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1.
When the wind speed decreases below a certain value (1–2 m s-1) meandering (low frequency horizontal wind oscillations) starts to prevail. In these conditions it becomes difficult to define a precise mean wind direction and to estimate the airborne dispersion. To study the wind and turbulence characteristics during meandering, two sonic anemometer datasets, containing hourly wind observations, were analysed: the first one, lasting 1 year, was recorded in complex terrain (Graz, Austria) and the second one, lasting about 1month, was recorded in a rather flat area (Tisby, Sweden). It was found that meandering seems to exist under all meteorological conditions regardless of the stability or wind speed and it was confirmed that meandering sets a lower limit for the horizontal wind component variances. Further, it was found that the autocorrelation functions of the horizontal wind components, computed for the low wind cases, show an oscillating behaviour with the presence of large negative lobes. Two different relationships from the literature, and relevant to these oscillatory aspects, were fitted to the data. They contain two parameters: one associated and relevant to the classical integral time scale and the second with meandering occurrence. Based on these relationships, expressions for the mean square displacement of particles y2(t) were also derived. 相似文献
2.
Umberto Rizza Massimo Cassiani Umberto Giostra Cristina Mangia 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,95(2):319-339
An advanced model aimed at describing the problem of dispersion in theconvective boundary layer is proposed. The pollutant particles are groupedin clusters and modelled as Gaussian puffs. The expansion of each puff ismodelled according to the concept of relative dispersion and expressed interms of the spectral properties of the energy containing eddies of the turbulent field. The centre of mass of each puff is moved along a stochastic trajectory, obtained using a Lagrangian stochastic model and filtering the velocity with a recursive Kalman filter. At any instant, a filtering procedure, depending both on travel time and on puff size, acts to select spectral components involved in the expansion and in the meandering of the puff. Such an approach requires only a moderate number of puff releases, so that the proposed model is faster to run than a standard Lagrangian model. On the other hand, unlike the traditional puff model, it allows us to simulate both expansion and meandering of the puff. Therefore, it is well suited to simulate dispersion when the turbulent structures are larger thanthe plume dimensions, as for example in convective conditions. Being based onspectral formulations in both Eulerian and Lagrangian parts, the model is consistent in all the turbulent parameterizations utilised. Comparisons with a standard Lagrangian particle model as well as with a classical convective experimental dataset show good performance of the proposed model. 相似文献
3.
Antônio G. O. Goulart Gervásio A. Degrazia Otávio C. Acevedo Domenico Anfossi 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(2):279-287
The influence of turbulence on the meandering phenomenon is investigated. The study, based on the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes
equations, shows that when the turbulent fluxes can be neglected an asymptotic solution results. This solution reproduces
a horizontal wind oscillation with an infinite relaxation time. When there is turbulent forcing, on the other hand, a transition
occurs to a new order, characterized by a spatial reorganization, leading to a wind field with a well-defined direction. 相似文献
4.
The numerical drainage wind model of Wonget al. (1987) is used together with a Lagrangian particle model in the simulation of carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion within a small urban valley in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The conditions studied are those of strong static stability when vertical mixing is suppressed. These are conditions with the Richardson number exceeding its critical value (hereafter referred to as supercritical conditions). Observations showed that under such conditions, vertical turbulence is suppressed but horizontal turbulence still exists. The effects of turbulence in the dispersion and transport of pollutants under such conditions are small. However, in the present simulation, a simple turbulence parameterization based on observations is used for supercritical conditions. Some field experiments were performed and the observations are compared with model results. For a location downwind of the CO source, two peaks can be observed during the course of the drainage flow regime. The model results suggest that these represent an initial flux from the drainage flow and a second flux later from drainage wind recirculation. Another main feature of the model-predicted concentration field is zones of maximum concentration at and above the valley floor. There is a drainage wind cell on each side of the valley slope and the cells are effectively decoupled from the prevailing wind above. The present modelling results show that when the prevailing wind exists before the development of the drainage wind, it can be instrumental in transporting CO from one drainage wind cell to the other. Otherwise, the CO released within one drainage wind cell is well contained. 相似文献
5.
Thermal internal boundary layers in onshore air flows have a significant influence on pollutant diffusion in coastal areas. Although several models for this diffusion problem exist, measurements for model verification are scarce. In this paper, we present a set of wind tunnel observations and examine the performance of a Lagrangian stochastic model. The good agreement between the model simulation and the tunnel measurements confirms the usefulness of the Lagrangian stochastic model for practical purposes. Sensitivity tests of the model to turbulence statistics show that uncertainty in velocity skewness to the extent of observational scatter does not seem to have a significant influence on pollutant dispersion, while uncertainties in turbulence intensity (variance) significantly influence the dispersion pattern. 相似文献
6.
A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model, which is embedded into a parallelised large-eddy simulation (LES) model, is used for dispersion
and footprint evaluations. For the first time an online coupling between LES and LS models is applied. The new model reproduces
concentration patterns, which were obtained in prior studies, provided that subgrid-scale turbulence is included in the LS
model. Comparisons with prior studies show that the model evaluates footprints successfully. Streamwise dispersion leads to
footprint maxima that are situated less far upstream than previously reported. Negative flux footprints are detected in the
convective boundary layer (CBL). The wide range of applicability of the model is shown by applying it under neutral and stable
stratification. It is pointed out that the turning of the wind direction with height leads to a considerable dependency of
source areas on height. First results of an application to a heterogeneously heated CBL are presented, which emphasize that
footprints are severely affected by the inhomogeneity. 相似文献
7.
A new scaling approach, based on the convective velocity obtained from the sun-exposed eastern slopes and thus suited for
steep and narrow Alpine valleys, is investigated with respect to pollutant dispersion. The capability of the new method is
demonstrated with the operational emergency response system of MeteoSwiss, which consists of the COSMO (COnsortium for Small-scale
MOdelling) numerical weather prediction model coupled with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The new scaling
approach is introduced to the interface between COSMO and LPDM, and is compared to results of a classical similarity theory
approach and to the operational coupling type, which uses the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) from the COSMO model directly.
For the validation of the modelling system, the TRANSALP-89 tracer experiment is used, which was conducted in highly complex
terrain in southern Switzerland. The ability of the COSMO model to simulate the valley wind system is assessed with several
meteorological surface stations, and the dispersion simulation is evaluated with the measurements from 25 surface samplers.
The sensitivity of the modelling system towards the soil moisture, horizontal grid resolution, and boundary-layer height determination
is investigated, and it is shown that, if the flow field is correctly reproduced, the new scaling approach improves the tracer
concentration simulation when compared to classical coupling methods. 相似文献
8.
F. A. Gifford 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1984,30(1-4):159-175
The physical basis for the random force theory of atmospheric diffusion is briefly reviewed. The random force equation has usually been introduced as an atmospheric analogy to Brownian motion. Here it is derived by assuming a type of Rayleigh friction in the Lagrangian equations of atmospheric motion. Consequences, including the Lagrangian correlation and spectrum, the particle-particle intercorrelation, and cluster and plume dispersion and meandering, are derived and compared with atmospheric observations. The characteristic time-scale of atmospheric diffusion is shown to be governed by the Coriolis effect, a result in good agreement with meso- and large-scale observations. 相似文献
9.
开发了适合城市环境下的应急重气扩散模型——SLAB_URBAN模型,该模型能够对城市环境下重气的传输扩散过程进行模拟。模型的原理基于重气扩散浅层理论,采用了新的城市边界层和扩散参数的参数化方案。该方案考虑了城市冠层内特有的风和湍流扩散的特征,能够体现城市边界层和湍流对重气扩散的影响。对美国盐湖城Urban2000的城市扩散试验进行模拟,主要验证下风方向观测弧所观测到的气体最大小时平均浓度与源释放速率的比值。结果表明,模型能够比较好地模拟出下风方向上浓度的分布特征。另外,与国外同类城市扩散模型的比较来看,SLAB_URBAN模型的模拟能力居于前列。 相似文献
10.
A.M. Reynolds 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(1):143-162
It is shown how the correspondence between Lagrangian stochasticmodels and second-moment closures of the scalar-flux equation can be exploited to distinguishbetween Lagrangian stochastic models in the well-mixed class. It is found that physically realisticclosures of the scalar-flux equation correspond to Lagrangian stochastic models that have non-zero`spin' and so produce spiralling tracer-particle trajectories, whilst `zero-spin'models correspond to the isotropic-production model of scalar-fluxes.Lagrangian stochastic models consistent with rapid distortion theory and Speziale's transformation rule for the Reynolds stressequations in the extreme limit of two-dimensional turbulence are also shown to have non-zero spin.The residual non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of thewell-mixed condition and the specification of mean spin is shown to be related to the helicity oftracer-particle trajectories. Investigations are also made of the influence upon turbulent dispersion oftime-dependent spin and of mean rotations of the fluctuating Lagrangian acceleration vector(i.e., second-order spin). 相似文献
11.
Flux Footprints Over an Undulating Surface 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The flux footprint probability distribution (FPD) functions for near-surface receptors over an idealised undulating surface
are evaluated using a backward Lagrangian stochastic model. The wind and turbulence fields employed to drive the stochastic
model are derived from large-eddy simulations, in which the horizontal wind aligns with the surface-elevation-varying direction.
The flux FPD for a receptor is affected by flow divergence or convergence, and varies with the receptor’s location. The widest
crosswind-integrated FPD (CIFPD) curve with the smallest peak value appears when the receptor is located in the crest area,
while the narrowest CIFPD curve with the largest peak value appears when the receptor is located in the windward area. Experiments
are designed to highlight the impact of the horizontal homogeneity assumption on the estimation of the FPD. When the receptor
is located in the area with surface-wind convergence, the peak value of the CIFPD is larger than its counterpart under assumed
horizontally homogeneous flow conditions, with the peak position being closer to the receptor. The case is reversed when the
receptor is located in the area with surface-wind divergence. Similar results are obtained when the CIFPD derived from an
analytical footprint model (developed under the assumption of horizontally homogeneous flow conditions) is compared with that
from the stochastic model over the undulating surface. The analytical model fails to simulate the CIFPD in the local downwind
area under weak wind conditions due to the longitudinal wind fluctuation not being considered. 相似文献
12.
Wind field simulation in the surface layer is often used to manage natural resources in terms of air quality,gene flow(through pollen drift),and plant disease transmission(spore dispersion).Although Lagrangian stochastic(LS)models describe stochastic wind behaviors,such models assume that wind velocities follow Gaussian distributions.However,measured surface-layer wind velocities show a strong skewness and kurtosis.This paper presents an improved model,a non-Gaussian LS model,which incorporates controllable non-Gaussian random variables to simulate the targeted non-Gaussian velocity distribution with more accurate skewness and kurtosis.Wind velocity statistics generated by the non-Gaussian model are evaluated by using the field data from the Cooperative Atmospheric Surface Exchange Study,October 1999 experimental dataset and comparing the data with statistics from the original Gaussian model.Results show that the non-Gaussian model improves the wind trajectory simulation by stably producing precise skewness and kurtosis in simulated wind velocities without sacrificing other features of the traditional Gaussian LS model,such as the accuracy in the mean and variance of simulated velocities.This improvement also leads to better accuracy in friction velocity(i.e.,a coupling of three-dimensional velocities).The model can also accommodate various non-Gaussian wind fields and a wide range of skewness–kurtosis combinations.Moreover,improved skewness and kurtosis in the simulated velocity will result in a significantly different dispersion for wind/particle simulations.Thus,the non-Gaussian model is worth applying to wind field simulation in the surface layer. 相似文献
13.
The dispersion of heavy particles subjected to a turbulent forcing is often simulated with Lagrangian stochastic models. Although
these models have been employed successfully over land, the implementation of traditional LS models in the marine boundary
layer is significantly more challenging. We present an adaptation of traditional Lagrangian stochastic models to the atmospheric
marine boundary layer with a particular focus on the representation of the scalar turbulence for temperature and humidity.
In this new model, the atmosphere can be stratified and the bottom boundary is represented by a realistic wavy surface that
moves and deforms. Hence, the correlation function for the turbulent flow following a particle is extended to the inhomogenous,
anisotropic case. The results reproduce behaviour for scalar Lagrangian turbulence in a stratified airflow that departs only
slightly from the expected behaviour in isotropic turbulence. When solving for the surface temperature and the radius of evaporating
heavy water droplets in the airflow, the modelled turbulent forcing on the particle also behaves remarkably well. We anticipate
that this model will prove especially useful in the context of sea-spray dispersion and its associated sensible heat, latent
heat, and gas fluxes between spray droplets and the atmosphere. 相似文献
14.
K. Shankar Rao 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,90(3):541-549
Lagrangian stochastic models are well-suited for modeling dispersion in the stable boundary layer, especially in complex terrain. This note briefly describes the formulations and application of a Lagrangian stochastic model to predict dispersion of tracers released within nocturnal drainage flows. 相似文献
15.
To represent model uncertainties more comprehensively,a stochastically perturbed parameterization(SPP)scheme consisting of temporally and spatially varying perturbations of 18 parameters in the microphysics,convection,boundary layer,and surface layer parameterization schemes,as well as the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies(SPPT)scheme,and the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter(SKEB)scheme,is applied in the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System-Regional Ensemble Prediction System(GRAPES-REPS)to evaluate and compare the general performance of various combinations of multiple stochastic physics schemes.Six experiments are performed for a summer month(1-30 June 2015)over China and multiple verification metrics are used.The results show that:(1)All stochastic experiments outperform the control(CTL)experiment,and all combinations of stochastic parameterization schemes perform better than the single SPP scheme,indicating that stochastic methods can effectively improve the forecast skill,and combinations of multiple stochastic parameterization schemes can better represent model uncertainties;(2)The combination of all three stochastic physics schemes(SPP,SPPT,and SKEB)outperforms any other combination of two schemes in precipitation forecasting and surface and upper-air verification to better represent the model uncertainties and improve the forecast skill;(3)Combining SKEB with SPP and/or SPPT results in a notable increase in the spread and reduction in outliers for the upper-air wind speed.SKEB directly perturbs the wind field and therefore its addition will greatly impact the upper-air wind-speed fields,and it contributes most to the improvement in spread and outliers for wind;(4)The introduction of SPP has a positive added value,and does not lead to large changes in the evolution of the kinetic energy(KE)spectrum at any wavelength;(5)The introduction of SPPT and SKEB would cause a 5%-10%and 30%-80%change in the KE of mesoscale systems,and all three stochastic schemes(SPP,SPPT,and SKEB)mainly affect the KE of mesoscale systems.This study indicates the potential of combining multiple stochastic physics schemes and lays a foundation for the future development and design of regional and global ensembles. 相似文献
16.
By integrating the Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to a Lagrangian stochastic trajectory model, which is consitent with the selection criterion of Thomson (1987), an analytical solution is given for the joint probability density functionp(xi, ui, t) for the position (x
i) and velocity (u
i) at timet of a neutral particle released into linearly-sheared, homogeneous turbulence. The solution is compared with dispersion experiments conforming to the restrictions of the model and with a shortrange experiment performed in highly inhomogeneous turbulence within and above a model crop canopy. When the turbulence intensity, wind shear and covariance are strong, the present solution is better than simpler solutions (Taylor, 1921; Durbin, 1983) and as good as any numerical Lagrangian stochastic model yet reported. 相似文献
17.
Despite recent advances in supercomputing, current general circulation models poorly represent the variability associated with organized tropical convection. In a recent study, the authors have shown, in the context of a paradigm two baroclinic mode system, that a stochastic multicloud convective parameterization based on three cloud types (congestus, deep and stratiform) can be used to improve the variability and the dynamical structure of tropical convection. Here, the stochastic multicloud model is modified with a lag type stratiform closure and augmented with an explicit mechanism for congestus detrainment moistening. These modifications improve the representation of intermittent coherent structures such as synoptic and mesoscale convective systems. Moreover, the new stratiform-lag closure allows for increased robustness of the coherent features of the model with respect to the amount of stochastic noise and leading to a multi-scale organization of slowly moving waves envelopes in which short-lived and chaotic convective events persist. Congestus cloud decks dominate the suppressed-dry phase of the wave envelopes. The simulations with the new closure have a higher amount of stochastic noise and result in a Walker type circulation with realistic mean and coherent variability which surpasses results of previous deterministic and stochastic multicloud models in the same parameter regime. Further, deterministic mean field limit equations (DMFLE) for the stochastic multicloud model are considered. Aside from providing a link to the deterministic multicloud parameterization, the DMFLE allow a judicious way of determining the amount of deterministic and stochastic “chaos” in the system. It is shown that with the old stratiform heating closure, the stochastic process accounts for most of the chaotic behavior. The simulations with the new stratiform heating closure exhibit a mixture of stochastic and deterministic chaos. The highly chaotic dynamics in the simulations with congestus detrainment mechanism is due to the strongly nonlinear and numerically stiff deterministic dynamics. In the latter two cases, the DMFLE can be viewed as a “standalone” parameterization, which is capable of capturing some dynamical features of the stochastic parameterization. Furthermore, it is shown that, in spatially extended simulations, the stochastic multicloud model can capture qualitatively two local statistical features of the observations: long and short auto-correlation times of moisture and precipitation, respectively and the approximate power-law in the probability density of precipitation event size for large precipitation events. The latter feature is not reproduced in the column simulations. This fact underscores the importance of gravity waves and large scale moisture convergence. 相似文献
18.
To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model was established.Three numerical dispersion experiments,at horizontal resolutions of 10 m,50 m and 3000 m,were performed to estimate the adverse effects of toxic chemical release in densely built-up areas.The multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is composed of the Weather Forecasting and Research （WRF） model,the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation software package,and a Lagrangian dispersion model.Quantification of the adverse health effects of these chemical release events are given by referring to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency＇s Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.The wind fields of the urban-scale case,with 3 km horizontal resolution,were simulated by the Beijing Rapid Update Cycle system,which were utilized by the WRF model.The sub-domain-scale cases took advantage of the computational fluid dynamics method to explicitly consider the effects of buildings.It was found that the multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is capable of simulating the flow pattern and concentration distribution on different scales,ranging from several meters to kilometers,and can therefore be used to improve the planning of prevention and response programs. 相似文献
19.
青藏高原对流边界层的热力、动力过程对下游地区甚至整个东亚地区的天气气候有重要影响。以2017年夏季为例分析ERA-Interim、JRA-55和MERRA-2再分析数据在青藏高原边界层研究中的适用性,并进一步利用数值模式物理框架的约束作用来订正其分析误差。2017年夏季青藏高原东南部边界层内,3套再分析资料对于气象要素的描述能力为气温>露点温度>水平风场,研究时段内适用性较好的再分析资料为ERA-Interim。比较12种模式参数化方案组合,模拟结果对于再分析资料在晴空和中雨情景下水平风场的误差离散程度均有明显改善。对于模拟改进的关键物理量水平风场而言,研究时段内本地适用性最高的参数化方案组合是ACM2+WSM6+BMJ。再分析资料中的风场经模拟结果调整后可以更好地描述青藏高原夏季边界层发展,证实模式参数化方案可以减小其在高原地区季节分布偏差。 相似文献
20.
对我们在南海海域建立的大气边界层观测站的资料进行分析表明,在冷涌和热带气旋（包括强台风）过境的大风期间,在边界层底层10 min平均的水平风速u基本不随高度而变,甚至大都伴随有明显的上升气流w。而且风场脉动中含有强相干性的阵风扰动（ v g,频率位于1/60~1/600 Hz频段）,以及近于随机性的高频湍流脉动（ v t,频率大于1/60 Hz）,它们的特性以及w都可以很好地用水平风速u来参数化表示。取实测的（u,w）和脉动 v '= v g+ v t,或取实测的u与参数化的 v g、 v t和w,应用拉格朗日随机模式作数值模拟,结果表明:由破头浪发射出来的浪花和飞沫水滴（半径rp为10~500 μm）有相当大的一部分可以飞离大气底层而进入100 m高以上的大气中,继而对进入大气中的海盐气溶胶通量有重要贡献,不可以被忽略。在水滴的垂直传输过程中,阵风扰动起了极重要的作用,而在w>0且较显著时w更起重要作用。我们对上扬率（可上升至100 m以上高度的水滴数与由海面发射出的水滴数之比）作出了初步的参数化公式,有很高的精度,主要的参量是无量纲量u2/（rqg）,其中rp和g分别是水滴半径和重力加速度。 相似文献