe/Al variation are two chemical features unique to the Luna 16 regolith sample. The Luna 16 regolith sample can contain little if any of the rock types abundant at Apollo sites, thus indicating that the unique chemical features are typical of local or nearby materials and indicate a separate petrogenetic province for major component rock types of the Luna 16 regolith.  相似文献   

2.
Bulk compositions of igneous and microbreccia lithic fragments, glasses, and chondrules from Luna 16 fines as well as compositions of minerals in basaltic lithic fragments were determined with the electron microprobe. Igneous lithic fragments and glasses are divided into two groups, the anorthositic-noritic-troctolitic (hereafter referred to as ANT) and basaltic groups. Chondrules are always of ANT composition and microbreccia lithic fragments are divided into groups 1 and 2. The conclusions reached may be summarized as follows: (1) Luna 16 fines are more similar in composition to Apollo 11 than to Apollo 12 and 14 materials (e.g. Apollo 11 igneous lithic fragments and glasses fall into similar ANT and basaltic groups; abundant norites in Luna 16 and Apollo 11 are not KREEP as in Apollo 12 and 14; Luna 16 basaltic lithic fragments may represent high-K and low-K suites as is the case for Apollo 11; rare colorless to greenish, FeO-rich and TiO2-poor glasses were found in both Apollo 11 and Luna 16; Luna 16 spinels are similar to Apollo 11 spinels but unlike those from Apollo 12). (2) No difference was noted in the composition of lithic fragments, glasses and chondrules from Luna 16 core tube layers A and D. (3) Microbreccia lithic fragments of group 1 originated locally by mixing of high proportions of basaltic with small proportions of ANT materials. (4) Glasses are the compositional analogs to the lithic fragments and not to the microbreccias; most glasses were produced directly from igneous rocks. (5) Glasses show partial loss of Na and K due to vaporization in the vitrification process. (6) Luna 16 chondrules have ANT but not basaltic composition. It is suggested that either liquid droplets of ANT composition are more apt to nucleate from the supercooled state; or basaltic droplets have largely been formed in small and ANT droplets in large impact events (in the latter case, probability for homogeneous and inhomogeneous nucleation is larger. (7) No evidence for ferric iron and water-bearing minerals was found. (8) Occurrence of a great variety of igneous rocks in Luna 16 samples (anorthosite, noritic anorthosite, anorthositic norite, olivine norite, troctolite, and basalt) confirm our earlier conclusion that large-scale melting or partial melting to considerable depth and extensive igneous differentiation must have occurred on the moon.  相似文献   

3.
The Gd and Sm isotopic compositions have been measured in the Luna 16, G-2 soil. This sample has the largest low energy neutron fluence ψ = 5.9 × 1016n/cm2 (E < 0.18eV) yet observed in a lunar sample. The ratio of the number of neutrons captured per atom by149Sm to157Gd is 0.76 which is distinct from the value of 0.86 observed at the Apollo 11, 12 and 14 sites. This indicates a softer neutron energy spectrum at the Sea of Plenty.  相似文献   

4.
18O/16O ratios have been measured for Luna 20 and Apollo 15 fines and Apollo 15 rocks.Isotopic composition and fractionation between minerals are compared with previous results.Partial fluorination experiments on Luna 20 soil and Apollo 15021 extreme fines show large18O enrichments in grain surfaces. These results are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Two small fragments, L24B, a glass-rich agglutinate (1.9 mg) and L24A, a fine-grained lithic fragment (9.4 mg), from the Luna 24 landing site have been neutron irradiated for the purpose of39Ar-40Ar dating. A fairly well-defined39Ar-40Ar plateau age of 3.65 ± 0.12 AE was found for the larger fragment. After appropriate corrections the composition of the trapped and spallogenic Ar could be deciphered. The evolution of38Arsp/37Ar showed that 660 m.y. and 500 m.y. were the most reliable exposure ages for L24A and L24B, respectively. The Ti contents of ≤0.6% determined by gamma-counting prior to the Ar analysis indicate both fragments being associated with the group of low-Ti or even very low-Ti basalts.  相似文献   

6.
39Ar-40Ar ages and37Ar-38Ar exposure ages of samples representing four different lithologies of the Apollo 17 station 7 boulder were measured. The age of the dark veinlet material77015of3.98 ± 0.04AE is interpreted as representing the time of intrusion of this veinlet into the 77215 clast. The data obtained so far indicate that the vesicular basalt 77135 formed 100–200 m.y. later. However, this has to be confirmed by39Ar-40Ar investigations on separated mineral and/or grain-size fractions. A small clast enclosed in the 77135 basalt gives a well-defined high temperature age of3.99 ± 0.02AE. A sample of the noritic clast 77215 gave4.04 ± 0.03AE, the highest age found so far in this boulder. The39Ar-40Ar ages obtained are in agreement with the age relationships deduced from the stratigraphic evidence.Taking into account the shielding by the boulder itself, an average37Ar-38Ar exposure age of(27.5 ± 2.5)m.y. is obtained for the samples collected from the boulder.  相似文献   

7.
The concentrations of the rare earth elements (REE), K, Rb, Sr, Ba, U, Zr and Cr for the Luna 20 soil and four different Apollo 16 soils are reported. These trace element abundances imply: (1) that the lunar highlands consist of a mixture of rocks rich in large ion lithophile (LIL) elements and LIL-element impoverished anorthosites; or (2) that the bulk of the aluminum-rich crust did not originate by upward segregation of plagioclase in a primitive liquid shell. The Luna 20 soil is distinguished from the Apollo 16 soil by lower aluminum and LIL element abundances.  相似文献   

8.
Abundances and isotopic compositions of all the stable noble gases have been measured in 19 different depths of the Apollo 15 deep drill core, 7 different depths of the Apollo 16 deep drill core, and in several surface fines and breccias. All samples analyzed from both drill cores contain large concentrations of solar wind implanted gases, which demonstrates that even the deepest layers of both cores have experienced a lunar surface history. For the Apollo 15 core samples, trapped4He concentrations are constant to within a factor of two; elemental ratios show even greater similarities with mean values of4He/22Ne= 683±44,22Ne/36Ar= 0.439±0.057,36Ar/84Kr= 1.60±0.11·103, and84Kr/132Xe= 5.92±0.74. Apollo 16 core samples show distinctly lower4He contents,4He/22Ne(567±74), and22Ne/36Ar(0.229±0.024), but their heavy-element ratios are essentially identical to Apollo 15 core samples. Apollo 16 surface fines also show lower values of4He/22Ne and22Ne/36Ar. This phenomenon is attributed to greater fractionation during gas loss because of the higher plagioclase contents of Apollo 16 fines. Of these four elemental ratios as measured in both cores, only the22Ne/36Ar for the Apollo 15 core shows an apparent depth dependance. No unambiguous evidence was seen in these core materials of appreciable variations in the composition of the solar wind. Calculated concentrations of cosmic ray-produced21Ne,80Kr, and126Xe for the Apollo 15 core showed nearly flat (within a factor of two) depth profiles, but with smaller random concentration variations over depths of a few cm. These data are not consistent with a short-term core accretion model from non-irradiated regolith. The Apollo 15 core data are consistent with a combined accretion plus static time of a few hundred million years, and also indicate variable pre-accretion irradiation of core material. The lack of large variations in solar wind gas contents across core layers is also consistent with appreciable pre-accretion irradiation. Depth profiles of cosmogenic gases in the Apollo 16 core show considerably larger concentrations of cosmogenic gases below ～65 cm depth than above. This pattern may be interpreted either as an accretionary process, or by a more recent deposition of regolith to the upper ～70 cm of the core. Cosmogenic gas concentrations of several Apollo 16 fines and breccias are consistent with ages of North Ray Crater and South Ray Crater of ～50·106 and ～2·106 yr, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
A technique employing the resonant nuclear reaction 1H(19F, αγ) 16O has been used to measure hydrogen concentration versus depth in selected coarse fine fragments from the Apollo 11 and Apollo 15 missions, and in glass coated surface chips from two Apollo 15 rocks. The highly variable hydrogen content in the coarse fine fragments is concentrated mainly in a layer extending from the surface to a depth of 2000 ± 500A?. The hydrogen content of the surface region of the Apollo 15 rock chips is comparable to that of the coarse fine samples, but is concentrated mainly within a few hundred angstroms of the surface. The hydrogen depth distribution in a piece of platinum foil from the Apollo 16 Lunar surface Cosmic Ray Experiment was also measured in an attempt to place a limit on the flux of 10–40 keV protons associated with a solar flare event.  相似文献   

10.
40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments on igneous plagioclase, biotite, and pyroxene that contain known amounts of excess40Ar indicate that saddle-shaped age spectra are diagnostic of excess40Ar in igneous minerals as well as in igneous rocks. The minima in the age spectra approach but do not reach the crystallization age. Neither the age spectrum diagram nor the40Ar/36Ar versus39Ar/36Ar isochron diagram reliably reveal the crystallization age in such samples.  相似文献   

11.
207Pb/206Pb of “low temperature sited” (LTS) lead as reported by Silver (1975) increases with40Ar/36Ar of trapped argon in thirteen samples from lunar maria. This strongly supports an earlier conclusion by (1972) that large (40Ar/36Ar)T ratios represent ancient regolith records, and provides a rough (40Ar/36Ar)T timescale.The erasure of (40Ar/36Ar)T records in surface soils by the excavation of deep-seated, “fresh” bedrock and by erosion of particle surfaces via ion sputtering must have been counteracted by conserving processes in the regolith. Two such processes are relatively well understood: agglutinate formation and the excavation and comminution of soil breccias which have preserved an ancient (40Ar/36Ar)T record. The frequency distribution of (40Ar/36Ar)T in 82 “soils” from all Apollo missions suggests a third process, which requires that sizeable “pockets” of ancient regolith materials including soils have survived deep turnover for billions of years.Large-scale mobility of LTS lead throughout all of the regolith does not appear to occur.Inert gas ions with sufficient energy for trapping may have reached the lunar surface more than 3 b.y. ago.The Apollo 11 microbreccias appear to have been formed more than 3 b.y. ago from regoliththen extant on the surface.  相似文献   

12.
A total of 139 breccia and crystalline rock fragments in the size range 2–4 mm from four Apollo 15 soil samples have been examined. Two of the sample stations are on the mare surface (4 and 9A) and two are on the Apennine Front (2 and 6). Approximately 90% of the fragments from the Apennine Front are brown-glass “soil” breccias, but those from the mare surface are 60%–70% basalt. Several textural varieties of mare basalt have been recognized, but within experimental error there is no difference in their40Ar-39Ar ages. The major non-mare (Pre-Imbrian) crystalline rock types in the Apennine Front regolith are KREEP basalt, anorthositic rocks, recrystallized norite (including anorthositic norite) and recrystallized polymict breccias; however, such crystalline rocks are rare in the samples examined. Apparently, the near surface Imbrium ejecta below the regolith has not been thermally recrystallized, and probably there are no outcrops of crystalline rocks upslope from the sample stations.  相似文献   

13.
We studied nine samples of igneous rocks from the inner wall of the Mariana Trench above the Challenger Deep from 4150 to 6100 m depth recovered by manned submersible and ROV. Samples from two regions that bracket the Moho were studied: (i) 7 samples from a N‐S transect a few km to the west of the Shinkai Seep Field; and (ii) 2 samples from the Shinkai Seep Field. Transect samples include olivine‐2 pyroxene hornblendites, amphibole basalts, basaltic andesite, and hornblende andesite. We analyzed three transect samples for 40Ar/39Ar ages; two yielded good plateau ages of 46.5 ±0.5 Ma (hornblendite) and 46.60 ±0.15 Ma (hornblende andesite). These results combined with previously published results, indicate that this crust formed during an intense 46–47 Ma magmatic episode that occurred 5–6 my after subduction initiation. Hornblendites and hornblende basalts formed from primitive magmas, as shown by high MgO (11–21 wt%), Ni (222–885 ppm) and Cr (412–1145 ppm) contents. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that hornblende is Na‐rich (up to 3.0 wt% Na2O) and that many samples have an atypically large range in plagioclase composition (i.e. individual samples have An < 10 to An 90 plagioclase). Two subgroups can be identified: a mostly deeper depleted suite and a mostly shallower enriched suite. These results indicate that (i) the crust–mantle boundary in this region is transitional, occurring over a ~ 1.5 km interval, with interlayered peridotite and hornblendites between 5800 and 4300 m; and (b) extension to form the Challenger Deep forearc segment occurred by combined stretching of old crust and injection of young basaltic magmas. In contrast to the mostly fresh nature of transect samples, the two samples from the Shinaki Seep Field are intensely altered peridotite and basalt.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of thermal and compressional treatment on40Ar-39Ar systematics have been investigated on three artificially heated biotite samples (heated for 1 hour at 700°C and 860°C in air and 700°C in vacuum respectively) and uniaxially compressed granite (p = 1400bar) and basalt samples (p = 1650bar). The40Ar-39Ar results for the disturbed samples are compared with those for undisturbed samples. Except for the vacuum-heating case, the effects of the disturbances may be interpreted as the combined effect of a partial loss of radiogenic40Ar from the sample and an incorporation of air Ar into the sample. Common diagnostic effects are (1) reduction of the total fusion age, (2) distortion of the age spectrum and, if the degree of the partial Ar loss is small, (3) approximate preservation of the isochron age, and (4) reduction of the intercept value (40Ar/36Ar) in the isochron plot.The features observed in the age spectra of artificially disturbed samples are rather common in geologically disturbed samples, suggesting that the artificial disturbances simulate the effects of geological disturbances on40Ar-39Ar systematics.  相似文献   

15.
K–Ar ages of young basalts (<500 ka) are often higher than the actual eruption age, due to low potassium contents and the frequent presence of excess Ar in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts. Geological studies in the San Francisco and Uinkaret volcanic fields in Arizona have documented the presence of excess 40Ar and have concluded that K–Ar ages of young basalts in these fields tend to be inaccurate. This new study in the San Francisco volcanic field presents 3Hec and 21Nec ages yielded by olivine and pyroxene collected from three Pleistocene basalt flows – the South Sheba (∼190 ka), SP (∼70 ka), and Doney Mountain (∼67 ka) lava flows, – and from one Holocene basalt, the Bonito Lava Flow (∼1.4 ka) at Sunset Crater. These data indicate that, in two of three cases, 40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar ages of the young basalts agree well with cosmic-ray surface exposure ages of the same lava flow, thus suggesting that excess 40Ar is not always a problem in young basalt flows in the San Francisco volcanic field. The exposure age of the Bonito lava flow agrees within uncertainty with dendrochronological and archeological age determinations. K–Ar and cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne ages from the SP flow are in agreement and much older than the OSL age (5.5–6 ka) reported for this lava flow. Furthermore, if the non-cosmogenic ages are assumed to be accurate, the subsequent calculated production rates at South Sheba and SP flow sample sites agree well with values in the literature.  相似文献   

16.
In-situ cosmogenic 36Cl production rates from spallation of Ca and K determined in several previously published calibration studies differ by up to 50%. In this study we compare whole rock 36Cl exposure ages with 36Cl exposure ages evaluated in Ca-rich plagioclase in the same 10 ± 3 ka lava sample taken from Mt. Etna (Sicily, 38° N). The exposure age of the sample was determined by K–Ar and corroborated by cosmogenic 3He measurements on cogenetic pyroxene phenocrysts. Sequential dissolution experiments showed that high Cl concentrations in plagioclase grains could be reduced from 450 ppm to less than 3 ppm after 16% dissolution. 36Cl exposure ages calculated from the successive dissolution steps of this leached plagioclase sample are in good agreement with K–Ar and 3He age. Stepwise dissolution of whole rock grains, on the other hand, is not as effective in reducing high Cl concentrations as it is for the plagioclase. 330 ppm Cl still remains after 85% dissolution. The 36Cl exposure ages derived are systematically about 30% higher than the ages calculated from the plagioclase. We could exclude contamination by atmospheric 36Cl as an explanation for this overestimate. Magmatic 36Cl was estimated by measuring a totally shielded sample, but was found to account for only an insignificant amount of 36Cl in the case of the 10 ka whole rock sample. We suspect that the overestimate of the whole rock exposure age is due to the difficulty in accurately assessing all the factors which control production of 36Cl by low-energy neutron capture on 35Cl, particularly variable water content and variable snow cover. We conclude that some of the published 36Cl spallation production rates might be overestimated due to high Cl concentrations in the calibration samples. The use of rigorously pretreated mineral separates reduces Cl concentrations, allowing better estimates of the spallation production rates.In the Appendix of this paper we document in detail the equations used. These equations are also incorporated into a 36Cl calculation spreadsheet made available in the supplementary data.  相似文献   

17.
K-Ar ages have been determined for sulfide minerals for the first time. The occurrence of adequate amounts of potassium-bearing sulfides with ideal compositions K3Fe10S14 (～10 wt.% K) and KFe2S3 (～16 wt.% K) in samples from a mafic alkalic diatreme at Coyote Peak, California, prompted an attempt to date these materials. K3Fe10S14, a massive mineral with conchoidal fracture, gives an age of 29.4 ± 0.5m.y.(40Ar/39Ar), indistinguishable from the 28.3 ± 0.4m.y.(40Ar/39Ar) and 30.2 ± 1.0m.y.8 (conventional K-Ar) ages obtained for associated phlogopite (8.7 wt.% K). KFe2S3, a bladed, fibrous sulfide, gives a younger age, 26.5 ± 0.5m.y.(40Ar/39Ar), presumably owing to Ar loss.  相似文献   

18.
The Pliocene-Holocene Newer Volcanic Province (NVP) of southeastern Australia is an extensive, relatively well-preserved, intra-plate basaltic lava field containing more than 400 eruptive centres. This study reports new, high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages for six young (300–600 ka) basalt flows from the NVP and is part of a broader initiative to constrain the extent, duration, episodicity and causation of NVP volcanism. Six fresh, holocrystalline alkali basalt flows were selected from the Warrnambool-Port Fairy area in the Western Plains sub-province for 40Ar/39Ar dating. These flows were chosen on the basis of pre-existing K-Ar age constraints, which, although variable, indicated eruption during a period of apparent relative volcanic quiescence (0.8–0.06 Ma).40Ar/39Ar ages were measured on multiple aliquots of whole rock basalt samples. Three separate flows from the Mount Rouse volcanic field yielded concordant 40Ar/39Ar age results, with a mean eruption age of 303 ± 13 ka (95% CI). An older weighted mean age of 382 ± 24 ka (2σ) was obtained for one sample from the central Rouse-Port Fairy Flow, suggesting extraneous argon contamination. Two basalt flows from the Mount Warrnambool volcano also yielded analogous results, with an average 40Ar/39Ar age of 542 ± 17 ka (95% CI). The results confirm volcanic activity during the interval of relative quiescence. Most previous K-Ar ages for these flows are generally older than the weighted mean 40Ar/39Ar ages, suggesting the presence of extraneous 40Ar. This study demonstrates the suitability of the 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating method to obtain precise eruption ages for young, holocrystalline alkali basalt samples in the NVP.  相似文献   

19.
Correlations between40Ar and36Ar from size fractions of three Apollo 15 fines (15071, 15421, 15501) have been obtained. The40Ar intercept values of these fines and of 15091 and 15601 are generally lower than what one would expect for fines resulting from the comminution of rocks having ages of about 3.3 × 109 yr, typical for basalts of the landing site. This is interpreted to be the result of contamination by ray material from the Copernican age (equal or less than ～109 yr) craters, Autolycus and Aristillus, north of the landing site.  相似文献   

20.
The concept that the plutonism of the lunar highlands and the mare-type volcanism are two separate problems in both time (> 4.4 AE versus < 3.95 AE) and space is seriously questioned by the discovery of a 4.23-AE low-Ti mare basalt from Fra Mauro Formation.Apollo 14 breccia 14305 contains a clast (,122) which is an olivine gabbronorite that is texturally and mineralogically similar to several Apollo 12 basalts (e.g., 12005, 12035, 12040). It consists of cumulus olivine (40 modal %; Fo 62–70) and Ti-chromite (2.5 modal %); post-cumulus phases include low-Ca pyroxene (29 modal %; Wo 7–13 En 68–75), augite (10 modal %; Wo 31–40 En 47–50), plagioclase (15 modal %, An 82–93), and ilmenite (4 modal %, 5–7 MgO). The TiO2 content of this rock = 4.3%; CaO/Al2O3 ? 1.0, CaO = 5.1%; MgO/FeO ? 1.0, MgO = 21.9%. The REE pattern, normalized to chondritic abundances, is approximately 30 × Ch and “hump-shaped” with a pronounced Eu depletion and a non-KREEPy signature. A four-point Rb-Sr isochron reveals an age of 4.23 ± 0.05 AE. The sample has a low initial 87Sr/86Sr= 0.69911 ± 3.The data presented here show that non-KREEPy, mare-type volcanism commenced at least as early as 4.2 AE in the Fra Mauro region and probably across much of the lunar surface. Massive bombardment during the “terminal cataclysm” and the subsequent veneer of younger mare basalts has obliturated most of the evidence for these ancient volcanic events. These old, mare-type volcanics may be related to basin-forming events such as made Procellarum (i.e., impact-triggered igneous activity).  相似文献   

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