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1.
The Christmas Mountains caldera complex developed approximately 42 Ma ago over an elliptical (8×5 km) laccolithic dome that formed during emplacement of the caldera magma body. Rocks of the caldera complex consist of tuffs, lavas, and volcaniclastic deposits, divided into five sequences. Three of the sequences contain major ash-flow tuffs whose eruption led to collapse of four calderas, all 1–1.5 km in diameter, over the dome. The oldest caldera-related rocks are sparsely porphyritic, rhyolitic, air-fall and ash-flow tuffs that record formation and collapse of a Plinian-type eruption column. Eruption of these tuffs induced collapse of a wedge along the western margin of the dome. A second, more abundantly porphyritic tuff led to collapse of a second caldera that partly overlapped the first. The last major eruptions were abundantly porphyritic, peralkaline quartz-trachyte ash-flow tuffs that ponded within two calderas over the crest of the dome. The tuffs are interbedded with coarse breccias that resulted from failure of the caldera walls. The Christmas Mountains caldera complex and two similar structures in Trans-Pecos Texas constitute a newly recognized caldera type, here termed a laccocaldera. They differ from more conventional calderas by having developed over thin laccolithic magma chambers rather than more deep-seated bodies, by their extreme precaldera doming and by their small size. However, they are similar to other calderas in having initial Plinian-type air-fall eruption followed by column collapse and ash-flow generation, multiple cycles of eruption, contemporaneous eruption and collapse, apparent pistonlike subsidence of the calderas, and compositional zoning within the magma chamber. Laccocalderas could occur else-where, particularly in alkalic magma belts in areas of undeformed sedimentary rocks. 相似文献
2.
The Comores Islands together with the Tertiary volcanic province of northern Madagascar form a sublinear trend of alkali olivine basalt shield volcanoes across the northern entrance of the Mozambique Channel. Potassium-argon dating of shield-building lavas confirms an eastward increase in age of volcanism along the chain, consistent with a hotspot origin for the lineament. The velocity of the Somali plate over the mantle magma source is 50 mm/yr.
We use the distribution of ages along the Comores-Madagascar chain in conjunction with existing age data for the Reunion-Mascarene Plateau hotspot track to model the absolute motion of the Somali plate for the last 10 m.y. We calculate the relative motion across the East African Rift by subtracting the Somali plate absolute motion from African plate absolute motion during this period. The model predicts 320 km of total separation across the East African Rift during the past 10 m.y. which is greater than has been estimated from surface geological evidence
The geometry of older portions of the Comores and Reunion trends indicates that there was no significant relative motion between the African and Somali plates prior to about 10 m.y. ago. 相似文献
3.
J.D. Fairhead 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,42(1):109-113
Attention is drawn to the existence of a negative gravity lineament linking the domally uplifted Cainozoic volcanic centres of North and West Africa to the negative Bouguer anomaly associated with the East African Rift System. The gravity lineament is shown to have similar dimensions to the Rift System anomaly and is interpreted as resulting from attenuation of the continental lithosphere. As such the lineament may represent an earlier stage than the East African Rift System in the processes that could eventually lead to continental disruption. 相似文献
4.
M. Wyss F. Klein K. Nagamine S. Wiemer 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,106(1-2)
The pattern of b-value of the frequency–magnitude relation, or mean magnitude, varies little in the Kaoiki-Hilea area of Hawaii, and the b-values are normal, with b=0.8 in the top 10 km and somewhat lower values below that depth. We interpret the Kaoiki-Hilea area as relatively stable, normal Hawaiian crust. In contrast, the b-values beneath Kilauea's South Flank are anomalously high (b=1.3–1.7) at depths between 4 and 8 km, with the highest values near the East Rift zone, but extending 5–8 km away from the rift. Also, the anomalously high b-values vary along strike, parallel to the rift zone. The highest b-values are observed near Hiiaka and Pauahi craters at the bend in the rift, the next highest are near Makaopuhi and also near Puu Kaliu. The mildest anomalies occur adjacent to the central section of the rift. The locations of the three major and two minor b-value anomalies correspond to places where shallow magma reservoirs have been proposed based on analyses of seismicity, geodetic data and differentiated lava chemistry. The existence of the magma reservoirs is also supported by magnetic anomalies, which may be areas of dike concentration, and self-potential anomalies, which are areas of thermal upwelling above a hot source. The simplest explanation of these anomalously high b-values is that they are due to the presence of active magma bodies beneath the East Rift zone at depths down to 8 km. In other volcanoes, anomalously high b-values correlate with volumes adjacent to active magma chambers. This supports a model of a magma body beneath the East Rift zone, which may widen and thin along strike, and which may reach 8 km depth and extend from Kilauea's summit to a distance of at least 40 km down rift. The anomalously high b-values at the center of the South Flank, several kilometers away from the rift, may be explained by unusually high pore pressure throughout the South Flank, or by anomalously strong heterogeneity due to extensive cracking, or by both phenomena. The major b-value anomalies are located SSE of their parent reservoirs, in the direction of motion of the flank, suggesting that magma reservoirs leave an imprint in the mobile flank. We hypothesize that the extensive cracking may have been acquired when the anomalous parts of the South Flank, now several kilometers distant from the rift zone, were generated at the rift zone near persistent reservoirs. Since their generation, these volumes may have moved seaward, away from the rift, but earthquakes occurring in them still use the preexisting complex crack distribution. Along the decollement plane at 10 km depth, the b-values are exceptionally low (b=0.5), suggesting faulting in a more homogeneous medium. 相似文献
5.
The strongly peralkaline Green Tuff, Pantelleria, is an example of a thin, densely welded air-fall tuff which mantles an area of at least 85 km2. Offshore the tuff is correlated with the Y-6 ash layer in the central Mediterranean Sea, and the total volume of the eruption is estimated at 7 km3 D.R.E. New petrological data suggests that the tuff was erupted from a zoned magma chamber containing a cooler, more fractionated upper zone relative to be bulk of the magma. Analysis of the distribution of accessory lithic fragments in terms of existing models of eruption dynamics indicates emplacement by a plinian-type eruption. It is shown that, due to the low viscosity of pantelleritic ejecta, dense welding can occur at moderate tephra accumulation rates and a rate of the order of 1 cm/minute is suggested for the Green Tuff; this yields an estimate for the eruption duration of rather less than one day. It is predicted that welded tuff should be formed during large plinian eruptions of pantelleritic magma, and therefore that welded airfall tuffs should be common in areas of peralkaline volcanism. 相似文献
6.
Three distinct types of pillows and pillow lava sequences with different modes of origin have been recognized in the extrusive sequences comprising the upper parts of ophiolite complexes that represent the mafic portion of the floor of an Early Cretaceous back-arc basin in southern Chile. One type of pillow formed by non-explosive submarine effusion. A second type formed by magmatic intrusion into pre-existing aquagene tuff formed by explosive eruption. The third type of pillow occurs within dikes, forming pillowed dikes, possibly as a result of vapor streaming within a cooling dike. Where studied in southern Chile, aquagene tuffs and intrusive pillows decrease and water-lain pillows increase in relative abundance from north to south. This variation corresponds with a north-to-south decrease in both the relative volume of extrusives to extensional dikes and the range and volume of differentiated rocks, suggesting a southward increase in rate of extension relative to rate of magma supply within the spreading ridges at which the ophiolites formed. In the northern part of the original basin where the rate of extension was small relative to the rate of magma supply, magma remained in magma chambers longer, resulting in a greater range and volume of differentiated rocks. The larger volume of more differentiated, cooler and more viscous magmas, in conjunction with the likelihood of more violent eruption of volatile-rich differentiates, may have been responsible for the large volume of aquagene tuff in the northern part of the original basin. These observations in southern Chile suggest that ophiolites which contain a great abundance of aquagene tuffs and intrusive pillow lavas formed in tectonic environments in which the rate of extension was small relative to the rate of magma supply (island arcs, embryonic marginal basins). Ophiolites with predominantly water-lain pillowed and massive lavas formed in tectonic environments in which the rate of extension was large relative to the rate of magma supply (mid-ocean ridges, mature back-arc basins). Thus geologic field data may supplement geochemical data as a tool in distinguishing the original igneous-tectonic environments in which ophiolites originate. 相似文献
7.
Brian W. Zimmer Nancy R. Riggs Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(10):1223-1240
Cerro Pinto is a Pleistocene rhyolite tuff ring-dome complex located in the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The complex
is composed of four tuff rings and four domes that were emplaced in three eruptive stages marked by changes in vent location
and eruptive character. During Stage I, vent clearing produced a 1.5-km-diameter tuff ring that was then followed by emplacement
of two domes of approximately 0.2 km3 each. With no apparent hiatus in activity, Stage II began with the explosive formation of a tuff ring ~2 km in diameter adjacent
to and north of the earlier ring. Subsequent Stage II eruptions produced two smaller tuff rings within the northern tuff ring
as well as a small dome that was mostly destroyed by explosions during its growth. Stage III involved the emplacement of a
0.04 km3 dome within the southern tuff ring. Cerro Pinto’s eruptive history includes sequences that follow simple rhyolite-dome models,
in which a pyroclastic phase is followed immediately by effusive dome emplacement. Some aspects of the eruption, however,
such as the explosive reactivation of the system and explosive dome destruction, are more complex. These events are commonly
associated with polygenetic structures, such as stratovolcanoes or calderas, in which multiple pulses of magma initiate reactivation.
A comparison of major and trace element geochemistry with nearby Pleistocene silicic centers does not show indication of any
co-genetic relationship, suggesting that Cerro Pinto was produced by a small, isolated magma chamber. The compositional variation
of the erupted material at Cerro Pinto is minimal, suggesting that there were not multiple pulses of magma responsible for
the complex behavior of the volcano and that the volcanic system was formed in a short time period. The variety of eruptive
style observed at Cerro Pinto reflects the influence of quickly exhaustible water sources on a short-lived eruption. The rising
magma encountered small amounts of groundwater that initiated eruption phases. Once a critical magma:water ratio was exceeded,
the eruptions became dry and sub-plinian to plinian. The primary characteristic of Cerro Pinto is the predominance of fall
deposits, suggesting that the level at which rising magma encountered water was deep enough to allow substantial fragmentation
after the water source was exhausted. Isolated rhyolite domes are rare and are not currently viewed as prominent volcanic
hazards, but the evolution of Cerro Pinto demonstrates that individual domes may have complex cycles, and such complexity
must be taken into account when making hazard risk assessments. 相似文献
8.
Christa Placzek Jay Quade Jason A. Rech P.J. Patchett Carlos Pérez de Arce 《Quaternary Geochronology》2009,4(1):22-36
Tuff layers are vital stratigraphic tools that allow correlations to be made between widely dispersed exposures. Despite their widespread occurrence in the central Andes, tuffs from both natural exposures and sedimentary cores extracted from the region's extensive salars (salt pans) are relatively unstudied. Here we lay the foundation for a tephrostratigraphic framework in the central Andes (14–28°S) by chemically and morphologically characterizing ash shards, and in some cases dating 36 Neogene distal tuffs. These tuffs occur in lacustrine and alluvial deposits from the southern Bolivian Altiplano and adjacent Atacama Desert. All tuffs are calc-akaline rhyolites, consistent with their setting in the Central Andean Volcanic Zone. Five of the older tuffs were 40Ar/39Ar dated and yield an age range of 6.63–0.75 Ma. Organic material associated with tuffs deposited into paleolake sediments, paleowetland deposits, or urine-encrusted rodent middens provide constraints on the age of several Late Pleistocene and Holocene tuffs.These tuffs provide key stratigraphic markers and ages for lake cycles and archeological sites on the Bolivian Altiplano and for assessing rates of surficial processes and archeology in both the Atacama and Altiplano. While modern climate, and consequently questions about geomorphic processes and climate change, differs in the hyperarid Atacama and the semi-arid Altiplano, the most extensive air-fall tuffs covered both regions, placing the Atacama and the Bolivian Altiplano in the same tephrostratigraphic province. For example, the Escara B tuff (～1.85 Ma), can be securely identified in both the Altiplano and Atacama. On the Altiplano, dates from the Escara B and E tuffs securely establish the age of the Escara Formation—representing the oldest expansive lake documented on the Bolivian Altiplano. By contrast, the presence of the Escara B tuff below ～6 m of alluvial sediment at the Blanco Encalado site in the Atacama desert yields information about sedimentation rates in this hyperarid region. Indeed, most tuffs from the Atacama Desert are older than 600,000 years, even though they occur within fluvial terraces immediately adjacent to the alluvial fans that are still active. Most of these geomorphic surfaces in the Atacama also possess well-developed saline soils that, when combined with the radiometric ages of the distal tuffs, suggest slow rates of geomorphic change and exceptional landscape stability for this area during the Quaternary.In contrast, younger tuffs are more abundant in the more recent lake records of the Altiplano. The Chita tuff was deposited at ～15,650 cal yr B.P., during the regressive phase of the region's deepest late Quaternary lake cycle—the “Tauca lake cycle”—which spanned 18.1–14.1 cal yr B.P. Two Holocene tuffs, the Sajsi tuff and the Cruzani Cocha tuff, are widespread. The Sajsi tuff was deposited just before 1700 cal yr B.P., whereas the Cruzani Cocha tuff appears to be mid-Holocene in age and shows some chemical affinities to a Holocene tuff (202B) deposited between 4420 and 5460 cal yr B.P. in a urine-encased rodent midden in the Atacama Desert. 相似文献
9.
E. P. Saggerson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1970,34(1):38-76
In the Nairobi area and the adjacent region of the Gregory Rift Valley of Kenya two series of Cainozoic alkaline volcanic rocks, of mildly and strongly alkaline type respectively, are considered to have been derived from a single parental magma of alkali olivine basalt composition. Vulcanicity is genetically associated with tectonic movements attendant upon doming and rifting and distances from the rift margin decrease with crystal fractionation, the most acid differentiates being located at the maximum elevation of the rift floor. An early period of nepheline-bearing lava extrusion associated with central vulcanism is followed by a later period of welded tuff — trachyte — rhyolite fissure eruption. Caldera formation associated with central vulcanism within the Rift accompanies the later volcanic phase. 相似文献
10.
We propose that the fluid mechanics of magma chamber replenishment leads to a novel process whereby silicic magmas can acquire an important part of their chemical signatures. When flows of basaltic magma enter silicic magma chambers, they assume a ‘fingered' morphology that creates a large surface area of contact between the two magmas. This large surface area provides an opportunity for significant chemical exchange between the magmas by diffusion that is enhanced by continuous flow of silicic liquid traversing the basalt through thin veins. A quantitative analysis shows that a basaltic magma may thereby impart its trace-element and isotopic characteristics to a silicic magma. Depending on concentration differences and diffusion coefficients for the given components, this new mechanism may be as important as crystal fractionation and assimilation in producing the compositional diversity of silicic magmas. It may explain concentration gradients in silicic ash-flow tuffs and should be considered when interpreting the isotopic signatures of silicic rocks, even in the overt absence of mixing. For example, we show that, for several well studied, compositionally graded ash-flow tuffs, the concentrations and isotopic ratios of important geochemical tracers such as strontium could be largely due to this flow-enhanced diffusion process. 相似文献
11.
Jean-Luc Schneider Claude Fourquin Jean-Claude Paicheler 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1992,49(3-4)
Pyroclastic deposits interpreted as subaqueous ash-flow tuff have been recognized within Archean to Recent marine and lacustrine sequences. Several authors proposed a high-temperature emplacement for some of these tuffs. However, the subaqueous welding of pyroclastic deposits remains controversial.The Visean marine volcaniclastic formations of southern Vosges (France) contain several layers of rhyolitic and rhyodacitic ash-flow tuff. These deposits include, from proximal to distal settings, breccia, lapilli and fine-ash tuff. The breccia and lapilli tuff are partly welded, as indicated by the presence of fiamme, fluidal and axiolitic structures. The lapilli tuff form idealized sections with a lower, coarse and welded unit and an upper, bedded and unwelded fine-ash tuff. Sedimentary structures suggest that the fine-ash tuff units were deposited by turbidity currents. Welded breccias, interbedded in a thick submarine volcanic complex, indicate the close proximity of the volcanic source. The lapilli and fine-ash tuff are interbedded in a thick marine sequence composed of alternating sandstones and shales. Presence of a marine stenohaline fauna and sedimentary structures attest to a marine depositional environment below storm-wave base.In northern Anatolia, thick massive sequences of rhyodacitic crystal tuff are interbedded with the Upper Cretaceous marine turbidites of the Mudurnu basin. Some of these tuffs are welded. As in southern Vosges, partial welding is attested by the presence of fiamme and fluidal structures. The latter are frequent in the fresh vitric matrix. These tuff units contain a high proportion of vitroclasis, and were emplaced by ash flows. Welded tuff units are associated with non-welded crystal tuff, and contain abundant bioclasts which indicate mixing with water during flowage. At the base, basaltic breccia beds are associated with micritic beds containing a marine fauna. The welded and non-welded tuff sequences are interbedded in an alternation of limestones and marls. These limestones are rich in pelagic microfossils.The evidence above strongly suggest that in both examples, tuff beds are partly welded and were emplaced at high temperature by subaqueous ash flows in a permanent marine environment. The sources of the pyroclastic material are unknown in both cases. We propose that the ash flows were produced during submarine fissure eruptions. Such eruptions could produce non-turbulent flows which were insulated by a steam carapace before deposition and welding. The welded ash-flow tuff deposits of southern Vosges and northern Anatolia give strong evidence for existence of subaqueous welding. 相似文献
12.
Well defined, laterally continuous welded tuff beds from <1 cm to 2 m thick are more common than has previously been recognized. Examples ranging in composition from rhyolitic to basaltic are described from Ordovician volcanic areas in Britain and Norway, and from the Miocene of the Canary Islands. Bedded welded tuffs are most common in areas of alkaline and peralkaline acidic pyroclastics. They generally occur within successions of massive, welded ash-flow tuff, or within non-welded air-fall tuff successions. Sequences consisting entirely of bedded welded tuff range from <1 m up to 75 m thick. Bedded welded tuffs are thought to originate in three ways. Poorly sorted, thick-bedded welded tuffs are interpreted as the deposits of pyroclastic flows, in which case the beds represent either individual flows units or the layers within flow units. Better sorted, thin-bedded welded tuffs are thought to be of air-fall origin. Thirdly, welding may be produced by the effects of an external heat source on non-welded bedded tuffs. 相似文献
13.
Flow directions are estimated from the measurement of the magnetic fabric of 106 samples, collected at 18 sites in four welded tuff units in the central San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado. The estimates assume that the tuffs generally flowed directly away from the extrusive vents and that the lineations of magnetic grains within the tuffs represent the flow direction at individual sites. Errors in the estimation may arise from topographic variation, rheomorphism (post-emplacement mass flow) within the tuff, and other factors. Magnetic lineation is defined as the site mean anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility maximum azimuth. A test on the flow directions for individual units is based on the projection of lineation azimuths and their intersection within or near the known source caldera for the tuff. This test is positive for the four units examined. Paleomagnetic results for these tuffs are probably reliable indicators of the geomagnetic field direction in southwest Colorado, during the time (28.2–26.5 Ma) of emplacement. 相似文献
14.
A.G. Green 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,31(3):403-412
In this paper seismic rays are traced through proposed models of the East African Rift and the predicted travel-time residuals are compared to those observed at a number of African seismic stations. The velocity models are based on published gravity models of the East African Rift and empirical velocity-density relationships. Searle's (1970) revision of the models first proposed by Girdler et al. (1969), comprising a low-density, low-velocity asthenolith that partly replaces and thins the continental lithosphere beneath East Africa, is found to be compatible with most of the observed travel-time residuals. Results from the ray tracing suggest that the model may be improved by increasing the volume of normal mantle material between the two branches of the rift. Some of the interesting travel-time residuals associated with anomalous material away from the rift are also discussed. 相似文献
15.
S.J. Freeth 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,67(2):219-227
The West African Rift System has, for the last ten years, been thought to consist of five interconnected rifts extending from the Gulf of Guinea deep into the heart of Africa. Careful re-examination of the geophysical evidence makes it quite clear that there are only three interconnected rifts in West Africa; the Lower Benue Rift which extends to the northeast from the Gulf of Guinea to a triple junction near Chum, and the Gongola and Yola Rifts which extend to the north and east, respectively, from the Chum triple junction. These three rifts opened during the earlier part of the Mesozoic and were subsequently filled with Cretaceous sediments. The evidence for two further rifts, the Ati Rift and the Fort Archambault Rift which were thought to extend to the northeast and southeast, respectively, from a triple junction at the eastern end of the Yola Rift, does not stand up to re-examination.The “Ati Rift” was thought to follow a major linear positive gravity anomaly which had been mapped beneath the Quaternary sediments of the Chad Basin. The main gravity anomaly is separated from the Yola Rift by over 300 km and is probably due to a linear body of basic volcanic or volcano-clastic rocks associated with a suture of Pan-African age. Within the gap, between the main anomaly and the Yola Rift, there are three localised positive anomalies which relate to a gabbro of Precambrian age, a band of dense meta-sediments within the Basement Complex and an acid igneous complex of Palaeogene age. The anomaly as a whole is therefore a sequence of unrelated anomalies, none of which are due to features of Mesozoic age.The “Fort Archambault Rift” was thought to follow a major linear negative gravity anomaly which has been mapped beneath the Quaternary sediments of the Chad Basin. To a large extent the negative anomaly overlies the fosse de Baké-Birao (Baké-Birao Basin) which is itself part of a far larger structure that extends, parallel to the southern margin of the West African Rift System, from Douala on the Gulf of Guinea to Birao near the C.A.R. frontier with Sudan. The Douala-Birao Structure may possibly be loosely related to the West African Rift System in that it would appear to be a compressional structure formed at the same time as the Coniacian-Santonian phase of folding which is observed in the West African rifts. However, the two structures are clearly separated from each other and are quite different in character and to a lesser extent in age. 相似文献
16.
Salvatore Giammanco Sergio Gurrieri Mariano Valenza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):853-867
Soil CO2 flux measurements were carried out along traverses across mapped faults and eruptive fissures on the summit and the lower
East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano. Anomalous levels of soil degassing were found for 44 of the tectonic structures and 47
of the eruptive fissures intercepted by the surveyed profiles. This result contrasts with what was recently observed on Mt.
Etna, where most of the surveyed faults were associated with anomalous soil degassing. The difference is probably related
to the differences in the state of activity at the time when soil gas measurements were made: Kilauea was erupting, whereas
Mt. Etna was quiescent although in a pre-eruptive stage. Unlike Mt. Etna, flank degassing on Kilauea is restricted to the
tectonic and volcanic structures directly connected to the magma reservoir feeding the ongoing East Rift eruption or in areas
of the Lower East Rift where other shallow, likely independent reservoirs are postulated. Anomalous soil degassing was also
found in areas without surface evidence of faults, thus suggesting the possibility of previously unknown structures.
Received: November 2003, revised: January 2005, accepted: January 2005 相似文献
17.
18.
Most of the known pit craters in Hawaii occur along the East and Southwest Rift Zones of Kilauea volcano. The pit craters typically are either astride a single rift zone fracture or between a pair of rift zone fractures. These fractures are prominent in the pit crater walls. The pit craters are elliptical in plan view, with their major diameters ranging from 8 to 1140 m. They range in depth from 6 m to 186 m. They typically develop with initially steep, locally overhanging walls, but as the walls collapse, the craters fill with talus and become shaped like inverted elliptical cones. None of the craters apparently formed as eruptive vents, although some have been subsequently filled by lava. Devil's Throat is the best-exposed pit crater along the East Rift Zone. It is sited at a `waist' between two east-striking zones of ground cracks; the spacing between the crack zones decreases towards Devil's Throat. East-striking fractures are also prominent in the pit crater walls. Pit craters along the Southwest Rift Zone typically are elongate in plan view along the direction of the rift, have large caves at their bases along the long axes of the craters, and are smaller than those of the East Rift Zone. Some closely spaced pits there have coalesced to form a trough. Based on our observations and mechanical considerations, we infer that pit craters form by stoping over an underlying large-aperture rift zone fracture, and not by piston-like collapse over broad magma bodies or voids. Flow of magma along the underlying fracture may remove stoped blocks and prevent the fracture from being choked with debris. This mechanism is consistent with pit crater location, ground crack patterns, the preferred orientation of fractures in pit crater walls, and pit crater geometry (both in map view and cross-section). The mechanism also fits with observations of stoping into a gaping rift fracture that conducted lava from Kilauea caldera during the 1920s. Additionally, the ratio of pit crater width to depth of 0.5 to 2 is consistent with pit craters forming over a nearly vertical opening mode fracture. 相似文献
19.
20.
G. M. Crisci G. Delibrias R. De Rosa R. Mazzuoli M. F. Sheridan 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1983,46(4):381-391
Late-Pleistocene volcanic products on Lipari consist mainly of pyroclastic surge deposits (Monte Guardia sequence) and fine-grained brown tuffs. Radiometric age determination on carbon from thin soils at the top of the tuffs indicate that they have several ages of emplacement ranging from more than 35,000 to 16,800 years ago. Chemical and microprobe data on glass and mineral fragments from these tuffs show that they belong to a shoshonite or high-K series. This composition is compatible with an origin related to the magma system of Vulcano, but not with the magma system on Lipari. These tuffs have a widespread distribution on several of the Aeolian islands as well as on the northern part of Sicily. They have features typical of ash-flow tuffs of hydromagmatic origin. We propose that they originated from submarine eruptions from the Vulcanello vent before this volcano emerged above sea level. 相似文献