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1.
Zircon and apatite fission-track analyses from Late Carboniferous felsic volcanic rocks of the NE German Basin (Halle area and Friedland drilling) reveal at least two major post-emplacement thermal events. After initial cooling at ca. 300 Ma, the volcanic pile underwent a major thermal event at ca. 200 Ma that reached in most places ca. 250-280 °C and led to the new growth of clay minerals. This event is recorded in the zircon fission-track data and can be related to Jurassic-Triassic rifting in Europe. Another thermal event is recorded in the apatite samples at ca. 100 Ma. A close correlation is observed between apatite fission-track age, texture, and sample alteration. Coarse-grained samples are stronger altered and have younger fission-track ages. Hydrothermal alteration coupled with advective heating probably caused these Upper Cretaceous fission-track ages. The latter event can be related to block faulting and inversion of the European plate during the early stages of the Alpine orogeny. 相似文献
2.
B.P. Kohn 《Quaternary Research》1979,11(1):78-92
A rhyolitic ash 4 to 8 cm thick is well preserved within a thick loess unit in a coastal section 2 km long near Teviotdale, Canterbury district, South Island, New Zealand. The ash (informally named Tiromoana ash) contains fresh glass shards which give a fission-track age of 20,300 ± 7100 yr B.P. The only possible source for such a tephra with this age range is from Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), North Island, some 550 km north of Teviotdale. Within the time span ca. 15,000 to 42,000 yr B.P. five widespread and voluminous rhyolitic tephras (viz. Rerewhakaaitu Ash, Rotoehu Ash, Kawakawa Tephra, Omataroa Tephra, and Mangaone Tephra) were erupted from TVZ. On the basis of the fission-track age, ferromagnesian mineralogy, and electron-microprobe analyses of glass shards and titanomagnetites from Tiromoana ash and the five possible correlatives listed above, Tiromoana ash is correlated with Kawakawa Tephra (dated by 14C at ca. 20,000 yr B.P.). This is the only known occurrence to date of Kawakawa Tephra in the South Island. Its preservation is attributed to special site conditions (low precipitation and minimal sheet erosion) leeward of a prominent terrace. The identification of the ash at Teviotdale as Kawakawa Tephra supports recently revised age assignments for the upper loess sheet in Canterbury. Moreover, it implies that loess enclosing Kawakawa Tephra in nonglaciated districts of southern North Island and Taupo Volcanic Zone is a correlative. 相似文献
3.
史恭乐 李建国 谭覃 董重 李秋立 吴琼 章伯乐 尹素心 HERRERA Fabiany HERENDEEN Patrick S. CRANE Peter R. 《地层学杂志》2021,45(1):69-81
内蒙古东部霍林河盆地霍林河组是我国最重要的下白垩统含煤地层之一.该组产出大量不同种类且保存完好的植物化石,但因为缺乏海相沉积和火山岩夹层,我们对这套地层的精确年龄认知不足.我们最近在扎鲁特旗扎哈淖尔露天煤矿霍林河组发现了火山灰层,基于钻孔数据的地层分析显示该火山灰层位于霍林河组下含煤段的底部.二次离子质谱(SIMS)锆... 相似文献
4.
锆石裂变径迹年龄和逐层蒸发法铅年龄测定对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文阐述了颗粒锆石裂变径迹法及双带源逐层蒸发法的方法原理，对取自美国菲什（Fish）峡谷凝灰岩中的锆石裂变径迹年龄国际标准样及取自香港花岗岩中锆石的两种年龄结果进行了对比，并分析了它们年龄差异的原因，认为铅年龄代表锆石的结晶年龄，而裂变径迹表观年龄代表岩体的冷却年龄或最后一次热事件的年代。开展不同方法的对比研究，可以得到更多的信息，以期更好地探讨研究区的演化历史。 相似文献
5.
A late Albian ammonite assemblage from the Provincial Formation of Villa Clara Province, Cuba is described. The Provincial Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit of Albian-Cenomanian age extensively exposed in central Cuba and formed within a part of the Caribbean Tethys that was volcanic during the Cretaceous. The formation is mainly composed of calcareous, terrigenous marine, and volcano-sedimentary deposits characterized by a series of micritic limestones intercalated with marls, sandstones, calcareous conglomerates, ash, and tuffaceous material. A rich assemblage of ammonites recovered from the calcareous biomicrites and marls is of late Albian (Stoliczkaia dispar Zone, Mortoniceras rostratum Subzone) age. The ammonite fauna shows a strong Tethyan affinity, and only a single hoplitid ammonite species was recorded. Although scarce, the first Cuban report of this and other boreal ammonite species now allows precise correlations to be made between Cuba and Albian sediments elsewhere in the world. 相似文献
6.
四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
四海龙湾玛珥湖位于东北新生代龙岗火山区内,在玛珥湖沉积物距湖底69-70cm处分离出新鲜的火山灰。根据火山灰产出的层位、原生沉积特征、形貌和碱流质化学成分特征,属于长白山天池火山公元1199-1200年大喷发的产物。这一结果不仅表明天池火山历史时期大喷发的规模比原来估计的还要大,并且为建立千年以来四海龙湾沉积物及古气候演化的时间标尺提供了依据。 相似文献
7.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2016,7(2)
The Kuril islands constitute a volcanic island arc-trench system,stretching from eastern Hokkaido(Japan)to Kamchatka(Russia) along the northwestern Pacific subduction system.The current arc consists of several volcanic islands mainly with Neogene basement and capped by several,predominantly andesitic,active subduction stratovolcanoes.Kunashir Island is the southwestern-most island of the arc,just off the Hokkaido coast and represents the study area in this paper.The island is composed of a Lower Complex of mainly late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks,covered by an Upper Complex of younger(basaltic)andesitic lava flows and tuffs on which currently four active volcanic edifices are built.In the Lower Complex sub-volcanic and deeper-seated intrusives of the so-called Prasolov and Dokuchaev magmatic complexes are found.More differentiated,tonalitic-granodioritic rocks were collected from these small intrusive bodies.An early Oligocene zircon LA-ICP-MS U/Pb age of 31 Ma for the Prasolov Complex was obtained,showing that the basement of Kunashir Island is older than previously thought.Thermochronometry(apatite fission-track and U-Th-Sm/He and zircon U-Th/He analyses) further shows that the magmatic basement of the island was rapidly exhumed in the Pleistocene to present levels in a differential pattern,with He-ages ranging from 1.9 to 0.8 Ma.It is shown that the northern section of the island was hereby exhumed more intensely. 相似文献
8.
Geethanjali Krishnan Hema Achyuthan V. H. R. Siva 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2017,90(1):20-24
This paper examines the difference in the geophysical and chemical characteristic of the volcanic ash and thermal fly ash to evaluate environmental pollution. Natural volcanic ash (VA) samples from Sagirelu, Cuddapah dist., Andhra Pradesh and thermal fly ash (FA) samples from the Thermal Power Station, Ennore, Chennai, were collected, analysed and compared. The particle sizes of the ash samples were determined using the laser particle size analyzer and the different surface morphological characters were studied using SEM analyses. The chemical components such as pH, major oxides, trace metals and mineral compositions were determined using pH metre, XRF and XRD methods. pH value of the volcanic ash varies from 8.5 to 8.9 indicating its alkalinity (8.5 to 9) in volcanic ash, while the thermal ash is neutral to mildly alkaline with pH varying from 6 to 7.5. Both the ash samples have higher concentration value in SiO2 (VA - 69.25%, FA - 46%) in major oxides and Cl (VA - 0.8%, FA - 0.1%) in trace elements. Quartz is the dominant mineral in both the types of ash, however, the volcanic ash has amorphous silica, while the fly ash contains crystalline quartz. 相似文献
9.
火山灰年代学是控制地层年代最简单可靠的直接手段,近年来在磁性地层、构造演化和古气候环境、考古等研究中被广泛重视和应用,经常成为最关键的要素。然而对其在地层中的识别常常产生较大分歧,制约了对年代的控制及与此相关的许多科学问题的解决。火山玻璃作为火山灰中的常见和标签物质,是识别火山灰最直接可靠的材料。日本强烈的第四纪火山活动和清晰连续的火山灰沉积在这方面具有代表性。本文利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对日本樱岛第四纪晚期典型火山灰中的火山玻璃形态和表面结构特征进行观察分析,总结出火山玻璃碎屑的外部形貌为独特、醒目的各种玻璃碎片状,呈各种大小和形态的带有气孔的曲面或弧面尖棱角状颗粒,如锋利的长条状、各种多边形粒状、片状（月牙状、三角状、多边形状等）和三交面状等,表面特征为各种与火山喷发炸裂作用相关的光滑或弱贝壳状断口的曲面,及与火山喷气有关的各种孔洞、管槽、小圆坑、椭圆形坑和眼状坑。其中眼状坑和三交面状这两种特殊表面形态分别只在安山质和流纹质火山灰中出现,为准确识别中-酸性火山灰及其类型提供了微观形态学鉴定标志。 相似文献
10.
A set of ash layer samples within the uppermost Upper Freshwater Molasse (OSM) sediments (N and E of Frauenfeld, Switzerland) was dated by apatite fission track (FT) means. The ages indicate an early Tortonian (perhaps latest Serravallian) eruption and sedimentation age of 11.5 ± 0.3 Ma. The age is in agreement with time constraints by Mammalian relicts which point to MN7-8. Due to the position of the ash layers close to the erosional gap and overlying Quaternary cover, the age represents a maximum age for the cessation of OSM sedimentation in the Swiss Molasse Basin. However, the end of Molasse sedimentation in this region had not stopped before the cover of OSM sediments by volcanic ash layers at the Höwenegg volcano (southern Germany), an event further constrained by an apatite FT age of 9.8 (?0.7/+0.8) Ma from a hornblende-bearing ash layer at Höwenegg. An isolated bentonitic ash layer occurring 25 km to the WSW of the main set of dated ashes (near Humlikon) has an age component identical to the OSM ash layers near Frauenfeld. The age suggests a source for this material within the Hegau, but is too young to be related to the volcanic activity at the Kaiserstuhl.The apatites from the ash layer samples show two distinct compositional populations, one very close to a Cl end member and one with apatites of equal proportions of Cl and OH end member. These populations are interpreted to have possibly originated from at least two distinct igneous sources for the ashes, separated by their eruption site or eruption time or both. The distinct compositional data on the volcanic apatites may provide a basis to clarify their origin in future work. 相似文献
11.
四川盆地东部海相下—中三叠统界线的锶同位素年龄标定 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中国西南地区海相下—中三叠统以火山碎屑岩为其直观界线,该年龄的标定可为区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究提供重要的下—中三叠统界线年龄参考值.基于此,本文测试了四川盆地东部华蓥山下—中三叠统界线火山碎屑岩附近的石膏和硬石膏样品87Sr/86Sr比值,以及相应的Si、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr以及SO42-的含量,根据锶同位素地层学的原理,尝试对下—中三叠统界线进行了年龄标定;同时评估了样品的成岩蚀变性、对海水信息的代表性以及年龄标定结果的可靠性.火山碎屑岩附近5个样品的87Sr/86Sr比值变化在0.708243~0.708391之间,标定的年龄值在240.5~242.5Ma的范围内,2个紧靠火山碎屑岩样品的年龄值在242Ma左右(分别为241.9Ma和242.5Ma),从而为华南地区以火山碎屑岩作为海相下—中三叠统界线的合理性提供了重要的化学地层学依据,也为全球下—中三叠统界线提供了一个新的年龄值. 相似文献
12.
赣南富城花岗岩中显微-超显微晶质铀矿的厘定及成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过显微镜下观察和电子探针成分分析,厘定了存在于赣南富城强过铝质产铀花岗岩黑云母、白云母、长石中的显微晶质铀矿。根据其成分及矿物组合特征并结合U-Pb同位素年龄测定判明其属原生成因。此外,采用核诱发裂变径迹法,根据白云母探测器上存在的星点状裂变径迹中心,判断造岩矿物(长石、石英)中可能存在超显微级的晶质铀矿核晶。花岗岩中原生晶质铀矿的存在一方面印证了U在Si-O聚合程度增高的花岗岩浆中易与O2-结合形成铀-氧配位多面体的化学键能理论,另一方面也成为花岗岩具有较高产铀能力的地球化学标志之一。 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACT Thirty clay-rich horizons from the Wenlock and Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland were analysed to investigate their mineralogy and possible origins. Two mineralogical assemblages were determined: an assemblage of illite-smectite and kaolinite of volcanic origin which was associated in many samples with an assemblage of illite and chlorite of detrital origin. Immobile chemical discriminants (Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y) infer an originally rhyolitic ash composition with a possible temporal progression, from the Wenlock to Ludlow, to more differentiated compositions. The thin nature of the bentonites and lack of juxtaposed subduction related calc-alkaline magmatism suggests that the tuffs were derived from distant explosive eruptions from volcanic centres, possibly in NE Europe. 相似文献
14.
P. W. Webley K. Dean R. Peterson A. Steffke M. Harrild J. Groves 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):661-671
Over the last 40 years, there have been numerous volcanic eruptions across the North Pacific (NOPAC) region that posed a potential
threat to both local communities and transcontinental aircraft. The ability to detect these volcanic clouds using satellite
remote sensing and predict their movement by dispersion modeling is a major component of hazard mitigation. The Puff volcanic
ash transport and dispersion model, used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, was used to illustrate the impact that these volcanic
ash clouds have made across the NOPAC and entire Polar region over the past 40 years. Nearly, 400 separate ash clouds were
analyzed that were either reported or detected to have reached above 6 km (20,000 ft) above sea level, an average of one ash
cloud every 1.25 months. Particular events showed that ash clouds can be tracked from Alaska to Greenland (Crater Peak, Mount
Spurr in 1992), from Kamchatka to Alaska (Kluvicheskoi Volcano in 1994), from Alaska to California (Mount Cleveland Volcano
in 2001) and from multiple events within 1 day (Mount Augustine Volcano in 2006). This study showed the vast number of events
that have impacted this Polar region and how tracking them is useful for hazard mitigation. 相似文献
15.
Tephrochronological study in the quaternary Val d’Agri intermontane basin (Southern Apennines,Italy)
Irene Zembo Pietro Vignola Sergio Andò Riccardo Bersezio Luigina Vezzoli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(1):173-187
In the south-eastern depocentre of the Val d’Agri basin (Southern Apennines), a volcanic ash layer crops out interbedded within
poorly structured alluvial fan deposits of Late Pleistocene age. Textural, depositional and pedological features of this weathered
layer suggest a primary deposition from a pyroclastic fall-out of volcanic ash. Chemical analyses of feldspars show an alkali
trachytic composition and accessory minerals association allow to correlate this tephra layer with the regionally dispersed
Y-7 marine tephra layer (Tufo Verde Epomeo eruption, Ischia volcano), dated at 56 ± 4 ka. The Val d’Agri tephra here described
for the first time was deposited during MIS Stage 3. Its recovery and characterization permit to contribute to regional correlation
of the Mediterranean climatic and volcanic events from marine to continental successions and to describe landscape evolution
of the Southern Apennines during glacial–interglacial cycles. 相似文献
16.
Mary K. Butwin Melissa A. Pfeffer Sibylle von Löwis Eivind W. N. Støren Eniko Bali Throstur Thorsteinsson 《Sedimentology》2020,67(6):3067-3087
The volcanic origin, primarily basaltic, of most of the surface material in Iceland influences its physical properties and appearance. Size distributions, shape analyses and melting experiments were made for surface material collected in high-erosion dust source areas and fresh volcanic ash deposits to determine whether they differ from one another and from dust from other major dust sources. The major differences found between Icelandic dust and dust from other major dust sources in the world, such as the Sahara, are in the particle shapes, lower density and darker colour. Icelandic dust particles greater than 20 μm retain volcanic morphological properties that are also found in fresh volcanic ash. Dust and fresh volcanic ash particles less than 20 μm are crystalline and blocky in nature, similar to the dust from other global source regions. The finer grained (<20 μm) Icelandic particles will have similar suspension and transport behaviours and be similarly hazardous to health and infrastructure as non-Icelandic dust. The coarser particles (>20 μm) will have different suspension and transport behaviours than other dusts due to the volcanic morphology. Icelandic surface material has between 5% and 30% glassy particles compared to fresh volcanic ash which has more than 50% glassy particles. Glassy particles were observed to melt at a lower temperature than the mineral grains; and, as a result, volcanic ash is found to be more threatening to aircraft engines than the typical dust from Iceland. Icelandic dust was observed to be blocky, or plate-like in the respirable size fraction, suggesting similar health hazards as dust from other regions. 相似文献
17.
The age of a volcanic rock has been determined by ESR dating using the Ge center in quartz. The total dose of natural radiation and the age obtained from the Ge center are 460 krad and 2.07 ± 0.50 Ma, respectively, and those from the unidentified defect at g = 2.011 are 484 krad and 2.16 ± 0.21 Ma, respectively. These dates agree well with the age of 2.0 ± 0.5 Ma determined by the fission-track method. High stress or temperature destroy these accumulated defects but, in the same time, produce a lot of new diamagnetic precursors which enable us to observe the clear ESR signal. 相似文献
18.
N.U. Khattak M. Asif Khan N. Ali S.M. Abbas T.K. Tahirkheli 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2012,53(8):736-744
The Sillai Patti carbonatite complex represents the second largest carbonatite body of the Peshawar Plain Alkaline Igneous Province of northern Pakistan. It is situated about 20 km west of Malakand, near Sillai Patti village. Here, the carbonatite occurs along a fault in the form of a sheet striking in the NNE–SSW direction and dipping towards south. The carbonatite body is about 12 km long and 2–20 m thick, predominantly intruded along the faulted contact of metasediments and granite gneiss but locally, within the metasediments.A fission-track age of 29.40 ± 1.47 Ma was obtained for the Sillai Patti carbonatite complex. Close resemblance of fission-track apatite age of this study with the fission-track as well as other high temperature radiometric ages from the same and the neighboring carbonatite complexes of the alkaline belt of northern Pakistan suggests emplacement of the Sillai Patti carbonatite complex at higher crustal level and subsequent extremely fast cooling to near ambient temperatures (<60 °C) required for the complete retention of fission tracks in apatite. The age data also point out that the fission-track age of 29.40 ± 1.47 Ma of this study is the age of intrusion of the carbonatitic magma of Sillai Patti carbonatite complex to shallow, near-surface level.Comparison of the uplift induced denudation rates of the region with the world data clearly reflects the presence of a post collisonal extensional environment in the region south of Main Mantle Thrust during Oligocene time. This strongly negates the idea of the earlier workers of emplacement of the carbonatite complexes of the Loe-Shilman and Sillai Patti areas along thrust faults during Oligocene. 相似文献
19.
Identifying the spatial extent of volcanic ash clouds in the atmosphere and forecasting their direction and speed of movement has important implications for the safety of the aviation industry, community preparedness and disaster response at ground level. Nine regional Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres were established worldwide to detect, track and forecast the movement of volcanic ash clouds and provide advice to en route aircraft and other aviation assets potentially exposed to the hazards of volcanic ash. In the absence of timely ground observations, an ability to promptly detect the presence and distribution of volcanic ash generated by an eruption and predict the spatial and temporal dispersion of the resulting volcanic cloud is critical. This process relies greatly on the heavily manual task of monitoring remotely sensed satellite imagery and estimating the eruption source parameters (e.g. mass loading and plume height) needed to run dispersion models. An approach for automating the quick and efficient processing of next generation satellite imagery (big data) as it is generated, for the presence of volcanic clouds, without any constraint on the meteorological conditions, (i.e. obscuration by meteorological cloud) would be an asset to efforts in this space. An automated statistics and physics-based algorithm, the Automated Probabilistic Eruption Surveillance algorithm is presented here for auto-detecting volcanic clouds in satellite imagery and distinguishing them from meteorological cloud in near real time. Coupled with a gravity current model of early cloud growth, which uses the area of the volcanic cloud as the basis for mass measurements, the mass flux of particles into the volcanic cloud is estimated as a function of time, thus quantitatively characterising the evolution of the eruption, and allowing for rapid estimation of source parameters used in volcanic ash transport and dispersion models.
相似文献20.
本文系统总结了沉积岩定年的意义和常用的定年手段,详细介绍了火山灰锆石U-Pb定年在沉积岩定年上的应用。从火山事件层的分布、火山灰夹层的识别、火山灰锆石的区分、应用实例等方面对前人的研究进行概述,旨在为科研工作者运用火山灰锆石U-Pb定年提供借鉴经验。与传统的成岩矿物K-Ar/Ar-Ar和Rb-Sr定年技术相比,火山灰锆石U-Pb定年在沉积岩定年上具有显著的优势。火山灰夹层具有广泛性和等时性,且锆石U-Pb同位素体系不容易受到扰动,因此火山灰锆石U-Pb定年是高精度沉积岩定年的首选方案。沉积岩定年涉及到野外观察、样品采集、室内岩相学观察及地质年代学分析和年龄解释等多个环节。在这些环节中,识别火山灰夹层是最关键的一点,也是一大难点。这需要明确火山灰夹层的岩石类型并了解火山事件沉积层的分布,在此基础上通过野外观察和室内研究进一步判别,这样可以更加准确地识别出火山灰夹层。此外,火山灰锆石定年需要区分火山灰锆石、碎屑锆石、继承/捕获锆石,可以通过矿物形态学和矿物化学特征来加以区分。 相似文献