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1.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(4):265-281
This paper presents a re-appreciation of the ground characterisation and the criteria to select the most representative geomechanical parameters to consider in a numerical model to predict the behaviour of a retaining wall of a deep excavation in highly weathered granite rock masses and residual soils. This study was focused in the construction of a deep station of Metro do Porto, which involved a cut and cover solution, with unusual proportions (in plant and in depth), built in the typical Oporto's granite weathered profiles, being the excavation conducted with retaining walls consisting of multi-anchored concrete piles. Specific sections were carefully instrumented, due to the presence of historic buildings in the vicinity. The definition of representative model parameters was based on precise laboratory tests over high quality soil samples, including oedometer and high-precision triaxial tests. Geotechnical and geological characterisation of all the area for the original design, was initially based on in situ tests, such as SPT and rock masses classification, and on the local experience on this type of ground. After this construction, the assumptions of parameterisation, using a constitutive modelling based on new laboratory tests over high quality block samples, allowed a reanalysis of the assumptions on the design phase. A back-analysis of monitored displacements and forces during the construction was made, assuming the designed structural solutions, which were in fact implemented in construction, but considering the new approaches on the definition of the geomechanical parameters for the prevailing weathered rock masses, necessary for the numerical simulation based on the commercial software Plaxis®, using the Mohr-Coulomb and “Hardening-Soil” models. Some specific changes of the constructive sequence during the excavation and activation of supporting system were attained, by looking at the information found during the construction. The results of this parametrical re-approach and analysis of the singularities of highly weathered granite and corresponding residual soils masses for modelling of retaining walls of large excavations are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Degree of weathering in the identification of laterite materials for engineering purposes — a review
M.D. Gidigasu 《Engineering Geology》1974,8(3):213-266
Laterite materials include a large succession of reddish, tropically weathered, decomposition products starting with fresh rock and ending with sesquioxide-rich pedogenic rock (cuirasse). Identification of the various grades of such materials for engineering purposes is a problem which repeatedly faces the engineer engaged in the design and construction of structures on or with laterite materials.The author has attempted to assemble available information useful for the identification and evaluation of all grades of laterite materials for engineering purposes. In the first part he summarises information on the significant genetic characteristics which appear to underlie the deviation of engineering behaviour of laterite materials from the expected properties based upon conventional soil mechanics as developed for temperate-zone soils.The second part summarises available information on the identification of significant geotechnical properties of various grades and genetic groups of laterite materials for engineering purposes.The engineering behaviour of laterite materials forms the substance of the third part of the paper.A literature study has revealed that the geotechnical characteristics and engineering behaviour of laterite materials depend mainly on the genesis and degree of weathering (i.e., decomposition, laterisation, dessication and/or hardening). Other significant genetic characteristics include morphological characteristics as well as the type and content of secondary minerals.Progress in the field of identification and evaluation of laterite materials for construction appears to depend on the simultaneous consideration of all the major factors which affect the behaviour of rocks and their derived soils (i.e., rock type, weathering condition, degree of weathering, type of derived materials as well as their chemical and mineralogical composition).Such an approach is desirable to increase the accuracy of predictions and assessments of the engineering behaviour of most laterite materials. 相似文献
3.
工程岩体强度的估算方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩体是由地质过程中形成的岩块和结构面网络组成。由于试件制备、加荷等均极困难,且昂贵而费时,难于像岩块那样进行大量试验来确定岩体之强度。所以,如何通过室内小试件试验来估算大岩体的强度成为工程地质工作者所关注的问题。本文介绍了两种用小试件资料估算大岩体强度的方法及计算实例。 相似文献
4.
Henning J. Olivier 《Engineering Geology》1979,14(4):255-279
The construction of the 5.3-m diameter, 82-km long Orange—Fish Tunnel in the Republic of South Africa, in sensibly horizontal beds of mudrocks, siltstones and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup (Upper Carboniferous to Triassic age), revealed the paramount importance of rock durability. The presence of non-durable rock types was found to be one of the causes of the rock distress problems encountered in some tunnel sections during construction.
Geomechanical tests conducted on representative samples of potentially difficult rock types from the Orange—Fish Tunnel, indicated important limitations of international rock material classifications, such as the Deere—Miller Modulus—Strength and the Deere—Gamble Durability—Plasticity systems. The inadequacy of these classifications in the case of the Karoo sedimentary rocks, underlined the need for a new rock durability classification which could be used for the timely indication of the presence of non-durable rock material sections at tunnel level.
An account is given of the lithology, mineralogy and the postulated weathering mechanics of the Karoo rocks encountered, as well as the application of these parameters to the numerical methods used for the quantitative assessment of rock durability. It is considered that a reliable appraisal of this time-dependent parameter can be provided by the measurement of the strength and free swelling properties of the intact rock material.
A new rock durability classification, styled the Geodurability Classification, is discussed. This empirical system appears to be practical and simple as it depends on the minimum number of index rock properties, which can be measured fairly rapidly in a field laboratory by means of simple test apparatus and semi-skilled labour. It is based on different ranges of ratios of the uniaxial compressive strength, σc, and the “Duncan” free swelling coefficient, εD, as index parameters. The intact rock material is classified according to a rating system which varies from “excellent” (Class A) to “very poor” (Class F).
The extensive use of the Geodurability Classification indicated such a system to be particularly relevant to compacted and weakly cemented rocks, where the tendency of the rock material to deteriorate with time (and not the presence of rock discontinuities such as joints and bedding planes) dominates the time-dependent behaviour of tunnel rock masses. 相似文献
5.
Tunnelling and Hydrogeological Issues: A Short Review of the Current State of the Art 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Since the 1960s, there has been an increasing interest in the understanding of the hydraulic flow inside a hard rock mass, since water inflow into deep tunnels constitute a hazard, in addition to being an important factor in controlling the advancement of excavation. The characterisation of fluid flow through hard rock masses is still one of the most challenging problems faced by geologists and engineers. A rock mass is characterised by networks of discrete and ubiquitous discontinuities that strongly affect its hydraulic properties, but detailed knowledge of the discontinuity properties allows for the evaluation of the hydraulic flow in the rock mass affected by the excavation of a tunnel. A geostructural field survey is fundamental in order to correctly define the discontinuity types, settings and networks. Numerous approaches have been proposed to estimate the water inflow based on empirical relations supported by field experience and case studies, as well as analytical solutions. Often, however, these approaches are not easily applicable in standard practice and in complex scenarios. The most appropriate approach to characterising the hydraulic flow of the rock mass and to predicting in the most effective way the expected water inflow during the excavation of a tunnel is based on a detailed geological model and geostructural analysis as described in this paper. 相似文献
6.
The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
以3种前人所提出的重磁边界识别方法与笔者提出的归一化偏差法作为技术手段(其中归一化偏差法对于数据噪声有着较好的抵抗力)能够较为准确全面地识别边界位置.在分析对比方法原理及应用特性的基础上,通过理论模型试验证明了方法的可靠性和实用性;并针对断裂和地质体边界深部倾向问题,开展了多方法联合及多尺度识别手段试验,获取了更多地质构造及边界的信息.通过将该技术应用于克拉玛依后山地区实际资料的处理解释之中,获得了研究区域内剖面与平面上的断裂和岩体的位置分布及它们的深部倾向信息,并对主要断裂与岩体三维空间特征进行了描述,为该地区三维地质填图和三维地质模型构建提供了重要依据. 相似文献
8.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):39-56
Recently one of the most challenging problems for civil engineers is how to construct new structures/infrastructures adjacent pre-existing ones and how to evaluate the effect of the new construction on the pre-existing structures (so-called neighbouring construction). The Manifold Method (MM) is one of the discontinuum based numerical approaches to simulate the mechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses including large deformation/displacement along fractures as well as stress/strain conditions of the rock blocks/masses. In this study, the MM was used to investigate the stability of the cut slope in the highly fractured rock masses along one of the national roads in Japan, focusing on the effects of new construction on the pre-existing structures/infrastructures. The effect of reinforcement during the construction such as rock bolts, anchors, etc. was also investigated and evaluated quantitatively by numerical simulations using MM. 相似文献
9.
前人研究泥岩盖层封闭性时并没有考虑断裂的破坏程度,且对已被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的研究目前尚未见到文献报道,而这些问题对含油气盆地断裂发育区油气勘探至关重要.在被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭机理及其封闭演化特征研究的基础上,通过比较泥岩盖层断接厚度与其封油气所需的最小断接厚度的相对大小,将被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭分为未被断裂破坏和已被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭2种,并通过泥岩盖层和断层岩古排替压力恢复,确定泥岩盖层封闭能力形成距今时间、断层岩开始压实成岩距今时间和封闭能力形成距今时间,建立了一套被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的恢复方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡5号构造被f2断裂破坏东二段泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的恢复中.结果表明:在L1、L3、L4、L5、L6、L7和L9测线处,f2断裂未破坏东二段泥岩盖层封闭,仍是东二段泥岩盖层封闭,其封闭性演化经历了不封闭和封闭阶段,目前具有较强的封闭能力.在L2和L8测线处f2断裂已破坏了东二段泥岩盖层封闭,为f2断裂断层岩封闭,其封闭能力演化经历了压实不封闭、成岩不封闭和成岩封闭3个阶段,目前也已具较强封闭能力,均有利于油气在东二段泥岩盖层之下储层中聚集与保存.与目前东二段泥岩盖层之下储层中已发现油气分布相吻合,表明该方法用于恢复被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史是可行的. 相似文献
10.
Estimating the Strength of Jointed Rock Masses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lianyang Zhang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2010,43(4):391-402
Determination of the strength of jointed rock masses is an important and challenging task in rock mechanics and rock engineering.
In this article, the existing empirical methods for estimating the unconfined compressive strength of jointed rock masses
are reviewed and evaluated, including the jointing index methods, the joint factor methods, and the methods based on rock
mass classification. The review shows that different empirical methods may produce very different estimates. Since in many
cases, rock quality designation (RQD) is the only information available for describing rock discontinuities, a new empirical
relation is developed for estimating rock mass strength based on RQD. The newly developed empirical relation is applied to
estimate the unconfined compressive strength of rock masses at six sites and the results are compared with those from the
empirical methods based on rock mass classification. The estimated unconfined compressive strength values from the new empirical
relation are essentially in the middle of the estimated values from the different empirical methods based on rock mass classification.
Similar to the existing empirical methods, the newly developed relation is only approximate and should be used, with care,
only for a first estimate of the unconfined compressive strength of rock masses. Recommendations are provided on how to apply
the newly developed relation in combination with the existing empirical methods for estimating rock mass strength in practice. 相似文献
11.
新疆北部地区二叠系芦草沟组的黑色岩系是重要的生烃岩系。在准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷,该套岩系主要分布于3000~3500 m,并可分出3100~3170 m和3250~3370 m这2个致密油层段。两层段黑色岩系的岩性以凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质泥晶白云岩为主,夹丰富的纹层状、透镜状沥青质和藻类。黑色岩系中不仅发育火山喷发的深源碳酸质凝灰物质,而且夹有丰富的热液喷流的深源物质,它们多与泥晶微生物白云岩呈互层状,共同组成了具良好生烃能力的特殊烃源岩系。黑色岩系样品的热解分析表明,其中的游离烃S1含量较高(最高8.17 mg/g,平均1.56 mg/g),裂解烃S2含量也高(3.3~76.2 mg/g);总有机碳TOC为1.4%~7.9%,生烃潜量PI也为高值(0.02~0.51,平均为0.16),总体指示有机质丰度高、生烃潜能好。生物标志物C28和C29甾烷的含量大于C27,呈反“L”型,表明有机质类型以藻类和高等植物为主;高成熟度甾烷参数C2920S/(20S+20R)和C29ββ/(αα+ββ)在深源物质丰富的致密油层中较高(平均0.48和0.31),而在深源物质少的层位中较低(平均为0.37和0.26)。上述2个层段的地化参数在纵向上的分布特征与镜质组反射率RO的分布规律(2个致密油层段中深源物质多时RO呈现异常高值)相吻合。综合分析认为,频繁的火山喷发物质和热液喷流的深源物质参与了该区湖相沉积烃源岩的生烃作用过程。 相似文献
12.
13.
Support capacity estimation of a diversion tunnel in weak rock 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper presents the results of the support capacity estimation for the diversion tunnel of the Uru
dam site in highly weathered tuff and weak zone. Tunneling in weak rock requires some special considerations, since misjudgment in support design results in costly failures. There are several ways of estimating rock support pressure and selecting support. However, all systems suffer from their characteristic limitations in achieving objectives. Thus, it is more useful to use different methods for estimating support pressure and type of support. The support pressure pi was established by three different methods. These methods are the (1) empirical methods based on rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q-classification systems), (2) ground support interaction analysis (GSIA) and (3) numerical methods, namely, Phase2 finite element (FEM) program. Rock masses were characterized in terms of RSR, RMR, Q-system and GSI. Drill-core samples were tested in the rock mechanics laboratory to determine physico-mechanical properties. Rock mass strength was estimated by empirical methods. Finally, the required support system is proposed and evaluated by different methods in the highly weathered tuff and weak zone of the diversion tunnel. 相似文献
14.
15.
论我国铝土矿床类型及其红土化风化壳形成机制问题 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
中国铝土矿床98%以上为古风化壳型,少量属红土型.前者分六个亚型,即铝硅酸盐岩古风化壳原地残积（Ⅰa）;碳酸盐岩古风化壳准原地堆积（Ⅰb）、异地堆积（Ⅰc）以及异地沉积（湖水）（Ⅰd）;Ica古风化壳异地沉积（海相）;Ⅰf碳酸盐岩古风化壳准原地堆积（或沉积）-现代喀斯特堆积等六个亚型.ⅠⅠb、Ⅰc三亚型矿床在大气条件下就位,就位以后继续红土化,为此矿层很少层理;矿石中常有渗流管、渗流凝胶.Ⅰd、Ⅰe亚型在水体中沉积,有层理,无渗流管、渗流凝胶.所有铝土矿床的矿物组成及矿石结构、构造都是含铝岩石红土化风化作用易溶物淋失,难溶的钛、铝、铁质残留的风化壳铝土物质;无水体中结构、构造特征;δ18O‰及δD‰值证为风化物;除Ⅰc外均无动物化石及其碎屑. 相似文献
16.
谭立群 《华东地质学院学报》1998,21(1):43-51
本文介绍的横岭关、北峪、永济、野庙滩、太峪和烟庄岩体是中条山古裂谷中的早元古代花岗岩类岩体。就其成因类型而言,永济岩体是Ｉ型花岗岩类岩体,而横岭关、北峪、野庙滩、太峪和烟庄岩体属Ｓ型花岗岩类岩体。就其形成构造环境而言,永济、横岭关和北峪岩体均是陆缘裂谷Ａ型俯冲碰撞的产物,其中,永济和横岭关岩体还构成大陆边缘“成对”（Ｉ型和Ｓ型）花岗岩;而烟庄、野庙滩和太峪岩体是在陆缘裂谷Ａ型俯冲碰撞形成的内硅铝造 相似文献
17.
羌塘地体西南缘布木错—雄巴日—羌多—赛登地区分布着大量呈岩株或岩枝状的中酸性-基性侵入岩,其岩石地球化学特点是低SiO2(67.99%~73.32%)、高Al2O3(12.82%~15.02%),属于过铝质花岗岩,里特曼指数(2.09~2.63)σ<3.3,属钙碱性花岗岩类;稀土元素显示为轻稀土较强富集和重稀土强亏损的特征,岩浆结晶分异程度较高。岩石地球化学特征和稀有元素特征图解指示花岗岩构造环境有一定的差异性,以I型为主,其形成及侵位应与古特提斯洋的闭合、新特提斯洋的扩张有关,属同碰撞型造山花岗岩。通过对该区多个花岗岩体锆石LA-ICPMS 测定,测得其形成年代为116~107 Ma,与早白垩世晚期羌塘地体南缘的陆-陆碰撞作用时间相吻合。 相似文献
18.
Deformability of rock masses influencing their behavior is an important geomechanical property for the design of rock structures. Due to the difficulties in determining the deformability of jointed rock masses at the laboratory-scale, various in-situ test methods such as pressuremeter, dilatometer, plate loading tests etc. have been developed. Although these techniques are currently the best and direct methods, they are time-consuming and expensive, and present operational difficulties. In addition, the influence of the test volume on deformation modulus depending on the method employed is also important. For these reasons empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus have also been recommended by several investigators as an alternative approach. In this study; the geomechanical quality of weak, heavily jointed, sheared and/or blocky greywacke rock masses, on which very concentrated civil works are continuing at the southern and southwestern parts of Ankara (Turkey), was assessed. The deformation modulus was determined by pressuremeter tests, the possible effects of variables on the derived deformation modulus from the pressuremeter test were evaluated by numerical methods, and the comparisons between the deformation modulus of the greywackes obtained from the pressuremeter tests and their geomechanical quality (GSI and RMR) were made. Numerical simulations revealed that the presence of a disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of the deformation modulus, while the effect of length to diameter ratio of the pressuremeter probe on the deformation modulus is minor. Based on the geo-engineering characterization assessments, mainly two greywacke rock masses with different geomechanical qualities were identified. Geotechnical quality of one of these rock masses was verified by the back analysis of two slope failures. The empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus of the greywackes using their GSI and RMR values yielded high coefficients of correlation. 相似文献
19.
胶东地区是中国最重要的金矿集区,区内众多大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近三分之一。其中石英脉型金矿是区内重要的矿床类型,山东金翅岭金矿就是这一类型的代表之一。通过详细的野外地质观测与室内研究,查明了该金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡计算法总结了热液蚀变过程中的元素迁移规律。该矿床原岩为二长花岗岩,含矿热液沿断裂上涌,与围岩发生了强烈的蚀变作用,蚀变类型主要为钾长石化、绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化;蚀变过程中的物质交换改变了流体的成分及酸碱度等,流体向蚀变岩提供了大量的Si O2;同时,绢英岩化阶段和黄铁绢英岩化阶段,围岩向流体提供了大量的K、Na,促使流体中的Au活化,引起热液中的Au H3Si O4稳定性降低,造成Au H3Si O4分解,流体中的Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗,形成黄铁矿,导致Au大量沉淀。 相似文献
20.
碳酸盐岩石成因类型的判别分析和白云鄂博“白云岩”的成因讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文根据对世界上20多个国家和我国21个省碳酸盐岩石化学全分析数据的统计和换算结果,发现岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩之间常量元素的一般含量无显著不同,但采用两组或逐步判别分析的方法,仍能将岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩很好的区分开。判别效率可达90%以上。将这一方法应用到白云”鄂博矿区的“白云岩”和灰岩,90%以上的“白云岩”样品判为岩浆碳酸岩,灰岩的样品全部判为沉积碳酸盐岩,与它们的地质产状和地球化学特征一致。 相似文献