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1.
近几十年来,全球的海洋健康状况明显下降。为了防止、减缓和扭转未来海洋健康和功能的恶化趋势,联合国启动了海洋科学促进可持续发展十年(2021—2030年)(简称“海洋十年”)规划,以整合全球海洋相关领域的资源与力量,科学地保护海洋并实现海洋资源的可持续开发和利用。联合国“海洋十年”规划为海洋领域的科学家、政策制定者、私营部门、非政府组织和地方群体更加高效、合理地共同保护和开发海洋资源提供了一个广阔平台,也为中国实现海洋强国战略、发展海洋科技带来了机遇与挑战。本研究通过梳理联合国“海洋十年”规划的发展过程和已批准的行动与活动,结合文献信息分析,深度解析了“海洋十年”规划的发展和实施动态,探讨了“海洋十年”规划的热点研究主题。自2020年9月,联合国正式发布“海洋十年”规划以来,共有来自60个国家的409项行动获得“海洋十年”的批准,其中包括47项计划、277个项目和85项捐助,研究热点主要是海洋政策制定与海洋管理、海洋生态系统健康和海洋生物多样性等。在此基础上,本文从“海洋十年”活动的实施与协调、能力建设、资金支持、人才培养和宣传推广的角度,进一步提出了促进我国全面参与“海洋十年”规划实施... 相似文献
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为加速海洋空间规划在全球范围内的实施,联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会和欧盟委员会于2019年2月启动全球海洋空间规划2030计划（MSPglobal 2030）。文章从海洋空间规划的国际指南编制、试点项目实施以及成果交流传播3个方面对该计划的实施情况进行介绍,分析该计划在实施过程中面临的挑战;结合我国国土空间规划改革的背景和联合国“海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”项目的实施,重点从规划者能力建设、气候变化影响、蓝色经济发展和加强科学技术支撑4个方面探讨海洋空间规划实施的相关思考和借鉴。 相似文献
3.
黄任望 《海洋与海岸带开发》2014,(3):48-56
文章尝试对全球海洋治理进行定义,并对全球海洋治理的主体、客体和方法进行初步探讨,认为全球海洋治理的定义元素来自于全球化、全球治理、海洋治理、海洋综合管理等概念群。全球海洋治理的主体方面重点介绍了联合国“海洋与沿海区域网络”,认为将来国际非政府组织“NGO”会发挥更加重要的作用;客体方面列举了非传统海洋安全、海洋健康、海洋资源开发利用、海洋技术（海洋科学与技术、海洋管理经验与技术）国际转让、气候变化与海洋等问题;认为全球海洋治理的方法大约可以分为基本方法、专业方法和技术性方法3个层次。 相似文献
4.
“十四五”规划纲要明确提出“深度参与全球海洋治理”的目标,这对中国建设海洋强国具有重要意义。文章基于治理理论介绍全球海洋治理的概念,梳理全球海洋治理的发展历程,构建SWOT-PEST矩阵分析中国参与全球海洋治理的优势与劣势、机遇与威胁,基于分析结果提出中国深度参与全球海洋治理的战略选择和实践路径。研究结果表明：全球海洋治理历经海洋控制与争夺、开发与规则构建、深度调整和演变3个发展阶段,中国参与全球海洋治理大致划分为被动参与、积极参与、全面参与和深度参与4个阶段,中国在全球海洋治理中的影响力与话语权逐渐上升;中国参与全球海洋治理的内部优势大于劣势、外部威胁大于机遇,战略选择应从现阶段的多元型战略向增长型战略过渡;中国参与全球海洋治理的实践路径包括推广海洋治理理念、提升海洋治理能力、完善海洋治理规制和搭建海洋合作平台。 相似文献
5.
海域使用制度与海洋综合管理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
联合国及其有关国际海洋组织,在最近的十几年中,基于“海洋区域的种种问题彼此密切相关,必须作为整体加以考虑”的强烈认识,一直号召各沿海国家为了维护海洋的可持续发展,应实施海洋综合管理。１９９２年在里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会上通过的《２１世纪议... 相似文献
6.
文章尝试对全球海洋治理进行定义,并对全球海洋治理的主体、客体和方法进行初步探讨,认为全球海洋治理的定义元素来自于全球化、全球治理、海洋治理、海洋综合管理等概念群。全球海洋治理的主体方面重点介绍了联合国"海洋与沿海区域网络",认为将来国际非政府组织"NGO"会发挥更加重要的作用;客体方面列举了非传统海洋安全、海洋健康、海洋资源开发利用、海洋技术(海洋科学与技术、海洋管理经验与技术)国际转让、气候变化与海洋等问题;认为全球海洋治理的方法大约可以分为基本方法、专业方法和技术性方法3个层次。 相似文献
7.
自由漂浮式“阿尔戈”海洋研究机器人研究者成功的观测计划始于2000年，这将是全世界关注的陆地海洋监控系统一部分，并已获得两项里程碑：完成“阿尔戈”全球海洋观测网计划的2／3；用联合国投放的浮标采集了大约5.5万份剖面观测数据。 相似文献
8.
高效利用中国现有的海洋科技能力,针对海洋灾害与捕捞养殖管控现状及局限,以灾害抵御与捕捞管控为重点,探索中国海洋可持续发展新路径,对中国抓住国际海洋发展机遇,积极参与全球海洋生态治理行动具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章结合全球及中国的海洋灾害、捕捞养殖等历史数据,依据全球及中国发布各种海洋资源发展计划、宣言、决议等政策措施,在对全球及中国海洋生态治理进展、海洋灾害抵御与管控现状与背景进行全面论述的基础上,揭示了海洋灾害防御与捕捞管控存在的问题,并从系统研究、科技转化和国际合作等方面提出了科学发展战略和对策建议。 相似文献
9.
八十年代以来海洋地质学的进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一、前言近20年来,海洋地质学是地球科学中发展最迅速、最活跃的科学之一。新思潮、新学说、新方法、新技术的不断涌现,各学科间的互相渗透,向宏观和微观的深入,向海洋深处和海洋地球的扩张等等,把海洋地质学的研究推进到一个新阶段。特别是70年代以来,由于“地球动力学计划”(GDP,1972—1977)、“国际海洋考察十年计划”(IDOE,1971—1980)、“深海钻探计划”、“岩石圈动力学和演化计划”以及“海洋卫星”的实施,使海洋地质学的研究获得了突破性的进展。反过来,海洋地质学的进展又为各 相似文献
10.
海洋可持续发展目标(SDG 14)作为联合国2030年可持续发展目标体系(SDGs)的重要组成部分,为各国解决共同关注的海洋环境和社会经济发展领域相关问题提供了综合性的目标框架。2016年以来,全球SDG 14评估指标处于不断发展变化之中。中国在实施SDG 14具体指标方面面临的机遇与挑战并存,一方面,采用联合国SDG 14指标框架评估中国海洋可持续发展目标进展存在现实差距和局限;另一方面,中国SDG 14国别自愿评估指标体系存在进一步提升空间。因此,结合国际及国内发展趋势与需求,需要尽快完善本土化的SDG 14评估指标与方法体系、提升海洋综合治理体系与能力,同时推动海洋可持续发展相关多目标、指标的协同与均衡发展。 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2017
Some scholars have thought the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea would transform marine politics and policy by incorporating social values of equity and justice via the Common Heritage of Mankind and authentic conservation of an essential part of the biosphere, displacing the dominant commodification of the ocean. Likewise, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization has claimed that the “productivity paradigm” of growth in fishery catch has been replaced by balanced norms of sustainability. This article tests these claims by asking “What is the ‘generative grammar’, or value-based blueprints, of governance for the World Ocean?” using a quantitative content analysis of all extant State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) reports (1995–2016). Not only does the analysis disprove the FAO’s assertions, this research reveals an otherwise invisible, non-codified economistic regime governing the World Ocean that is guided by the norms of sheer volume production, named here simply the “World Ocean Regime.” This partially explains why the marine world is experiencing structural ecological changes, including massive biodiversity loss partly driven by overfishing. The analysis finds that overfishing, ecological life support, moral aesthetic values, social equity, and science are very minor concerns for the World Ocean Regime. Governance is the second-most important set of discourses, but this governance is clearly driven by economic values and norms. The World Ocean Regime has critical implications not only for the sustainability of the World Ocean, but the planetary system that depends on the World Ocean. 相似文献
12.
《Marine Policy》2014
The ocean regulates the global climate, provides humans with natural resources such as food, materials, important substances, and energy, and is essential for international trade and recreational and cultural activities. Together with human development and economic growth, free access to, and availability of, ocean resources and services have exerted strong pressure on marine systems, ranging from overfishing, increasing resource extraction, and alteration of coastal zones to various types of thoughtless pollution. Both economic theory and many case studies suggest that there is no “tragedy of the commons” but a “tragedy of open access”. With high likeliness, structures of open access are non-sustainable. International cooperation and effective governance are required to protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources in such a way that due account can be taken of the environmental values of current generations and the needs of future generations. For this purpose, developing and agreeing on one Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) specifically for the Ocean and Coasts could prove to be an essential element. The new SDGs will build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and replace them by 2015. Ensuring environmental sustainability in a general sense is one of the eight MDGs but the ocean is not explicitly addressed. Furthermore, the creation of a comprehensive underlying set of ocean sustainability targets and effective indicators developed within a global Future Ocean Spatial Planning (FOSP) process would help in assessing the current status of marine systems, diagnosing ongoing trends, and providing information for inclusive, forward-looking, and sustainable ocean governance. 相似文献
13.
国际海洋科技领域研究热点及未来布局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,全球海洋研究呈现出若干新的特点。本文基于对近年来全球重要海洋研究进展信息,分析了全球环境变化背景下几个重要研究热点方向的最新进展,包括全球海洋物理环境变化研究、海洋塑料污染研究、海洋酸化研究、南北极和印度洋研究以及海洋技术开发等。基于对美国、英国、日本和俄罗斯等重要海洋国家最新发布的海洋科技创新政策和计划,分析了各国海洋科技未来布局和重点关注领域。最后,总结了全球海洋领域的发展趋势:(1)气候变化问题在海洋中的延伸效应将持续受到关注;(2)全球性海洋环境问题的导向作用更加明显;(3)海洋技术向智能化方向发展;(4)海洋战略规划的引领作用日渐加强。 相似文献
14.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(9):849-855
A brief presentation is made of the concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, and included as a major feature of the Law of the Sea. The potential of the EEZ for the small developing island countries is discussed, together with the possibility of using the EEZ to achieve a larger measure of equity among nations than the prevailing one. The role of the EEZ in obtaining improved ocean governance, more sustainable management of the marine resources and control of marine pollution is considered. The need for building an indigenous capacity to deal with the marine resources and issues is identified and the possibility of achieving this through regional cooperation. The possibilities inherent in the EEZ regime for oceanic islands are discussed, with focus on the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean and the central Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
15.
《Marine Policy》2014
Sustainable development depends on maintaining ecosystem services which are concentrated in coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems. Analyses of the science needed to manage human uses of ecosystem services have concentrated on terrestrial ecosystems. Our focus is on the provision of multidisciplinary data needed to inform adaptive, ecosystem-based approaches (EBAs) for maintaining coastal ecosystem services based on comparative ecosystem analyses. Key indicators of pressures on coastal ecosystems, ecosystem states and the impacts of changes in states on services are identified for monitoring and analysis at a global coastal network of sentinel sites nested in the ocean-climate observing system. Biodiversity is targeted as the “master” indicator because of its importance to a broad spectrum of services. Ultimately, successful implementation of EBAs will depend on establishing integrated, holistic approaches to ocean governance that oversee the development of integrated, operational ocean observing systems based on the data and information requirements specified by a broad spectrum of stakeholders for sustainable development. Sustained engagement of such a spectrum of stakeholders on a global scale is not feasible. The global coastal network will need to be customized locally and regionally based on priorities established by stakeholders in their respective regions. The E.U. Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the U.S. Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force are important examples of emerging regional scale approaches. The effectiveness of these policies will depend on the co-evolution of ocean policy and the observing system under the auspices of integrated ocean governance. 相似文献
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17.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(9-10):676-684
The International Ocean Institute (IOI), established in 1972 and with its Secretariat in Malta, has been engaged in training and education in ocean governance for the past 25 years. The IOI network now comprises some 25 Operational Centers worldwide. Training and education activities have expanded in parallel with the growth of the network, and a variety of courses are now delivered in a multi-modal manner. Interdisciplinary, global training programs are needed to address the capacity-building requirements in ocean governance resulting from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and Agenda 21, Chapters 36 and 37. The IOI is responding to these needs by rationalizing its unique training and education programs with a view to coordination and networking of courses among IOI Operational Centers and their host institutions. In 1999, the IOI's Founder, Prof. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, proposed the establishment of the IOI Virtual University. This innovative idea, however, proved too costly for the IOI to implement. An alternative, more cost-effective means of coordinating all of IOI's education and training activities is now being implemented, under the brand name “IOI-OceanLearn.” The Operational Centers, their host institutions, and other training partners will work together in the development and delivery of training courses. The key aspects of IOI-OceanLearn will include quality assurance, networking of courses and accessibility. The OceanLearn niche will focus on short training courses; the implementation roadmap includes networking of the IOI's flagship training program on Ocean Governance at Dalhousie University, incorporating Ocean Science into training courses and fostering of workable capacity-building partnerships with other organizations. 相似文献
18.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2000,43(8-9):763-779
It is the thesis of this paper that (a) a very large part of the resources, goods and services in the next century will be ocean-dependent; and (b) that the particular nature of the ocean environment magnifies the issues challenging contemporary economic thinking in general. It is quite possible, therefore, that radical innovation in economic thinking will come from “ocean economics” rather than from land-oriented resource or environmental economics. This becomes quite plausible if one thinks that in other (though obviously related) sectors of new thinking, such as international law and governance, the marine sector has played a leading role, just because the ocean is a medium so different from land that it forces us to think differently. In the future the state of marine environment and health of the ocean will have large economical implications at the regional and global level, as it already has today in a number of places at the local and sub-regional level. Hence this overview within the context of this special issue. The paper will begin with a brief assessment of the oceans resource potential for the next century; it will then describe some of the issues humankind has to face in the use and management of these resources, and, in conclusion, the paper will attempt to distill some guidelines for “ocean economics” in the next century. 相似文献
19.
Gunnar Kullenberg 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2010,53(8):405-420
Stimulus to reach the millennium goals of poverty abatement and empowerment, including education and employment, for the large part of the population in the coastal zone can be found in the resources and services of oceans and coasts; the required financial means, given political will and right priorities, can be provided through implementation of the related international conventions, in particular UNCLOS with the EEZ, the Common Heritage of Mankind and other provisions, Agenda 21 [1] of UNCED and the WSSD 2002 Ocean Targets; the motivation is the necessity to address over-exploitation, depletion and destruction of resources, habitats and coastal ecosystem services, global changes, as well as economic transformations and social conditions of poverty, employment and unequity. Achieving adequate management and protection of natural assets as ecosystems and their services, habitats, biodiversity requires that the socio-economic and human security needs of the coastal populations are met. One way to reach the goal is to enable them, representing about 50% of the global population and increasing, to fight poverty and cope with uncertainties and changing conditions of employment, environment and sustainability through proper governance of the coastal and ocean assets. This includes provision of education and knowledge as regards these assets and their proper uses. They include energy, water, food, transportation and trade, communication, coastal developments, tourism, recreation and ecosystem services, as well as the need to properly manage them.The present economic system cannot fully harmonize with the required governance, partly since the ecosystem resources and services are not internalised in the market-oriented system. This calls for a revised education and training system, more comprehensive than the present, taking into account the social, cultural and environmental requirements, and stressing the sustainable development paradigm. In order to achieve ocean governance and comprehensive human security an understanding of the system is needed. This is substantiated through the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development as well as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.The aim here is to discuss some of the issues in context of implementation of related ocean conventions and commitments, which include achieving ocean governance, and to elucidate opportunities given by oceans and coasts, also in generating employment and providing for basic human needs. 相似文献
20.
海洋沉积物中的甲烷代谢微生物是甲烷循环的关键参与者,其代谢过程对大气甲烷浓度及全球气候变化具有显著影响,研究其在全球大洋沉积物中的组成及分布特征是探究微生物介导甲烷循环的基础。采用焦磷酸454高通量测序测定甲烷代谢保守功能基因mcrA(Methyl coenzyme–M reductase A)分析全球大洋沉积物中甲烷代谢微生物群落的组成和多样性;结合荧光实时定量PCR技术检测了古菌和甲烷代谢古菌的丰度分布特征。与其他海洋生境对比,大洋沉积物中甲烷代谢古菌群落结构单一,大西洋和印度洋的α多样性指数显著高于太平洋(p<0.05)。在大洋沉积物样品中鉴定到3个目的甲烷代谢古菌,即甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)和甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales),其中甲烷微菌目占绝对优势,并主要由一簇未知类群(暂名Oceanic Sediments Dominant group,OSD group)组成。大洋沉积物的古菌16S rRNA基因丰度(湿重,下同)平均为8.81×106 copie... 相似文献