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Alberto Mori 《Geoforum》1977,8(5-6)
It is well known that although the geographic landscape and the ecosystem are both terrestrial units involving physical and biological components, including man and his activity, they are in nature extremely different. The geographic landscape is a complex of directly perceptible forms produced by the interaction (synergism) of three main components (synergizing) present in varying degrees and in unstable equilibrium (physical base, the biotic element and the results of human activity); whilst the ecosystem may not be directly perceived and is composed of a stable system of matter and energy, contained in the living and non-living parts of an environment, where exchanges between the two parts take place in a continuous flux (Odum, 1958). The geographic landscape is characterized by formal, structural aspects, whereas the ecosystem is, by nature, functional and biological and is dominated by two cycles, one of matter and the other of energy, within which man can be included in varying degrees. Ever since man began to alter the natural biological processes with his constructive, destructive and polluting activity, structures have emerged within the ecosystem which show local modifications in quality and energy imbalance. These have survived in the form of truncated anthropo-ecosystems (Delpoux, 1972), where the artificially interrupted trophic chain survives with a disturbed energy balance. Imbalances are caused by alterations which are difficult to perceive directly in ecosystems, but are observable in landscapes which have been modified in response to such changes. The ecosystem must, therefore, be considered a determinant of landscape. Hence it is possible to distinguish fairly precisely the existence of different types of landscape on the basis of the material and energy balance of their associated ecosystems where ecosystem and geographic landscape are closely linked by cause and effect. Hence the term landscape ecology (Landschaftsöcologie;Troll, 1939) where the term “ecology” is taken to mean “the functional study of the dynamics of a system of action, determining landscape” (Schmithüsen, 1973). If the energy balance and the natural and human transformations of ecosystems are jointly considered, it is possible to obtain a significant ecologically based landscape classification. The first category is that of ecologically balanced landscapes, within which transfer phenomena are cyclic as energy, or even matter, are completely utilized by their biological constituents. This applies to all natural landscapes, even those with a dominant natural factor, that are unaffected by human action; their limits can therefore be considered similar to those of natural ecosystems. Amongst these can also be included areas with a gathering economy and primitive and subsistence farming. By contrast with these is the category of ecologically unbalanced landscapes where the presence of man in the environment has transformed natural ecosystems into anthropoecosystems with different characteristics. Two types can be distinguished, one hyperenergetic with a positive energy balance and thus an exporter of energy, the other hypoenergetic characterised by a negative energy balance,and thus importing energy (Delpoux, 1972). In hyperenergetic landscapes man intervenes with advanced agriculture and animal husbandry and thus transforms in different ways and in varying degrees the natural setting. They therefore include agrobiosystems, typical of specialized agriculture, intensive polyculture and plantation monoculture, and trophobiosystems typical of rationalized animal husbandry. Both produce vegetable and animal foods for the market. In hypoenergetic landscapes, the production of organic substances with an energy value becomes increasingly deficient, so that the biological community has to become dependent on external contributions; they mainly occur in high density population landscapes with low productivity rural activities due to poor natural conditions, poor organization, or a high degree of urban and industrial development. To these categories, which are mainly dependent on the ratio of population to resources, can be added that of degraded landscapes or ecosystems, caused by natural degradation (exogenous or endogenous) or by pollution and despoliation (biological and mineral) caused by human activity. Then follow landscapes with artificial or substitution ecosystems (urban or industrial) the elements of which are characteristically formal in appearance. The last category is that of ecologically integrated and complex landscapes, the result of the combination of two or more different ecological aspects (rural and urban, and, for example, outside this group, rural and industrial, agricultural and moderately urbanized) which interdigitate and encroach upon each other. On the basis of this classification, it is possible to discern the distinguishing features typical of landscapes and thus our ability to delimit their extent on maps. They have been applied in the production of an ecologically based landscape map of Italy at an original scale of 1:1,500,000, a reduced black-and-white version of which has been reproduced in the main body of this paper. As a first attempt at such a representation it is both adequate and useful and provides a basis for further work and analysis. The exercise confirms that the consideration of landscape, especially humanized landscape, in an ecological perspective, supplies important information for the interpretation of its structure from a functional and physiological stand-point, as well as for the understanding of its dynamics. It also facilitates the consideration of the environment as a whole, presenting more effectively the problems of its evaluation and consequently adds to our appreciation of its economic and social significance. 相似文献
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地球表层的人地系统及其调控 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
论述了地球表层的人地关系研究发展情况及开展人地系统研究的必要性,阐明了新的人地系统观应具有的特点及不同研究模式,强调了首先研究人地系统调控的机理问题。 相似文献
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自然地理学方向的古地理学开创了时间维地理学研究的领域,其在我国的发展经历了一个从古地理学向环境演变研究拓展的过程。以现代自然环境的历史建构为主体的古地理学,以时间坐标系下自然地理过程研究为主的环境演变研究,以从时间的维度探索人地关系为主的人地系统演变研究,分别体现了地理学的区域研究传统、地球科学传统和人地关系传统,构成了自然地理学时间维研究的3个基本方面。广义地理解自然地理学方向的古地理学、环境演变以及人地系统演变,它们可以看作是相通的,人地系统演变可以理解为包括了人类作为驱动力和承受者的环境演变,用人地关系来定义自然学地理方向的古地理学,则可以将其定义为关于人地（人类-环境）系统历史演变的科学。 相似文献
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Neil Ellis 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2011,122(3):353-362
Geoconservation – protecting, managing and enhancing natural geological features and materials, and geomorphological landforms and processes – is especially important in Great Britain, a place sometimes described as the ‘cradle’ of the science of geology. For such a small area of land, Britain has an unusually diverse geological make-up, with rocks from every geological period present. Many stratigraphical terms used internationally were devised here, and British sites provide key study areas where important new geological theories were developed in the pioneering era of the Earth sciences. Therefore, with such a wealth of geology, and Britain's seminal place in the science itself, it is particularly important to conserve and protect key localities here for future generations. A first step in that process is the auditing of the geology and geomorphology of Britain, by carrying out a scientific evaluation exercise according to standard criteria, and creating an inventory of the most important sites for science.In the mid-1970s, the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) began an ambitious programme for assessment and documentation of the most important sites for the scientific study of geology and geomorphology in Great Britain, building on previous statutory site conservation activity that had already been started in 1949 by the former Nature Conservancy. As a result, the ‘Geological Conservation Review’ (GCR) was formally launched in 1977. The GCR was a world-first project of its type in the systematic assessment of the whole geological heritage of a country, from first principles. Widespread consultation with geologists and geomorphologists across Great Britain was co-ordinated; their guidance and involvement was a key component of the site selection process. Almost 3000 nationally or internationally important sites had been selected for around 100 site-selection categories for the GCR register by 1990. Almost all the GCR sites are now conserved under British law as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), the GCR information providing the scientific evidence-base that underpins that designation.As part of the site-selection process – which is still active – a considerable archive of information about geological sites was amassed. A major publication exercise detailing all the GCR sites in what was to become the GCR Series of books was devised early on in the GCR programme.Thirty-six volumes of the GCR Series have been seen to completion by NCC and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, and many GCR site reports have been many made freely available on the World Wide Web. As a new venture, the remaining nine volumes will now be published by Elsevier Science Publishers as Special Issues of the Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. Each GCR volume includes an overview of the subject and outlines the history of study of the relevant branch of the Earth sciences, but most importantly contains detailed accounts of the features of geological importance in the sites described. A scientific interpretation is provided for each site account, which includes supportive illustrations, tables and photographs and an extensive reference list.The GCR rationale, methods and information resource have been invaluable in almost every aspect of geoconservation carried out in Britain, including World Heritage Site nominations, protection of stratotypes, justifying the scientific conservation value of sites at Public Inquiries, in stimulating geological research and in providing a readily available information resource for local, regional, national and international geoconservation activities. 相似文献
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Geography and computational social science 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Paul M. Torrens 《GeoJournal》2010,75(2):133-148
The emergence of computational social science has had a transformative influence on the geographical sciences, integrating
diverse themes of scholarship and allying it with the pursuit of grand challenges in the physical, natural, and life sciences.
Geography has benefitted from many of these developments and has, in turn, catalyzed significant advances and innovation in
computational social science. In this paper, I explore the relationship between geography, computing, and the social sciences
by examining the evolution of some central themes in the computational social sciences: complexity, informatics, modeling
and simulation, information visualization, cyberspace, socio-technical systems, and semantic computing. 相似文献
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Radan Květ 《GeoJournal》1990,22(4):387-390
Conclusion The suggested application of hierarchical systems to geology and geography offers a new view on the evolution of the Earth and a new classification of geosciences. The application of these systems allows the individual fields of geosciences to be connected with each other and also with other disciplines (e.g. physics, astronomy, biology). Hierarchical systems including periodicity can aid future advances in natural sciences because they can be regarded as a uniting principle and key to new approaches to research in natural sciences. 相似文献
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清江流域旅游资源分布规律及成因 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对清江流域复杂的自然条件和环境的概括,说明了该地区丰富多彩的自然和人旅游资源形成的根本原因,以该地区最具特色的自然景观－地质地貌景观为主要研究对象,阐述了地质过程、地貌演化是该地区其他自然旅游景观形成、演化的主要动力和控制因素。同时,也强调了自然界的时空演进对人文景观形成和分布的重要控制作用。 相似文献
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Abdelkader Mhamdi Mouez Gouasmia Mohamed Gasmi Salem Bouri Hamed Ben Dhia 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(16):1228-1239
The Mida plain, which is part of the North Gabès region (southern Tunisia), is characterized by the deep sandy units of the ‘Continental intercalaire’ (CI) or the limestone of the Lower Senonian. A geophysical survey, by electrical sounding (ES), was undertaken in the studied region to better characterize the deep geological structure of this plain and therefore its aquifer resources potential. The analysis of the results shows that the prospected zone is characterized by the succession of several levels with contrasted resistivities, which are often affected by faults. Among these observed geoelectrical levels, the highly conductor one could host a saline aquifer. Another geoelectrical level corresponding to the resistant bedrock detected at Oudhref horst can contain better-quality water than that of the aquifer detected in the El Mida Graben. In this work, we tried to explain the origin of the salinity of this aquifer. Thus, we hypothesise about a contamination from Jebel Zemlet El Beida through a border fault and another one from the Sebkhet El Hamma. To cite this article: A. Mhamdi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
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工程物探是各学科和地球物理学的交叉学科,是目前应用地球物理领域中的一个重要的分支,它以地球物理学的理论、方法和技术来研究和勘查各种地球物理场的变化,提取人类活动(工程)对地质体原有状态的影响,探测地下目的体,评价工程质量,为工程的选址、建设、施工质量及安全性做出评价。上海城市建设工程物探的应用和相应的方法技术及工作程序,可供非物探专业的工程技术人员参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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中国是世界上研究丹霞地貌最早的国家, 随着2010年"中国丹霞"世界自然遗产的成功申报, 丹霞地貌作为一个地貌类型的名称已走出国门被世界所承认.在介绍广西桂平白石山丹霞地貌空间分布和景观特色基础上, 对其形成条件和过程进行分析探讨, 指出: (1)白石山丹霞地貌典型集中、类型齐全、景观独特, 具有典型的"顶平、身陡、麓缓"的丹霞地貌特征; (2)白石山丹霞地貌是古近纪山间盆地沉积的红色碎屑岩, 由构造运动盆地隆起、侵蚀、溶蚀作用、流水切割以及重力崩塌等内、外动力作用塑造形成; (3)白石山丹霞地貌具有地层沉积时代新、形态宏伟的特色, 在各丹霞地貌中较为罕见, 具有很高的科学价值. 相似文献
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J. Anthony Stallins 《Geoforum》2012,43(3):427-441
The fallout from environmental determinism of the early 20th century steered geography away from biological and evolutionary thought. Yet it also set in motion the diversification of how geographers conceive environment, how these environments shape and are shaped by humans, and how scaling negotiates the interpretation of this causality. I illustrate how this plurality of scalar perspectives and practices in geography is embedded in the organism–environment interaction recently articulated in the life sciences. I describe the new fields of epigenetics and niche construction to communicate how ideas about scale from human and physical geography come together in the life sciences. I argue that the two subdisciplinary modes or ‘moments’ of scalar thinking in geography are compatible, even necessary, through their embodiment in organisms. To procure predictability, organisms practice an epistemological scaling to rework the mental and material boundaries and scales in their environment. Yet organisms are also embedded in ontological flux. Boundaries and scales do not remain static because of the agency of other organisms to shape their own predictability. I formally define biological scaling as arising from the interplay of epistemological and ontological moments of scale. This third moment of scale creates local assemblages or topologies with a propensity for persistence. These ‘lumpy’ material outcomes of the new organism–environment interaction have analogues in posthuman and new materialist geographies. They also give formerly discredited Lamarckian modes of inheritance a renewed, but revised acceptance. This article argues for a biological view of scale and causality in geography. 相似文献
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A geophysical study, based on 96 electrical resistivity measurements with a line length up to 4 km, was performed in the southern and southwestern parts of the Meknes Plateau, Morocco, which is a part of the Saiss Basin, located between the Rif Range to the north and the Middle Atlas Range to the south. This basin, whose maximum depth is 1.5km in the north, is filled with Triassic to Quaternary deposits overlying the Palæozoic basement and includes two main aquifers. The interpretation of the resistivity measurements, calibrated from deep boreholes, made it possible to obtain a new hydrogeological model for the Saiss Basin. The understanding of the basin structure is of primary importance for the water supply of this area, which has been affected by severe droughts in recent years. 相似文献
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The applanation of mountain belts that results in peneplain is generally considered to be caused by the long-term activity of erosion. Peneplanation has been previously defined as the lowering of an elevated topography and the concomitant subduing of its relief. We propose a model following which piedmont sedimentation induces the base level rise, allowing applanation to develop at high elevation and resulting in an elevated ‘peneplain’. This model is illustrated by the morphological evolution of the southern flank of the Pyrenees during the Cainozoic. To cite this article: J. Babault, J. Van Den Driessche, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
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当代地理学特征：发展趋势及中国地理学研究进展 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
地理学是一门研究地球表层自然要素与人文要素相互作用及其时空变化规律的科学，它广泛运用现代科学技术手段，具有跨越自然科学与社会科学的性质。面对当前全球变化和可持续发展的世界性科学问题，地理学家根据学科特点和领域优势，抓住机遇、迎接挑战。目前主要研究地球表层系统各界面间的物理、化学、生物及人文过程，探讨多种过程的相互作用机理，探求人类活动与资源环境间相互协调、可持续发展的规律。地理学以“格局—结构—过程—机理”的研究思路贯穿始终。随着新技术、新方法的使用以及观测资料的不断积累，实验测试数据质量的提高和数据量的增加，当今地理学的研究在空间尺度上同时向微观、宏观两个方向扩展，模型研究不断科学化，已具备现代科学的主要特征。总体上，表现为部门地理研究深化，区域综合研究加强。长期以来，中国地理学在自然地理的综合研究、地表自然过程研究、城市与区域发展研究，以及面向社会现实的应用基础研究等方面取得了较好进展。 相似文献
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地文旅游资源本质上是一种地学类旅游资源，它在自然旅游资源中占有重要位置，地文旅游资源的认定对区域旅游开发意义重大。地文旅游资源类型的划分，资源调查程序和方法的建立，均与地貌学、地质学、自然地理学有着密切的关系。本文从地貌学的角度对这一关联展开的一些讨论，有益于更好地理解地文旅游资源存在的学科基础。主要内容涉及地文的性质及其与地貌学的关系、地文旅游资源类型划分的地貌学基础、地文旅游资源认定的地貌学方法。 相似文献
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Soviet physical and biological geography was built initially on solid Russian traditions. Its development since the Revolution, however, has been strongly influenced by planning needs for information and data about physical environment and natural resources and more recently by rising concern for the quality of environment. New methods of data collection, monitoring and analysis have been introduced to enrich and to complement traditional approaches. 相似文献
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Jüri Roosaare 《GeoJournal》1994,33(1):27-36
This paper is an overview of principal investigations in the complex physical geography of Estonia. The focus is on landscape and regional studies, rather than geomorphology or hydrology.Academic geography in Estonia developed in the context of geographic exploration. In the 19th century a leading role among Russian explorers was played by the Baltic Germans Krusenstern, Bellingshausen, Middendorff, Wrangel, and others. After Estonia gained independence in 1919, well-known geographers from Northern (Granö) and Central (Haltenberger) Europe helped to develop landscape studies, which, led by Tammekann, Markus, and Kant, reached a considerable level of excellence by the 1930s. Due to the mass flight of intellectuals to the West during the 1940s, geography in particular sustained heavy losses. A network of state institutes was established when Estonia became an SSR. Even though geography was not among them, some of the institutes did deal with such spatial issues as natural resources and nature protection. During the seventies there was a broadening of research frontiers in physical geography. Various directions were developed in landscape morphology, geochemistry, geophysics, and ecology, parallel to similar developments in the USSR. Today activities are dominated by international cooperation among specialists from the Baltic Sea countries. Investigations have strong interdisciplinary character. 相似文献
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A. Richling Doc. Dr. 《GeoJournal》1983,7(2):185-187
Complex physical geography (landscape geography) is a science of the structure of the natural environment treated as a whole composed of interconnected and interacting components. The research object of complex physical geography is the Earth's surface understood as a three-dimensional layer including lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere as well as the biosphere which develops within the former three. Among different terms employed to define the external cover of the earth the best one seems to be epigeosphere (A.G. Isachenko 1965). Landscape as a scientific term is ambiguous and can be well replaced with the term geocomplex. Geocomplex is a relatively closed sector of nature which constitutes a whole due to the processes occuring within it and interdependences of geocomponents of which it is composed (H. Barsch 1968). There are homogeneous (topological) and heterogeneous (chorological) geocomplexes. Every geocomplex is characterized by its structure and manner of functioning. The objective existence of geocomplexes cannot be doubted. 相似文献