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Luca Salvati 《GeoJournal》2016,81(1):77-88
In the most recent decades European urban regions underwent functional changes reflecting heterogeneous land-use patterns and specific urban footprints. Several mono-centric cities shifted towards a scattered development with impact on the socio-spatial structure. Discontinuous expansion determined, in some cases, a net increase in land consumption. Using a multivariate exploratory approach, the present study analyzes the spatial relationships between 14 morphological variables and 22 socioeconomic indicators in Rome’s province. The aim of this study was to identify the demographic and socioeconomic indicators most associated to the transition from a mono-centric and semi-compact morphology towards a more dispersed settlement structure based on different sealing profiles observed at the local scale. Four groups of socioeconomic indicators (population structure, job market, economic specialization and settlement characteristics) associated to different sealing profiles (low, medium and high imperviousness) were identified and local municipalities classified accordingly. Although the urban–rural axis maintains an important role in the spatial organization of Rome’s province, other variables were found associated to areas with moderately low imperviousness, evidencing a specific demographic structure and persisting socioeconomic disparities at the base of the settlement model observed at the regional scale. 相似文献
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岩溶山区乡村聚落的格局特征及类型分析——以重庆市巫山县为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探索岩溶山区乡村聚落空间格局的特征,以位于重庆东北部岩溶广布的巫山县为研究对象,运用空间分布测度模型、空间规模测度模型和空间形态测度模型,定量分析了巫山乡村聚落的空间格局特征,并进一步划分了地域类型。分析结果表明,总体上,巫山县的乡村聚落有一定的空间集聚特征,但存在明显的区域差异;乡村聚落的规模普遍偏小,具有低值集聚的特征,空间上呈现县城西北、西南大规模农村聚落集中,东北、东南小规模零散分布的“西热东冷”的格局;在空间形态上,巫山县西部区域连接性好,但形状不规则,复杂程度高,东部区域连接性差,复杂程度不及西部区域。整体而言,巫山县的乡村聚落形状规则性差,缺乏规划与引导。通过构建乡村聚落空间测度指标体系,采用系统聚类的方法,将巫山县乡村聚落划分为6种类型:低密度散点型、低密度小团块型、低密度不规则团块状、中密度不规则条带型、高密度宽带型、高密度散点型。未来的县域乡村聚落重构需要根据不同类型的特点加以引导。 相似文献
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A methodology was presented for observation-based settlement prediction with consideration of the spatial correlation structure of soil. The spatial correlation is introduced among the settlement model parameters and the settlements at various points are spatially correlated through these geotechnical parameters, which naturally describe the phenomenon. The method is based on Bayesian estimation by considering both prior information, including spatial correlation and observed settlement, to search for the best estimates of the parameters at any arbitrary points on the ground. Within the Bayesian framework, the optimised selection of auto-correlation distance by Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC) is also proposed. The application of the proposed approach in consolidation settlement prediction using Asaoka's method is presented in this paper. Several case studies were carried out using simulated settlement data to investigate the performance the proposed approach. It is concluded that the accuracy of the settlement prediction can be improved by taking into account the spatial correlation structure and the proposed approach gives the rational prediction of the settlement at any location at any time with quantified uncertainty. 相似文献
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A framework for economic loss estimation due to seismic transportation network disruption: a spatial computable general equilibrium approach 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
This paper presents a framework for assessing the economic impact of disruption in transportation that can relate the physical
damage to transportation networks to economic losses. A spatial computable general equilibrium (SCGE) model is formulated
and then integrated with a transportation model that can estimate the traffic volumes of freight and passengers. Economic
equilibrium under a disruption in the transportation network is computed subject to the condition that the adjustment of labor
and capital inputs is restricted; the model reflects slow adjustment of these linked to the state of recovery. As a case study,
the model reviews the large Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake of 2004. Considering the damage to the transportation infrastructure,
the model indicates the extent of the economic losses arising from the earthquake distributed over regions as a consequence
of the intra- and interregional trade in a regional economy. The results show that 20% of the indirect losses occur in the
Niigata region directly affected by the earthquake, whereas 40% of the total losses are experienced in the Kanto region and
non-negligible losses reach rather remote zones of the country such as Okinawa. 相似文献
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青藏高原东北缘生态脆弱区城镇体系空间结构研究——以甘南藏族自治州为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
青藏高原属于我国典型的生态环境脆弱地区,在国家主体功能区划中属限制开发区和禁止开发区,同时又是我国贫困人口的集中分布地区,面临着保障生态安全与发展经济的双重压力.因此,以主体功能区的指导思想＂因地制宜＂的优化区域城镇空间结构,引导与生态环境相适应的城镇发展模式,缩小区域空间差距,对促进区域一体化及实现可持续发展具有重要... 相似文献
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Correction of soil parameters in calculation of embankment settlement using a BP network back-analysis model 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Finite element method (FEM) have been widely used for the calculation of settlement of embankment on soft soils in the last decade. However, due to the complexity of construction, spatial inhomogeneity of soils, as well as sensitivity of numerical results to the variation of soil parameters, large discrepancy typically exists between numerical outputs and field observations. This paper presents a novel method, combining FEM and an improved back-propagation (BP) neural network, for correction of soil parameters in numerical prediction of embankment settlement. Duncan–Chang hyperbolic soil model is adopted with the sensitivity of eight constitutive parameters numerically investigated. The soil parameters with large sensitivity are identified, and together with the representative settlements, are used for the training of the improved BP neural network which, once established, generates correction factors of soil parameters for subsequent more accurate FEM forward predictions. It is demonstrated that the proposed numerical back-analysis framework is very efficient in practical engineering applications to calculate highway settlement. 相似文献
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Corporate knowledge transfer via interlocking directorates: a network analysis approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper explores spatial changes to knowledge transfer by Canadian and American corporate networks from 1976 to 1996. Results support facets of a World Cities approach for Canada. Toronto lies at the top of the hierarchy, while Montreal, Calgary, and Vancouver fall into a third tier of specialized regional cities. The American knowledge network also possesses facets of the world cities approach. The world city, New York, lies at the top of the hierarchy. Further down, Chicago is a specialized national city, while a number of regional centers have emerged to play a larger role over the twenty-year study period. A third tier of cities has emerged to play the critical role of specialized regional cities. This geographical phenomenon can be explained in terms of industry, headquarters locations, and network maturity. Finance, insurance and real estate, as well as “other manufacturing” are three sectors of the economy that are prominent in the network. In Canada, these sectors have increasingly centralized in Toronto while decentralizing in the United States. Similarly, the headquarters location of American firms is decentralizing from New York and Chicago, while Canadian headquarters continue to be centralized in Toronto. Finally, results indicate that the potential for knowledge transfer depends upon maturity of the system under investigation. The mature US network with a large pool of qualified business individuals is better suited for knowledge transfer at the regional level. The Canadian network is less developed and not appropriate for regional systems of knowledge transfer. The result is a Canadian corporate knowledge threshold that encompasses the entire country while a number of much smaller corporate knowledge thresholds appear across the United States. 相似文献
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数字城市以地理空间框架为定位基准,集成城市自然、社会、经济、人文、环境等综合信息,基于网络基础设施实现城市信息的广泛共享。数字城市代表了城市信息化的发展方向,是推动整个国家信息化的重要手段。数字城市地理空间框架既是一城市的空间基础信息平台,也是国家空间数据基础设施的基本组成部分,它是信息集成的载体、是数字城市赖以实现的不可或缺的基础支撑。 相似文献
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T.P. O&#x;flanagan 《Geoforum》1980,11(2):157-169
The mesh of several agrarian structures in Galicia, North Western Iberia, are recognized as being, with other factors, key forces which have precluded most sectors of society from reaping rewards from a generally physically well endowed region. Historical factors, such as the region's administration in the past, which managed it more like a colony than an integral part of the state, have contributed to Galicia's problems. The spatial organization of rural society and the rural economy has been transformed in the last century into a closed system referred to as minifundismo which manifests significant regional contrasts, but remains essentially a subsistance system of prodution. It is demonstrated that minifundismo cannot revitalize itself, because of its structure, and contemporary rural policies of the government are achieving little, as effects rather than causes of the difficulties are being tackled. Future prospects in the short and medium term for Galicia remain bleak unless a dynamic sweeping policy of integrated, rural, structural reform is implemented which aims to tackle the problem at several levels. 相似文献
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Elisha Efrat 《GeoJournal》1986,13(4):401-411
The objectives of the paper are to indicate, on a national and regional level, the areas of geographical inequality in Israel, which create economic and social gaps in the development of the country. Geographical inequality in this study has been analyzed through eleven different criteria, relevant to economic and social welfare situations, as: distance from the nearest big city, road accessibility, rate of population density, natural economic potential, spatial security, distance from the central plain and centers of economic activity, climatic index of discomfort, topography, oldness of the settlements in the surroundings, etc. Each element of inequality has been plotted on a map indicating its quantitative values,on the basis of square units, comprising 25 km2 each. A weighting of all the squares according to qualitative criteria enabled to prepare a comprehensive and compilative map with isolines showing the different spatial and inequality degrees.The map which has been elaborated from the data shows districts and localities in a range of different spatial degrees of deprivation. The history of settlement in Israel since the end of the 19th century, the planning guidelines since the establishment of the State in 1948, and the main geographic features of the country are the reasons of regional disparities. 相似文献
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Kristin N. Safi Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos Carl P. Lipo Hector Neff 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(5):410-425
The Cotzumalhuapa Nuclear Zone (CNZ) is a Late Classic site consisting of three large architectural compounds linked by a series of stone‐paved causeways and bridges. The majority of the site, however, lies beneath layers of recent tephra, leaving the structure of this settlement largely unknown. This study uses ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) to map the subsurface near El Baúl, one of the main compounds, in order to examine the spatial relationship among urban architectural features. Excavation within areas of the GPR survey provides fine‐grain detail of one major architectural feature in the region, the Gavarrete Causeway. The complimentary nature of these data sets characterizes the architectural organization of the settlement at two scales. Spatial patterning between large‐scale architectural features supports the hypothesis that the CNZ represents an integrated urban center with evidence of planned community organization characteristic of other Late Classic period centers across Mesoamerica. 相似文献
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复杂区域科学：21世纪的区域科学 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
简要回顾了区域科学的发展里程并着重指出，今天越来越多的学者逐渐放弃传统的理念，将区域作为一个开放、复杂的非线性系统对待。区域科学的研究趋势逐渐由静态的、均衡的范式向动态演化的范式转变，开始应用复杂科学（scienc esofcomplexity）的理论和方法来研究和分析区域问题及其时空演化的内在规律，从而形成复杂区域科学研究阶段。介绍了有关复杂性及复杂科学的一些内容，并在此基础上进一步探讨了复杂区域科学研究的主要问题和可能的研究方法。 相似文献
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红枫湖流域聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
研究流域聚落空间格局特征及其分布规律,可以为聚落优化与调控提供依据。文章以红枫湖流域2000年、2005年、2010年 3个时期的 TM 影像为主要数据,借助 Erdas8.5、Arcgis9.3等软件提取出红枫湖流域内聚落、旅游、道路及河流等用地,划分聚落等级,并利用聚落面积百分比图和密度图分析流域内聚落的空间分布特征,同时划分道路、河流缓冲区并利用等高线形成坡度图来探讨流域聚落分布和道路、河流及地形地貌的关系。研究结果表明,红枫湖流域的聚落斑块数量和面积在增加,数量由852个增加到2592个,面积由1204.3 ha 增加到4200 ha;聚落平均密度由0.44个/km^2上升到1.33个/km^2;聚落百分比值较大和密度值高的地区都是平坦的坝地,聚落面积和聚落密度的空间分布、变化基本一致,面积小的聚落在快速增长,增加的聚落主要由耕地转换而来;聚落扩展方式主要是分散扩展、带状扩展、块状扩展;聚落的空间形态主要有散点式、干枝式、规则式;道路对聚落分布的影响力越来越大,而河流对聚落分布的影响却在逐渐减弱;居民点面积随着坡度的增大而减少,且25°-80°地区的聚落面积增长率持续上升。 相似文献
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经济全球化下的区域经济空间结构演化研究评述 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
近50年以来,交通与通讯技术的迅猛发展使以往许多限制生产活动区位选择的本地化生产要素丧失了固有的垄断性,国际金融市场自由化降低了资本流通的障碍,标准化生产减少了对工人特殊技能的依赖,因此跨国公司可以在全球范围组织生产活动,但是技术创新和知识创新又极大地突出了地区企业集聚、地区创新环境的重要性。因此在经济全球化时期,生产活动的空间区位呈现出复杂的集聚或扩散趋势,区域经济空间结构表现为特殊的形式和规律。在最近20年的地理学研究中,出现了大量关于经济全球化时代区域空间结构的讨论。以跨国公司对生产活动空间区位的影响为主线,对近10年来国内外关于经济全球化时期区域空间结构研究的主要热点问题和观点予以综述。 相似文献
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Hiroshi Tanabe 《GeoJournal》1991,2(1):39-46
The new town in Japan is a sort of dormitory settlement in the metropolitan suburbs. Its main developer is the Japan Housing Corporation, whose representative achievement is the Tama New Town. The settlement is, however, too narrow, too expensive and too far away from the places of employment for the inhabitants to feel themselves as members of the community. The new town is a settlement of transients, which generates the condition of many commuting to the city without solving the problems of excessive urban growth. We should make a further inquiry into the new town as a contemporary type of urban settlement in this country.This study is dedicated to Professor Jôgyô TAKEUCHI for his retirement from Waseda University and sponsored by the Ministry of Education through the subsidy to the study on Spatial organization and functional system of urban in Japan represented by Professor Osamu NISHIKAWA. 相似文献
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Haskel J. Greenfield 《Geoarchaeology》2000,15(2):167-201
This article demonstrates the application of multiple reconnaissance methods as an efficient means of localizing desired data sets (e.g., artifact concentrations and architectural features) in stratigraphically complex sites. Excavations at Blagotin, Serbia, are presented as an example. Blagotin is a multioccupation site with vertically superimposed and laterally displaced cultural deposits. The application of a battery of survey techniques and the integration of the results enabled the author to define periods of occupation (Early Neolithic, Eneolithic, Early Iron Age), distinguish temporal variations, and predict the nature and distribution of subsurface archaeological remains. Ultimately, the Early Neolithic occupation is shown to consist of a small settlement with a large central pit‐house surrounded by a ring of smaller pit houses. This interpretation of the intra‐settlement spatial organization, made possible through the application of a multiple survey technique, differs from those previously offered for these types of sites. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Geological and archaeological investigations on the western Alaska Peninsula establish relationships between postglacial sea level changes and regional settlement patterns, which are linked to the spatial and temporal distribution of marine and estuarine resources. Isostatic emergence dominated relative sea‐level changes since deglaciation, but erosional landforms and gaps in the archaeological record suggest that site preservation has varied because of the interplay of eustatic sea level rise, isostatic uplift, and tectonic deformation. Coastal subsidence associated with a major earthquake about 2200 yr B.P. is linked with a 300‐year hiatus in the regional archaeological record. A shift from estuarine to littoral and offshore resources following this period demonstrates the impact of such dynamic sea level fluctuations on the shape and biological productivity of the coastal zone. However, changes in village organization, house form, and subsistence base that define several archaeological phases arise from both environmental and sociopolitical instability. Models of culture change should accommodate local and regional geological boundary conditions in the North Pacific and similarly dynamic settings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2017
The most prominent ‘victim’ of the global financial crisis in 2007/2008 has been Greece, which is, even now, in the middle of an economic and social storm that is threatening its economic and social cohesion and its membership of the Eurozone. Using the social well-being conceptual framework as a benchmark and exploiting the literature of composite indicators, the paper aims to assess and measure the regional impact of the crisis in a systematic and comprehensive way. Differing from most of previous studies, both at national and international levels, this study is based on the assumption that the effects of the crisis go far beyond economics and create a social crisis strongly associated with significant human and social costs that might transform Greece’s regional status and threaten its regional well-being, probably in a very unequal way. The main finding of the analysis is that although all regions were severely affected by the dynamics and intensity of the crisis, some regions were more affected than others, leading to ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. From a policy point of view, the results of this study have serious implications for crisis management, recovery policy actions and a country’s social cohesion, especially in Greece where austerity policy measures not only imposed considerable cutbacks in regional development policies but also ignored the spatial dimension of the crisis. 相似文献