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1.
海岸带地下咸水和淡水之间界面的形态特征以及运移规律是研究海水入侵现象的重要内容。介绍了最近几十年来国内外海岸带咸淡水界面的研究进展,对国内外咸淡水界面的研究现状进行了分析,系统地总结了解析法、数值法和实验方法等在咸淡水界面研究中的应用及取得的相应成果。解析法可以近似简便地确定咸淡水界面的位置与移动规律,数值法在刻画复杂的水文地质条件和人为因素下咸淡水界面的运移规律更为准确,实验方法可以直观地观察界面的形态和移动特点,电导率法能有效地监测咸淡水界面因潮汐作用而引起的微小变动。这些成果丰富和发展了海岸带咸淡水界面理论,对于海岸带地下淡水资源的开发利用和环境保护具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。 相似文献
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准确确定咸淡水界面位置是评价咸水入侵范围的前提。对于咸淡水界面位置的确定,传统研究以水化学法和物探法为主。为克服单一使用传统方法造成的人力、物力和财力的大量浪费,以莱州湾西南岸广饶县小清河以南咸水入侵区为研究对象,在综合分析研究区地下水开采现状、水化学监测结果的基础上,选择3个典型断面,采用水化学法中的野外现场电导率法,快速判断咸淡水界面大致位置（某两眼监测井之间）;再在一咸一淡的两眼监测井之间,采用高密度电阻率法快速、准确地确定咸淡水界面的空间分布。结果表明：该地区的地下水电导率若大于1.61 mS/cm,即可认为此处受到咸水入侵;咸淡水界面位置的视电阻率特征值为11~13 Ω·m,咸淡水界面附近咸水体呈舌状入侵并主要发生在地表以下13 m内的浅层地下水中。 相似文献
3.
开采条件下河北平原中部咸淡水界面下移 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
河北平原中部上层咸水入侵下层淡水已造成局部地下水污染,本文调查统计了地下水质监测资料和2700多眼深井孔的测井物探资料。以水化学方法和数理统计方法,从水文地质条件和地下水开采利用状况入手,对研究区咸淡水界面下移的机理进行了分析。结果认为,咸淡水界面从20世纪70年代以来年均下移约0.4m,开采地下水造成上下层水头压力变化,加大上部浅层水向下越流是其主要原因之一。 相似文献
4.
《物探化探计算技术》2016,(1)
近年来海(咸)水入侵已成为影响居民生活、制约工农业发展的重大问题,确定咸淡水界面是治理海(咸)水入侵的重要前提。根据咸淡水的电性差异,针对两种典型的咸水入侵地电模型进行正、反演计算,并研究了不同因素对电阻率法测量咸淡水界面的影响。结果表明:1电阻率法数值模拟可以较好地反映咸淡水界面的位置及形态;2咸化程度和现场实测范围内的粘土层电阻率变化对咸淡水界面的测量无明显影响;3测量极距主要影响反演剖面的分辨率,极距越小,分辨率越高。 相似文献
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川中北白垩系红层咸水水文地质特征及形成条件的初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
聂世平 《水文地质工程地质》1986,(5)
川中北白垩系红层下部咸水的存在,以及它对上部淡水的影响,前人在该区的工作中比较重视。但对咸水分布、埋藏、咸淡水界面和形成条件等方面的研究和看法不尽一致。笔者根据近几年接触到的部分实际资料,认为这些资料反映该区白垩系红层咸水分布有一定规律可寻。现根据早白垩世沉积环境的推断,对咸水水文地质特征和形成条件作初步探讨。 相似文献
7.
本文通过对开采条件下水动力场和水化学场变化特征的分析，认为集中超采深层地下水引发的浅层咸水向深层淡水的越流，是第Ⅱ含水组水质咸化的根本原因。并从咸水下移溶质运移模拟、渗透速率、粘性土层的越流滞后等方面，讨论了咸淡水界面下移速率及其影响因索。 相似文献
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高坝大库建设过程中,往往需要确定工程区附近岩土体在高水头作用下的渗透参数,钻孔高压压水试验是其中最常用的方法之一。与其他试验相比,高压压水试验具有很高的水头和渗流速度,很容易出现非线性渗流,这种情况下达西流公式不再适用,因此,亟需一种基于钻孔高压压水试验确定非线性参数的求解方法。本文建立了钻孔高压压水试验的非线性流数学模型,采用有限差分的方法,得到了阶梯水头变化情况下非线性流数学模型的数值解,并验证了该数值解的准确性。在此基础上讨论了非线性参数对水头和流速的影响,结合白鹤滩水电站玄武岩错动带现场高压压水试验,进一步验证了该方法的可靠性。结果表明,当非线性参数k和径向距离r保持不变时,非线性参数β越大则试验过程中的水头h和流速v都越小;当非线性参数β和径向距离r保持不变时,非线性参数k越大则试验过程中的水头h越小、流速v越大;且较大的β和k均会使得高压压水试验能更快地趋于稳定状态。如果仍按照达西流公式进行计算,将会高估透水介质中的水头,进而高估玄武岩错动带结构面抵抗渗透破坏的能力,最终对工程稳定性产生不利影响。在白鹤滩水电站进行的钻孔高压压水试验过程中地下水发生了非线性运动,求得C2错动带的非线性参数β=1.62 min ·m-1,k=9.60×10-3m ·min-1,该方法对于现场确定错动带非线性参数有较好的适用性。 相似文献
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Changes in hydraulic heads with space and time and evolution of the location of fresh water–salt water interface are important
for groundwater development in coastal aquifers. Measurements of piezometric heads at 11 well clusters consisting of three
piezometric wells of different depths with a 5-day interval for 15 months show that the piezometric heads at nearly all the
wells near the northwestern coast in Beihai decrease with increasing depth and increase with increasing distance from the
coast. Changes in piezometric heads at the wells during the measurement period were caused by seasonal precipitation and induced
by the tide. The depth of the sharp interface between fresh water–salt water can be estimated based on measurements of piezometric
heads at a piezometric well tapping at a point in the salt water zone below the interface and measurements of the water table
at the same well. The calculations of the interface for well H5 range from 40 to 80 m below sea level in the measurement period,
which are believed to be more reasonable than those estimated with the Ghyben–Herzberg relation.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
13.
Xun Zhou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(3):1311-1317
In a coastal zone an understanding of the distance of the fresh water–salt water interface and its extension inland is important for prevention of sea water intrusion. In this article estimating methods are described for calculating the distance of a fresh water–salt water interface in a coastal confined aquifer based on the submarine fresh groundwater discharge. This groundwater discharge is controlled not only by the aquifer properties and hydraulic head difference, but also by the position of the fresh water–salt water interface in the coastal zone. A homogeneous and isotropic coastal confined aquifer is considered and fresh groundwater flow in the confined aquifer is thought to be at a steady state. Two observation wells at different distances in a profile perpendicular to the coastline are required in calculation of the distance of the interface toe in the coastal zone. Four coastal confined aquifers with horizontal and sloping confining beds and with varying thickness are also considered. Reasonable results are obtained when examples are used to illustrate the application of the methods. The methods require hydraulic head data at the two wells and thickness of the confined aquifers, but the hydraulic conductivity and fresh groundwater flow rate of the confined aquifers are not needed. 相似文献
14.
A shallow alluvial coastal aquifer in the Batinah area of Oman, with sea-water intrusion that extends several kilometres inland, has been studied experimentally, analytically and numerically. The water table is proved to have a trough caused by intensive pumping from a fresh groundwater zone and evaporation from the saline phreatic surface. Resistivity traverses perpendicular to the shoreline indicated no fresh groundwater recharge into the sea. Using an analytical Dupuit-Forchheimer model, developed for the plain part of the catchment, explicit expressions for the water table, sharp interface location and stored volume of fresh water are obtained. It is shown that by the pumping of salt water from the intruded part of the aquifer, this intrusion can be mitigated. Different catchment sizes, intensities of fresh groundwater pumping, evaporation rates, water densities, sea level, incident fresh water level in the mountains and hydraulic conductivity are considered. SUTRA code is applied to a hypothetical case of a leaky aquifer with line sinks modeling fresh water withdrawal and evaporation. The numerical code also shows that pumping of saline water can pull the dispersion zone back to the shoreline. 相似文献
15.
Water extractions in coastal areas have to deal with salt water intrusion and lowering of hydraulic heads in valuable ecosystems.
Therefore, sustainable management of fresh water resources in these areas is crucial. This is illustrated here with two water
extractions in the western Belgian coastal plain which extract groundwater from a phreatic dune aquifer. One water extraction
faced problems with salt water intrusion, while lowering of hydraulic heads was an issue for both. To remedy the salt water
intrusion, it was found that decreasing the extraction rate was the only solution. To offset this and to increase hydraulic
heads around both extractions, it was decided to artificially recharge the aquifer of the second extraction with tertiary
treated wastewater. By taking these interventions, the combined production capacity of the water extractions was increased
with 56% whereas 27% less water was extracted from the dune aquifer itself. Extraction history and the effects of interventions
are illustrated for both water extractions with water quality data and fresh water head observations. A more detailed insight
in groundwater flow and fresh–salt water distribution in the aquifer is provided by simulating the evolution of the water
extractions with a 3D density dependent groundwater flow model. 相似文献
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The present study concerns the application of a numerical approach to describe the influence of anthropogenic modifications in surface flows (operation of a projected reservoir) on the freshwater-seawater relationships in a downstream coastal aquifer which has seasonal seawater intrusion problems (River Verde alluvial aquifer, Almuñécar, southern Spain). A steady-state finite element solution to the partial differential equation governing the regional motion of a phreatic surface and the resulting sharp interface between fresh water and salt water was used to predict the regional behavior of the River Verde aquifer under actual surface flow conditions. The present model approximates, with simple triangular elements, the regional behavior of a coastal aquifer under appropriate sinks, sources, Neumann and open boundary conditions. A steady-state solution to this numerical approach has been shown to precisely calculate freshwater heads, saltwater thicknesses, and freshwater discharges along steeply sloping coasts. Hence, the adequate treatment and interpretation of the hydrogeological data which are available for the River Verde aquifer have been of main concern in satisfactorily applying the proposed numerical model. Present simulated conditions consider steady-state yearly averaged amounts of external supplies of fresh water in order to determine the influences of the projected Otívar reservoir on the further behavior of the River Verde coastal aquifer. When recharges occur at the coastline, essentially because of freshwater deficits due to groundwater overexploitation, a hypothesis of mixing for the freshwater-saltwater transition zone is made in order to still allow the model to continue calculating groundwater heads under the sea level, and, as a consequence, the resulting seawater intrusion and recharges of saltwater from the sea. Simulations show that a considerable advance in seawater intrusion would be expected in the coastal aquifer if current rates of groundwater pumping continue and a significant part of the runoff from the River Verde is channeled from the Otívar reservoir for irrigation purposes. 相似文献
18.
江陵凹陷成岩作用明显受沉积水介质性质的控制,成岩特征呈现出淡水-半咸水介质富碳酸盐胶结与盐湖富硬石膏胶结特征,两种胶结物含量存在互为消长的关系.从分析盐湖成因角度合理解释了成岩规律,认为盐湖环境成因受控于深层卤水和古气候.淡水一半咸水环境和盐湖环境成岩作用模式的差异导致两种环境抗压实的机理存在着差异,相应的高孔隙带分布规律不同,淡水一半咸水环境的早期碳酸盐胶结物被溶蚀形成高孔隙发育带;盐湖环境的膏岩层发育区有利于形成深部异常高压的"封存箱",保存原生孔隙,从而发育高孔隙带. 相似文献
19.
Changes of freshwater-lens thickness in basaltic island aquifers overlain by thick coastal sediments 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Freshwater-lens thickness and long-term changes in freshwater volume in coastal aquifers are commonly assessed through repeated measurement of salinity profiles from monitor wells that penetrate into underlying salt water. In Hawaii, the thickest measured freshwater lens is currently 262 m in dike-free, volcanic-rock aquifers that are overlain by thick coastal sediments. The midpoint depth (depth where salinity is 50% salt water) between freshwater and salt water can serve as an indicator for freshwater thickness. Most measured midpoints have risen over the past 40 years, indicating a shrinking lens. The mean rate of rise of the midpoint from 1999–2009 varied locally, with faster rates in highly developed areas (1.0 m/year) and slower rates in less developed areas (0.5 m/year). The thinning of the freshwater lenses is the result of long-term groundwater withdrawal and reduced recharge. Freshwater/salt-water interface locations predicted from measured water levels and the Ghyben-Herzberg principle may be deeper than measured midpoints during some periods and shallower during other periods, although depths may differ up to 100 m in some cases. Moreover, changes in the midpoint are slower than changes in water level. Thus, water levels may not be a reliable indicator of the amount of freshwater in a coastal aquifer. 相似文献
20.
I. Radhakrishna 《Environmental Geology》2001,40(3):369-380
Saline/fresh water interface structure is one of the most important and basic hydrogeological parameter that needs to be
estimated for studies related to coastal zone management, well-field design and understanding saline water intrusion mechanism/processes.
The success and stability of a groundwater structure in a coastal region depend upon an accurate estimate of interface structure
between saline and fresh water zones, aquifer-aquiclude boundaries and their lateral continuities and the interstitial water
qualities of aquifers. Self-potential and resistivity logs provide a reasonably good basis for such estimates and for sustainable
development of fresh groundwater resources. The interface depth structure for the Mahanadi delta region, as obtained and interpreted
through self-potential and resistivity logs, provides a fairly clear picture of the regional extensions and boundaries of
aquifers, aquicludes and interstitial water quality patterns. Aquifers in the northern sector of the basin and within the
framework of Birupa and Mahanadi are characterized by an interface depth range that varies between 40 and 280 m below ground
level (bgl) with brackish water on the top underlain by freshwater aquifers. The aquifers in the southern sector within the
framework of Khatjori/Devi and Koyakhai/Daya/Kushbhadra/Bhargavi are characterized by an interface depth range that varies
from 10 to 120 m with freshwater aquifers near the surface underlain by saline, brackish water aquifers. The inversion of
these major fluid systems appears to have taken place over a narrow zone between Mahanadi and Khatjori tributaries, possibly
over a wide subsurface ridge with separate basin characteristics.
Received: 29 November 1999 · Accepted: 2 May 2000 相似文献