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1.
The hydrogeochemical and carbon isotope characteristics of the Krka River, Slovenia, were investigated to estimate the carbon transfer from the land ecosystem in the watershed. During the 3-year sampling period (2008–2010), temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, major ion content, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon content, and the isotopic composition of DIC (δ13CDIC) were monitored in the main stream of the Krka River and its tributaries. The major solute composition of analysed waters is dominated by an input of HCO3 ?, Ca2+ and Mg2+ originating from carbonate dissolution. The Mg2+/Ca2+ and Mg2+/HCO3 ? molar ratio values ranging from 0.24 to 0.71 and 0.05 to 0.30, respectively, indicate a high degree of dolomite dissolution relative to calcite. Dissolved CO2 concentrations in the river were up to tenfold supersaturated relative to the atmosphere, resulting in supersaturation with respect to calcite and degassing of CO2 downstream. The δ13C values in river water range from ?15.6 to ?9.4 ‰ and are controlled by the input of tributaries, exchange with atmospheric CO2, degradation of organic matter, and dissolution of carbonates. The mass balance calculations for riverine DIC suggest that the contribution from carbonate dissolution and degradation of organic matter have major influence, whereas the exchange with atmospheric CO2 has minor influence on the inorganic carbon pool in the Krka River.  相似文献   

2.
The hydrogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry of groundwater from 85 wells in fractured dolomite aquifers of Central Slovenia were investigated. This groundwater represents waters strongly influenced by chemical weathering of dolomite with an average of δ13CCARB value of +2.2 ‰. The major groundwater geochemical composition is HCO3 ? > Ca2+ > Mg2+. Several differences in hydrogeochemical properties among the classes of dolomites were observed when they were divided based on their age and sedimentological properties, with a clear distinction of pure dolomites exhibiting high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios and low Na+, K+ and Si values. Trace element and nutrient concentrations (SO4 2?, NO3 ?) were low, implying that karstic and fractured dolomite aquifers are of good quality to be used as tap water. Groundwater was generally slightly oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, and dissolved CO2 was up to 46 times supersaturated relative to the atmosphere. The isotopic composition of oxygen (δ18OH2O), hydrogen (δDH2O) and tritium ranged from ?10.3 to ?8.4 ‰, from ?68.5 to ?52.7 ‰ and from 3.5 TU to 10.5 TU, respectively. δ18O and δD values fell between the GMWL (Global Meteoric Water Line) and the MMWL (Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line) and indicate recharge from precipitation with little evaporation. The tritium activity in groundwater suggests that groundwater is generally younger than 50 years. δ13CDIC values ranged from ?14.6 to ?9.3 ‰ and indicated groundwater with a contribution of degraded organic matter/dissolved inorganic carbon in the aquifer. The mass balances for groundwater interacting with carbonate rocks suggested that carbonate dissolution contributes from 43.7 to 65.4 % and degradation of organic matter from 34.6 to 56.3 %.  相似文献   

3.
Determining the relative proportions of silicate vs. carbonate weathering in the Himalaya is important for understanding atmospheric CO2 consumption rates and the temporal evolution of seawater Sr. However, recent studies have shown that major element mass-balance equations attribute less CO2 consumption to silicate weathering than methods utilizing Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr mixing equations. To investigate this problem, we compiled literature data providing elemental and 87Sr/86Sr analyses for stream waters and bedrock from tributary watersheds throughout the Himalaya Mountains. In addition, carbonate system parameters (PCO2, mineral saturation states) were evaluated for a selected suite of stream waters. The apparent discrepancy between the dominant weathering source of dissolved major elements vs. Sr can be reconciled in terms of carbonate mineral equilibria. Himalayan streams are predominantly Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3− waters derived from calcite and dolomite dissolution, and mass-balance calculations demonstrate that carbonate weathering contributes ∼87% and ∼76% of the dissolved Ca2+ and Sr2+, respectively. However, calculated Ca/Sr ratios for the carbonate weathering flux are much lower than values observed in carbonate bedrock, suggesting that these divalent cations do not behave conservatively during stream mixing over large temperature and PCO2 gradients in the Himalaya.The state of calcite and dolomite saturation was evaluated across these gradients, and the data show that upon descending through the Himalaya, ∼50% of the streams evaluated become highly supersaturated with respect to calcite as waters warm and degas CO2. Stream water Ca/Mg and Ca/Sr ratios decrease as the degree of supersaturation with respect to calcite increases, and Mg2+, Ca2+, and HCO3− mass balances support interpretations of preferential Ca2+ removal by calcite precipitation. On the basis of patterns of saturation state and PCO2 changes, calcite precipitation was estimated to remove up to ∼70% of the Ca2+ originally derived from carbonate weathering. Accounting for the nonconservative behavior of Ca2+ during riverine transport brings the Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr composition of the carbonate weathering flux into agreement with the composition of carbonate bedrock, thereby permitting consistency between elemental and Sr isotope approaches to partitioning stream water solute sources. These results resolve the dissolved Sr2+ budget and suggest that the conventional application of two-component Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr mixing equations has overestimated silicate-derived Sr2+ and HCO3− fluxes from the Himalaya. In addition, these findings demonstrate that integrating stream water carbonate mineral equilibria, divalent cation compositional trends, and Sr isotope inventories provides a powerful approach for examining weathering fluxes.  相似文献   

4.
Biogeochemical processes were investigated in alpine river—Kamni?ka Bistrica River (North Slovenia), which represents an ideal natural laboratory for studying anthropogenic impacts in catchments with high weathering capacity. The Kamni?ka Bistrica River water chemistry is dominated by HCO3 ?, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and Ca2+/Mg2+ molar ratios indicate that calcite weathering is the major source of solutes to the river system. The Kamni?ka Bistrica River and its tributaries are oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. pCO2 concentrations were on average up to 25 times over atmospheric values. δ13CDIC values ranged from ?12.7 to ?2.7 ‰, controlled by biogeochemical processes in the catchment and within the stream; carbonate dissolution is the most important biogeochemical process affecting carbon isotopes in the upstream portions of the catchment, while carbonate dissolution and organic matter degradation control carbon isotope signatures downstream. Contributions of DIC from various biogeochemical processes were determined using steady state equations for different sampling seasons at the mouth of the Kamni?ka Bistrica River; results indicate that: (1) 1.9–2.2 % of DIC came from exchange with atmospheric CO2, (2) 0–27.5 % of DIC came from degradation of organic matter, (3) 25.4–41.5 % of DIC came from dissolution of carbonates and (4) 33–85 % of DIC came from tributaries. δ15N values of nitrate ranged from ?5.2 ‰ at the headwater spring to 9.8 ‰ in the lower reaches. Higher δ15N values in the lower reaches of the river suggest anthropogenic pollution from agricultural activity. Based on seasonal and longitudinal changes of chemical and isotopic indicators of carbon and nitrogen in Kamni?ka Bistrica River, it can be concluded that seasonal changes are observed (higher concentrations are detected at low discharge conditions) and it turns from pristine alpine river to anthropogenic influenced river in central flow.  相似文献   

5.
The systematic sampling of the chemical composition of the groundwater from five karst springs (including an overflow spring) and one outflowing borehole have permitted to determine distinctive chemical changes in the waters that reflect the geochemical processes occurring in a carbonate aquifer system from southern Spain. The analysis of the dissolution parameters revealed that geochemical evolution of the karst waters basically depends on the availability of the minerals forming aquifer rocks and the residence time within the aquifers. In the three proposed scenarios in the aquifers, which include the preferential flow routines, the more important geochemical processes taking place during the groundwater flow from the recharge to the discharge zones are: CO2 dissolution and exsolution (outgassing), calcite net dissolution, calcite and dolomite sequential dissolution, gypsum/anhydrite and halite dissolution, de-dolomitization and calcite precipitation. A detailed analysis of the hydrochemical data set, saturation indices of the minerals and partial pressure of CO2 in the waters joined to the application of geochemical modelling methods allowed the elaboration of a hydrogeochemical model of the studied aquifers. The developed approach contributes to a better understanding of the karstification processes and the hydrogeological functioning of carbonate aquifers, the latter being a crucial aspect for the suitable management of the water resources.  相似文献   

6.
There are 59 springs at the Gevas–Gurp?nar–Güzelsu basins, 38 of these springs emerge from the fractured karst aquifers (recrystallized limestone and travertine) and 21 emerge from the Yuksekova ophiolites, K?rkgeçit formation and alluvium. The groundwater samples collected from 38 out of the total of 59 springs, two streams, one lake and 12 wells were analyzed physico-chemically in the year 2002. EC and TDS values of groundwater increased from the marble (high altitude) to the ophiolites and alluvium (toward Lake Van) as a result of carbonate dissolution and connate seawater. Five chemical types of groundwater are identified: Ca–Mg–HCO3, Mg–Ca–HCO3, Mg–Na–HCO3, Na–Ca–HCO3 and Mg–Ca–Na–HCO3. The calculations and hydrochemical interpretations show that the high concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3 ? as predominant ions in the waters are mainly attributed to carbonate rocks and high pCO2 in soil. Most of the karst springs are oversaturated in calcite, aragonite and dolomite and undersaturated in gypsum, halite and anhydrite. The water–rock interaction processes that singly or in combination influence the chemical composition of each water type include dissolution of carbonate (calcite and dolomite), calcite precipitation, cation exchange and freshening of connate seawater. These processes contribute considerably to the concentration of major ions in the groundwater. Stable isotope contents of the groundwater suggest mainly direct integrative recharge.  相似文献   

7.
Data on carbon river fluxes recently obtained by the authors for the Congo basin within the framework of the PIRAT Program (INSU-CNRS/ORSTOM) are compared with results previously obtained for the Amazon basin. A special interest is devoted to the bicarbonate river fluxes and to their relationships with river discharges. The flux of atmospheric and soil CO2 consumed by rock weathering is estimated to be 3.1 × 105 and 0.5 × 105 moles/a/km2 respectively for the Amazon and the Congo basin. These CO2 fluxes represent, respectively, 67.4% and 74.7% of the total bicarbonate river fluxes. A comparison to other large river basins shows that this contribution is directly related to the proportion of carbonate rock areas. A transfer function between the weathering CO2 flux and the river discharge is calculated for each basin and allows the reconstitution of the variations of this flux using the river discharge fluctuations during the last century. These interannual CO2 fluctuations present average increasing trends of 10% for Amazon basin and only 0.7% for the Congo basin during the last century.  相似文献   

8.
Geochemistry of soil, soil water, and soil gas was characterized in representative soil profiles of three Michigan watersheds. Because of differences in source regions, parent materials in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (the Tahquamenon watershed) contain only silicates, while those in the Lower Peninsula (the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds) have significant mixtures of silicate and carbonate minerals. These differences in soil mineralogy and climate conditions permit us to examine controls on carbonate and silicate mineral weathering rates and to better define the importance of silicate versus carbonate dissolution in the early stage of soil-water cation acquisition.Soil waters of the Tahquamenon watershed are the most dilute; solutes reflect amphibole and plagioclase dissolution along with significant contributions from atmospheric precipitation sources. Soil waters in the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds begin their evolution as relatively dilute solutions dominated by silicate weathering in shallow carbonate-free soil horizons. Here, silicate dissolution is rapid and reaction rates dominantly are controlled by mineral abundances. In the deeper soil horizons, silicate dissolution slows down and soil-water chemistry is dominated by calcite and dolomite weathering, where solutions reach equilibrium with carbonate minerals within the soil profile. Thus, carbonate weathering intensities are dominantly controlled by annual precipitation, temperature and soil pCO2. Results of a conceptual model support these field observations, implying that dolomite and calcite are dissolving at a similar rate, and further dissolution of more soluble dolomite after calcite equilibrium produces higher dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations and a Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of 0.4.Mass balance calculations show that overall, silicate minerals and atmospheric inputs generally contribute <10% of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in natural waters. Dolomite dissolution appears to be a major process, rivaling calcite dissolution as a control on divalent cation and inorganic carbon contents of soil waters. Furthermore, the fraction of Mg2+ derived from silicate mineral weathering is much smaller than most of the values previously estimated from riverine chemistry.  相似文献   

9.
The major ionic and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and the stable carbon isotope composition of DIC (δ13CDIC) were measured in a freshwater aquifer contaminated by produced water brine with petroleum hydrocarbons. Our aim was to determine the effects of produced water brine contamination on the carbonate evolution of groundwater. The groundwater was characterized by three distinct anion facies: HCO3−-rich, SO42−-rich and Cl−-rich. The HCO3−-rich groundwater is undergoing closed system carbonate evolution from soil CO2(g) and weathering of aquifer carbonates. The SO42−-rich groundwater evolves from gypsum induced dedolomitization and pyrite oxidation. The Cl−-rich groundwater is contaminated by produced water brine and undergoes common ion induced carbonate precipitation. The δ13CDIC of the HCO3−-rich groundwater was controlled by nearly equal contribution of carbon from soil CO2(g) and the aquifer carbonates, such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −11.6‰. In the SO42−-rich groundwater, gypsum induced dedolomitization increased the 13C such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −9.4‰. In the produced water brine contaminated Cl−-rich groundwater, common ion induced precipitation of calcite depleted the 13C such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −12.7‰. The results of this study demonstrate that produced water brine contamination of fresh groundwater in carbonate aquifers alters the carbonate and carbon isotopic evolution.  相似文献   

10.
A detailed geochemical study on river waters of the Australian Victorian Alps was carried out to determine: (i) the relative significance of silicate, carbonate, evaporite and sulfide weathering in controlling the major ion composition and; (ii) the factors regulating seasonal and spatial variations of CO2 consumption via silicate weathering in the catchments. Major ion chemistry implies that solutes are largely derived from evaporation of precipitation and chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate lithologies. The input of solutes from rock weathering was determined by calculating the contribution of halite dissolution and atmospheric inputs using local rain and snow samples. Despite the lack of carbonate outcrops in the study area and waters being undersaturated with respect to calcite, the dissolution of vein calcite accounts for up to 67% of the total dissolved cations, generating up to 90% of dissolved Ca and 97% of Mg. Dissolved sulfate has δ34S values of 16 to 20‰CDT, indicating that it is derived predominantly from atmospheric deposition and minor gypsum weathering and not from bacterial reduction of FeS2. This militates against sulphuric acid weathering in Victorian rivers. Ratios of Si vs. the atmospheric corrected Na and K concentrations range from ~ 1.1 to ~ 4.3, suggesting incongruent weathering from plagioclase to smectite, kaolinite and gibbsite.Estimated long-term average CO2 fluxes from silicate weathering range from ~ 0.012 × 106 to 0.039 × 106 mol/km2/yr with the highest values in rivers draining the basement outcrops rather than sedimentary rocks. This is about one order of magnitude below the global average which is due to low relief, and the arid climate in that region. Time series measurements show that exposure to lithology, high physical erosion and long water–rock contact times dominate CO2 consumption fluxes via silicate weathering, while variations in water temperature are not overriding parameters controlling chemical weathering. Because the atmospheric corrected concentrations of Na, K and Mg act non-conservative in Victorian rivers the parameterizations of weathering processes, and net CO2 consumption rates in particular, based on major ion abundances, should be treated with skepticism.  相似文献   

11.
Calcium carbonate scaling poses highly challenging tasks for its prediction and preventative action. Here an elemental, isotopic and modelling approach was used to decipher the evolution of alkaline tunnel drainage solutions and sinter formation mechanisms for 3 sites in Austria. Drainage solutions originate from local groundwater and form their characteristic chemical composition by interaction with shotcrete/concrete. This interaction is indicated by a positive correlation of dissolved K+ and pH (up to 12.3), and a decrease of aqueous Mg2+ by the formation of brucite (pH > 10.5). Variability in Ca2+ and DIC is strongly attributed to portlandite dissolution, calcite precipitation and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, where the 13C/12C and 18O/16O signatures of calcite can be traced back to the source of carbonate. The internal PCO2 value is a reliable proxy to evaluate whether uptake of CO2 results in an increase or decrease of the degree of calcite saturation with a threshold value of 10−6.15 atm at 25 °C (pH ≈ 11). Precipitation rates of calcite are highest at pH ≈ 10. Mixing of groundwater-like solutions with strong alkaline drainage solutions has to be considered as a crucial factor for evaluating apparent composition of drainage solutions and calcite precipitation capacities.  相似文献   

12.
In a mid-continental North American grassland, solute concentrations in shallow, limestone-hosted groundwater and adjacent surface water cycle annually and have increased steadily over the 15-year study period, 1991-2005, inclusive. Modeled groundwater CO2, verified by measurements of recent samples, increased from 10−2.05 atm to 10−1.94 atm, about a 20% increase, from 1991 to 2005. The measured groundwater alkalinity and alkaline-earth element concentrations also increased over that time period. We propose that carbonate minerals dissolve in response to lowered pH that occurs during an annual carbonate-mineral saturation cycle. The cycle starts with low saturation during late summer and autumn when dissolved CO2 is high. As dissolved CO2 decreases in the spring and early summer, carbonates become oversaturated, but oversaturation does not exceed the threshold for precipitation. We propose that groundwater is a CO2 sink through weathering of limestone: soil-generated CO2 is transformed to alkalinity through dissolution of calcite or dolomite. The annual cycle and long-term increase in shallow groundwater CO2 is similar to, but greater than, atmospheric CO2.  相似文献   

13.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(7-8):745-758
The physical–chemical characteristics of the groundwater in the Baza–Caniles detrital aquifer system indicate that a wide diversity of hydrochemical conditions exists in this semiarid region, defining geochemical zones with distinct groundwater types. The least mineralized water is found closest to the main recharge zones, and the salinity of the water increases significantly with depth towards the center of the basin. Geochemical reaction models have been constructed using water chemistry data along flow paths that characterize the different sectors of the aquifer system, namely: Quaternary aquifer, unconfined sector and shallow and deep confined sectors of the Mio–Pliocene aquifer. Geochemical mass–balance calculations indicate that the dominant groundwater reaction throughout the detrital system is dedolomitisation (dolomite dissolution and calcite precipitation driven by gypsum dissolution); this process is highly developed in the central part of the basin due to the abundance of evaporites. Apart from this process, there are others which influence the geochemical zoning of the system. In the Quaternary aquifer, which behaves as a system open to gases and which receives inputs of CO2 gas derived from the intensive farming in the area, the interaction of the CO2 with the carbonate matrix of the aquifer produces an increase in the alkalinity of the water. In the shallow confined sector of the Mio–Pliocene aquifer, the process of dedolomitisation evolves in a system closed to CO2 gas. Ca2+/Na+ cation exchange and halite dissolution processes are locally important, which gives rise to a relatively saline water. Finally, in the deep confined sector, a strongly reducing environment exists, in which the presence of H2S and NH+4 in the highly mineralized groundwater can be detected. In this geochemical zone, the groundwater system is considered to be closed to CO2 gas proceeding from external sources, but open to CO2 from oxidation of organic matter. The geochemical modeling indicates that the chemical characteristics of this saline water are mainly due to SO4 dissolution, dedolomitisation and SO4 reduction, coupled with microbial degradation of lignite.  相似文献   

14.
Thirty-nine samples of both cold and thermal karst groundwater from Taiyuan, northern China were collected and analyzed with the aim of developing a better understanding of the geochemical processes that control the groundwater quality evolution in the region’s carbonate aquifers. The region’s karst groundwater system was divided into three geologically distinct sub-systems, namely, the Xishan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (XMK), the Dongshan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (DMK) and the Beishan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (BMK). Hydrochemical properties of the karst groundwaters evolve from the recharge zones towards the cold water discharge zones and further towards the thermal water discharge zones. In the XMK and the DMK, the hydrochemical type of the groundwater evolves from HCO3-Ca·Mg in the recharge - flow-through zone, to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg/SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg in the cold water discharge zone, and further to SO4-Ca·Mg in the thermal water discharge zone. By contrast, the water type changes from HCO3-Ca·Mg to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in the BMK, with almost invariable TDS and temperatures all along from the recharge to the discharge zone. The concentrations of Sr, Si, Fe, F− and of some trace elements (Al, B, Li, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni) increase as groundwater temperature increases. Different hydrogeochemical processes occur in the three karst groundwater sub-systems. In the XMK and the DMK, the geochemical evolution of the groundwater is jointly controlled by carbonate dissolution/precipitation, gypsum dissolution and dedolomitization, while only calcite and dolomite dissolution/precipitation occurs in the BMK without dedolomitization. The hydrogeochemical data of the karst groundwaters were used to construct individual geochemical reaction models for each of the three different karst groundwater sub-systems. The modeling results confirm that dedolomization is the major process controlling hydrochemical changes in the XMK and the DMK. In the thermal groundwaters, the dissolution rates of fluorite, siderite and strontianite were found to exceed those of the cold karst groundwater systems, which can explain the higher concentrations of F−, Fe and Sr2+ that are found in these waters.  相似文献   

15.
This investigation used two approaches to examine the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles and determine the potential influence of benthic carbonate particle dissolution on the carbon chemistry of the waters around the Hawaiian Archipelago. First, the particle flux near several representative carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago was measured and compared with the flux at a distal site (ALOHA) approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii. The results of four sediment trap deployments on three carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago demonstrate that the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles are consistently one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes at the distal station. Furthermore, the mineralogy of the carbonate flux near the banks, which includes very soluble bank-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite particles, is distinctly different from that of the distal fluxes. Second, the chemistry of the waters at each bank station along the archipelago was characterized and compared with the chemistry of the distal waters to determine if differences in the particle flux were reflected in the carbon chemistry. Higher alkalinity and carbonate ion concentrations were observed around all of the banks studied. The saturation state of these waters suggests that the dissolution of some magnesian calcite and aragonite phases could explain the higher alkalinity values. Calculations suggest that the dissolution of benthically-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite may be an important component of the North Pacific alkalinity budget and a potential sink for anthropogenic CO2.  相似文献   

16.
The distribution and controls of trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and U) in shallow groundwater in discharge and recharge zones were analysed at two sites on the Baltic coast of Sweden; one granite-dominated and one with a significant addition of calcite. Although the study sites differ in overburden geochemistry and groundwater trace metal concentrations, which were well reflected in the general groundwater composition, the relative hydrochemical differences between recharge and discharge ground waters were similar at both sites, and temporally stable. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni and U were higher in soil tubes in recharge areas, but Cr was higher in discharge zones. Also concentrations of HS, Fe, Mn and NH4 were higher in discharge samples, which in combination with increased 34S values provide strong evidence of a transition from oxidizing to more reducing conditions along the groundwater flow gradient. In terms of trace metals, this might mean either mobilisation due to dissolution of trace-metal carrying Fe(III) and Mn(IV) phases, or immobilisation caused by precipitation of discrete trace-metal sulfides or co-precipitation with Fe sulfides. The results from this study show that the latter is dominant in both the carbonate and granite environments for the metals Cd, Cu and Ni. Chromium concentrations were likely coupled to organic complexation and were higher in discharge groundwater, where DOC was also more abundant. As the concentration of several potentially toxic trace metals were found to differ between recharge and discharge areas, a climate driven change in hydrology might have a substantial impact on the distribution of these metals.  相似文献   

17.
In this study, the chemical and Sr isotopic compositions of shallow groundwater and rainwater in the Ordos Desert Plateau, North China, and river water from the nearby Yellow River, are investigated to determine the dissolved Sr source and water–rock interactions, and quantify the relative Sr contribution from each end-member. Three groundwater systems have been identified, namely, GWS-1, GWS-2 and GWS-3 according to the watershed distribution in the Ordos Desert Plateau. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are the most dominant cations in GWS-1, while Na+ is dominant in GWS-3. In addition, there is more SO42− and less Cl− in GWS-1 than in GWS-3. The shallow groundwater in GWS-2 seems to be geochemically between that in GWS-1 and GWS-3. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the shallow groundwater are high in GWS-1 and GWS-2 and are low in GWS-3. By geochemically comparing the nearby Yellow River, local precipitation and deep groundwater, the shallow groundwater is recharged only by local precipitation. The ionic and isotopic ratios indicate that carbonate dissolution is an important process controlling the chemistry of the shallow groundwater. The intensity of the water–rock interactions varies among the three groundwater systems and even within each groundwater system. Three end-members controlling the groundwater chemistry are isotopically identified: (1) precipitation infiltration, (2) carbonate dissolution and (3) silicate weathering. The relative Sr contributions of the three end-members show that precipitation infiltration and carbonate dissolution are the primary sources of the shallow groundwater Sr in GWS-3 whereas only carbonate dissolution is responsible for the shallow groundwater Sr in GWS-1 and GWS-2. Silicate weathering seems insignificant towards the shallow groundwater's chemistry in the Ordos Desert Plateau. This study is helpful for understanding groundwater chemistry and managing water resources.  相似文献   

18.
Processes controlling hydrogeochemistry in the Yuncheng Basin, China, were characterised using major-ion chemistry, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and ??13C values. Evapotranspiration during recharge increased solute concentrations by factors of ??5?C50 in deep palaeowaters, while higher degrees of evapotranspiration have occurred in shallow, modern groundwater. Aquifer sediments (loess) contain approximately 15 weight% calcite; trends in groundwater HCO3 concentrations and ??13C values (ranging from ?16.4 to ?8.2??) indicate that carbonate weathering is a significant source of DIC. Groundwater 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7110?C0.7162, median of 0.7116) are similar to those in both loess carbonate (0.7109?C0.7116) and local rainfall (0.7112), and are significantly lower than Sr in aquifer silicates (0.7184?C0.7251). Despite evidence for substantial carbonate dissolution, groundwater is generally Ca-poor (<?10% of total cations) and Na-rich, due to cation exchange. Saturation with respect to carbonate minerals occurs during or soon after recharge (all calcite and dolomite saturation indices are positive). Subsequent carbonate dissolution in the deep aquifer must occur as a second-stage process, in response to Ca loss (by ion exchange) and/or via incongruent dissolution of dolomite and impure calcite. The latter is consistent with positive correlations between ??13C values and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios (r 2?=?0.32 and 0.34).  相似文献   

19.
典型岩溶水系统碳汇通量估算   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
裴建国  章程  张强  朱琴 《岩矿测试》2012,31(5):884-888
现代岩溶学研究成果表明,碳酸盐岩在全球碳循环中响应极其迅速,水循环过程中的碳汇效应显著。本研究选取广西桂林寨底地下河系统、广西环江大安地下河系统、重庆北碚青木关地下河系统三个典型岩溶地下水系统,利用各系统地下河的流量和HCO3-浓度的监测资料,采用简单化学平衡模式法估算碳汇通量(CO2)。结果显示,寨底地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为68.82 t/(km2.a),大安地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为81.18 t/(km2.a),青木关地下河系统的单位面积年碳汇通量为100.07 t/(km2.a)。分析认为同一个岩溶水系统的结构特征和环境条件基本上是稳定的;地下河的流量和HCO3-浓度是影响岩溶碳汇强度的关键因素,尤其是地下河流量的变化对碳汇强度的影响显著;不同岩溶水系统的碳汇通量不但受水化学条件和地下水动力条件的控制,同时受土地利用变化的影响。该研究对于改进碳循环模型和评价岩溶地质碳汇有重要意义。  相似文献   

20.
Based on the geological background, R-mode factor statistics, and the analysis of the stability diagram for the corresponding system, five weathering reactions controlling the surface-water chemical composition in the watershed of the Changhuajiang River are deduced. In the mass balance model, the precipitation accounts for some solute input, since the rainwater is dilute without pollution. Most of the Ca2+ and HCO 3 – ions are from the dissolution of calcite, K+, Na+, H4SiO4 and some of the Mg2+ and HCO 3 – come from albite and biotite weathering to kaolinite. The dissolution of dolomite and gypsum controls the mass balances of Mg2+ and SO 4 2– . The dissolution of calcite is the dominant chemical weathering reaction in the watershed because of its reactivity and high concentration. In the watershed in 1986, the chemical weathering rate was 0.073 (kg/m2 a), and the mechanical denudation rate is 0.093 (kg/m2 a). The chemical weathering mass output proportion of carbonate rocks to silicate rocks was about three to one.  相似文献   

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