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1.
星载合成孔径雷达遥感及多卫星遥感数据融合方法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）数据，以其特有的成像机理和对地物信息的属性描述及其全天时、全天候作业能力，形成了对传统多光谱遥感数据的互补。通过数据融合技术，可以优化遥感信息资源，实现多卫星遥感数据的优势互补，使遥感信息得到最大限度的利用，从而为地学研究中的各种模型方法和决策系统提供科学依据。根据信息的抽象程度不同，融合可分为原始数据融合、目标级融合和决策级融合三个层次。在不同的层次具有相对应的信息融合方法。 相似文献
2.
Botswana is among those developing countries that are rapidly transitioning from predominantly rural to urban societies. Gaborone, its capital city, is seriously confronted by formidable challenges of sustainable metropolitan management, including the proper handling of solid domestic waste. Although the international convention of the 3-Rs, namely, Recycle, Reduce, Reuse is generally accepted; its implementation remains elusive. It is therefore of utmost importance to unravel significant determinants of the gap between nominal acceptance and praxis in order to influence policy. This preliminary case study, consequently, sought to identify the underlying factors that differentiate waste recycling practices from high, medium, and low socio-economic areas Gaborone. Key informants, including municipal officials and company representatives, in charge of city solid waste management, were interviewed. A probit model was used to analyze those factors that could influence recycling and waste separation practices. Results showed that tenure, gender, income, affluence, location of house increase the likelihood of recycling while age, education level, household size and source of waste management information did not influence the likelihood of recycling. Stakeholders should place greater emphasis on positive environmental awareness, and appropriate reward systems for recycling domestic solid waste and recycling should be tailored according to the locational needs. 相似文献
3.
The combination of an electromagnetic and a dual energy X-ray transmission sensor is a new method for automatic sorting of scrap non-ferrous metals. It allows classification of metals based on differences in electrical conductivity and atomic number. Both sensors were developed and tested at Delft University of Technology. In a number of experiments non-ferrous metals from post-shredder scrap were identified and sorted based on the combined sensor output. The results and possible industrial applications in automatic sorting of scrap metals are discussed. A sorting system that includes both sensors allows replacement of conventional ferro-silicon based dense medium systems by an entirely dry process that does not require any washing. 相似文献
4.
A. U. Zaman 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(3):455-464
Application and development of municipal solid waste treatment technology depends on various socio-economic and environmental factors. All those factors are work as development drivers for waste management systems. The study aims to identify key drivers from case studies of waste management development trend in Sweden. Social, economic and environmental drivers are identified and presented in this study. The study identifies personal behaviour, local waste management practice, consumption and generation of waste as the key social drivers. Resource value of waste, economic benefit from waste treatment facilities and landfill tax have been acknowledged as economic drivers for developing waste treatment technology. Moreover, global climate change, environmental movement and awareness have been working as environmental drivers for developing various waste treatment methods in Sweden. In addition, the study aims to analyse emerging waste treatment technologies based on a number of literature review and questionnaire survey. Dry composting, pyrolysis-gasification, plasma arc, and anaerobic digestion have been identified as potential emerging technologies for waste management systems in Sweden. 相似文献
5.
硫磺渣是硫磺矿区主要的矿业固废,其随意堆放可产生一系列的环境地质问题,并对山水林田湖草等自然资源、环境及人的健康构成较大危害。滇东北地区长期以硫铁矿为原料、以煤炭为燃料,土法炼硫生产硫磺,导致巨量硫磺渣堆积,产生了严重的环境地质问题。本文针对该地区镇雄县硫磺矿区,调查了小硫磺生产形成硫磺渣的规模和特征,梳理了该硫磺矿区主要环境地质问题及其对当地生态环境的影响,认为目前镇雄硫磺矿区存在的环境污染、自然资源破坏及可能形成的矿渣性泥石流等环境地质现状与过去40多年的小硫磺生产密切相关。基于以上认识,强调应结合矿业固废无害化、减量化和资源化技术政策,从资源回收利用、生态环境恢复、地质灾害防治和文化遗产保护方面探讨和提出镇雄硫磺矿区矿渣治理和生态修复的新理念和新对策。 相似文献
6.
为了人类社会的可持续发展,对产量惊人的生活垃圾进行合理地处置成为世界各国亟待解决的问题之。垃圾填埋法是符合处置经济性和技术可行性的理想方案。垃圾填埋场投八运营后,如何防止被填埋垃圾及其次生有害物质进八周围环境,是垃圾填埋场设计环节必须考虑的关键问题之。在城市垃圾填埋场底部衬里系统及封盖系统中设置水力屏障,能有效防止填埋场中所产生的废液、废气向周围环境中迁移。水力屏障通常由土工合成材料与膨润土防水垫或压实粘土组成,形成个多界面的复合衬里或复合封盖体系。这种多界面力学特性以及潜在薄弱面对垃圾填埋场的稳定性具有控制作用,因此成为业界的研究重点。本文依据填埋场封盖和衬里土工合成材料多界面力学特性的最新研究,对所取得的研究成果进行分析和讨论。 相似文献
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8.
A simple mass balance model has been developed to assess the planetary boundary for P supply in relation to use by human society. Phosphorus sources used by humans are from fossil reserves. The model takes into account resource use rate and reserves, consumption, phosphate to food production, environmental degradation, waste and recycling. Various policy scenarios are tested from current end of pipe solutions to clean production and pollution prevention, sustainable consumption and production polices and sustainable population policy. In order to get an overview of possible future scenarios it is necessary to close nutrient cycles and formulate a sustainable population policy. The outcome of systems dynamics based modeling for four scenarios are given in a sister paper in this issue. Results show that effective population and P recycling policies are crucial to avoid world hunger. 相似文献
9.
Alessandro Tarantino Andrew M. Ridley David G. Toll 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(6):751-782
This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity
(permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance
are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity
sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques
for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry
and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented. 相似文献
10.
M. Karamouz Ph.D. B. Zahraie Ph.D. R. Kerachian Ph.D. N. Mahjouri Ph.D. A. Moridi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2006,3(3):229-242
Rapid industrial growth in the province of Khuzestan in the south west of Iran has resulted in disposal of about 1750 tons of solid waste per day. Most of these industrial solid wastes including hazardous wastes are disposed without considering environmental issues. This has contributed considerably to the pollution of the environment. This paper introduces a framework in which to develop a master plan for industrial solid waste management. There are usually different criteria for evaluating the existing solid waste pollution loads and how effective the management schemes are. A multiple criteria decision making technique, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used for ranking the industrial units based on their share in solid waste related environmental pollution and determining the share of each unit in total solid waste pollution load. In this framework, a comprehensive set of direct, indirect, and supporting projects are proposed for solid waste pollution control. The proposed framework is applied for industrial solid waste management in the province of Khuzestan in Iran and a databank including GIS based maps of the study area is also developed. The results have shown that the industries located near the capital city of the province, Ahwaz, produce more than 32 percent of the total solid waste pollution load of the province. Application of the methodology also has shown that it can be effectively used for development of the master plan and management of industrial solid wastes. 相似文献
11.
The neural network system has been developing very fast recently. It has been widely used in many industries such as automation, nuclear power plant, chemical industry, etc. Neural network systems have a great advantage in dealing with problems in which many factors influence the process and result, and the understanding of this process is poor, and there are experimental data or field data. In rock engineering, many problems are of this nature. In this paper, a brief introduction to neural network systems is given. Problems such as what is a neural network, how it works and what kind of advantages it has are discussed. After this, several applications in rock engineering, made by us, are presented. Case 1 is ore boundary delineation. In this case, the rock are divided into three classes, i.e.: (1) waste rock; (2) semi-ore; and (3) ore for mining purposes. The neural network system built can judge whether it is ore, semi-ore or waste rock along the borehole according its corresponding geophysical logging data, such as gamma-ray, gamma-gamma, neutron and resistivity. Case 2 is aggregate quality prediction. In this case, the quality parameters: (1) impact value; (2) abrasion value I; and (3) abrasion value II are predicted by using a neural network system based on density, point load, content of quarts and content of brittle minerals. Case 3 is rock indentation depth prediction. In this case, the rock indentation depth under indentation load is predicted by the established neural network system based on the indentation load on rock, indenter type and rock mechanical properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus. Poisson's ratio, critical energy release rate and density. In all these cases, the neural network systems have been applied successfully. The testing results are satisfactory and better than the existing techniques. 相似文献
12.
淀粉废水资源化利用的现状和前景 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
阐述了近年来淀粉废水的资源化利用，着重列举了利用淀粉废水发展生态建设、从淀粉废水中回收蛋白以及利用淀粉废水生产新能源的方法，分析了淀粉废水资源化利用的前景。 相似文献
13.
Permeability and its susceptibility to changes with time or exposure to chemicals are major factors in selection of earthen
liners for use in hazardous liquid-waste containment systems. Earthen liners often consist of mixtures including both granular
soil and fine matrix. Six different solid mixtures were tested to investigate the influence of hazardous liquid waste on their
permeability. The granular part of the mixtures included sand and crushed natural zeolite, whereas the matrix was composed
of bentonite and microcement. Highly acidic solutions, bases, leather industry leachate and municipal waste leachate were
used as permeants. Of the mixtures tested, only two mixtures performed well against the attack of chemicals. The testing method
was the falling head system with the compaction mold permeameter. The period of experiments varied from two to eight weeks.
Received: 24 September 1998 · Accepted: 5 January 1999 相似文献
14.
垃圾土室内动力试验研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用循环三轴试验对城市垃圾土的动力特性进行了研究。试验中对试样分别施加两种不同荷载,一种为循环压缩,另一种为循环压缩和伸长荷载,分别模拟交通荷载和地震荷载情况,循环荷载频率为1Hz。对城市垃圾土的动模量和振动残余应变试验结果进行了分析,并给出了计算公式。 相似文献
15.
水泥垃圾土强度特性试验研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以生活垃圾为地基的工程事例越来越多,但垃圾土的处理方法还没有形成系统的经验和成熟的设计计算理论。经过统计分析,按一定配比制备了人工垃圾土,分别进行了未降解、降解旺盛期、降解稳定期在水泥掺入量为25 %、35 %、45 % 3种条件下不同养护龄期水泥垃圾土的无侧限抗压试验,得到了硬化的应力-应变关系曲线和水泥垃圾土强度随养护龄期、水泥掺入量、降解阶段变化的规律。试验结果表明,垃圾土中的有机质既对水泥垃圾土有加筋作用,也有减弱水泥垃圾土强度形成的作用;未降解、降解旺盛期、降解稳定期水泥垃圾土的强度变化特性不同,水泥只对降解稳定的垃圾土有较好的处理效果。同时建议水泥的掺入量应大于35 %。 相似文献
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17.
Spatial inequality in municipal solid waste disposal across regions in developing countries 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
The regional inequalities in socio-economical characteristics such as income, population density, age composition, unemployment rate and the education level may bring about variation in waste generation, recycling and collection. Using environmental Kuznets curve, the factors affecting municipal solid waste disposal are examined. The results demonstrate that an inverted N-shaped curve executes on municipal solid waste disposal for all regions. As personal disposable income increases, per capita municipal solid waste disposed firstly declines, then grows at the second stage and finally decreases again. All the explanatory variables including economic factors, social characteristics and geographical barriers are found to influence municipal solid waste disposal significantly. Each person increase in population density leads to an increase in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 1.17 ×10?4 kg/day. Each percent increase in age composition results in a decrease in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 0.0224 kg/day; in the unemployment rate causes a decrease of 0.0901 kg/day and in the education level results in a decrease of 0.01556 kg/day. In general, municipal solid waste disposal starts to increase at the first turning point of personal disposable income NT$ 198,000 (about US$ 6,280) and to decrease at the second point of NT$ 389,000 (about US$ 12,350) for all regions (pooled data). The rural regions, however, cannot support the inverted N-shaped curve by the ‘reduced form’ while urban regions have a significant outcome. This result implies that income can only explain a portion of variation while other social and geographical factors contribute a lot to identify the variation in municipal solid waste disposal between urban and rural regions. 相似文献
18.
M. Mirzababaei M. Miraftab M. Mohamed P. McMahon 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(1):173-182
Municipalities and recycling and environmental authorities are concerned about the growing amount of carpet waste produced by household, commercial and industrial sectors. It is reported that 500,000 tonnes of carpet waste fibre are plunged into landfills annually in the UK. In the United States of America, around 10 million tonnes of textile waste was generated in 2003. In geotechnical engineering, expansive clay soils are categorised as problematic soils due to their swelling behaviour upon increase in the moisture content. The problematic nature of such soils is intensified with the increase in the plasticity index. This paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation into utilisation of carpet waste fibres in order to improve the swelling characteristics of compacted cohesive soils. Therefore, two different clay soils with markedly different plasticity indices (i.e. 17.0 and 31.5 %) were treated with two different types of carpet waste fibre. Waste fibres were added to prepare specimens with fibre content of 1, 3 and 5 % by dry weight of soil. Soil specimens with different dry unit weights and moisture contents were prepared so as to the swelling behaviour of fibre reinforced compacted clays is completely attained under various scenarios. The results indicated that the behaviour of the fibre reinforced soils seems highly dependent on the initial compaction state and secondary on the moisture content. It was found that the swelling pressure drops rapidly as the percentage of fibre increases in samples prepared at the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content. Reducing the dry unit weight, while maintaining constant moisture content or increasing the moisture content at constant dry unit weight was found to reduce the swelling pressure. 相似文献
19.
Near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imagery can be used to detect certain alteration minerals. At epithermal deposits, the formation of alteration minerals is, in theory, related to the mineralisation of gold and silver. In order to provide foundations for developing sensor-based sorting applications at a mine that exploits such a deposit, it was investigated if NIR-SWIR hyperspectral imagery can be used to distinguish between ore and waste particles by characterising the alteration mineralogy. Maps were produced from the NIR-SWIR hyperspectral images of 827 drill core samples that show mineral occurrences, mineral absorption feature intensities and characteristics of the iron oxide mineralogy. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to the information contained in these maps to investigate if this information can be used to discriminate between ore and waste. The results showed that NIR-SWIR hyperspectral imagery could be used to segment a population of waste samples by detecting occurrences of pyrophyllite, dickite and/or illite. This result can be explained by the fact that these minerals are commonly deposited further away from the ore-bearing epithermal veins, while the absence of SWIR-active minerals or detected occurrences of alunite are more closely associated with these structures. The ability to identify waste with NIR-SWIR spectral sensors means there is potential that sensor-based sorting can be used to remove this waste from mineral processing operations. Additional research is still required to assess the economic feasibility of such a sensor-based sorting application.
相似文献20.
In this paper it will be shown how the problem of solid wastes collection and disposal can be formulated as a dynamic mixed-integer linear programming model. The developed model can be used for the determination of sites for landfills, transfer stations, recycling centers and the periodical routing of collection vehicles in order to reduce the cost of municipal solid wastes transport and disposal. The model has been tested by applying it to a hypothetical municipal solid waste system. The possibility of using the developed model for managing and planning the municipal solid wastes system of the Dammam metropolitan area, Saudi Arabia will be discussed.The model is general in structure and can be used to address other problems such as the problem of hazardous wastes management, petroleum products distribution and food processing industries. 相似文献