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1.
In the course of the expedition of the Pacific Oceanological Institute in August 2007, extensive hypoxia was found in the
near-bottom layer of the Amur Bay water mass. The hypoxia’s formation was immediately reflected in the values and distribution
of the carbonate parameters in the near-bottom waters of the bay. The maximum values of the carbon dioxide partial pressure,
the dissolved inorganic carbon, and the total alkalinity were associated with the areas of the minimum oxygen content. The
microbial destruction of the dead phytoplankton greatly increased the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which was over 2000
μatm in the hypoxia centers at a depth of about 20 m. At the same time, the carbon dioxide partial pressure in the surface
waters of Amur Bay was considerably lower than that in the atmosphere. Hence, the bay’s aquatic area was a sink for the atmospheric
CO2 despite its high content in the near-bottom waters. It was shown that the excess alkalinity associated with the hypoxia sites
in the near-bottom layer of water was caused by the sulfate reduction proceeding in the upper layer of the sediment. 相似文献
2.
A numerical experiment using a three dimensional level model was performed to clarify the mechanism generating a strong coastal
current, Kyucho, induced by the passage of Typhoon 0406 around the tip of the Tango Peninsula, Japan in June 2004. Wind stress accompanied
by Typhoon 0406 was applied to the model ocean with realistic bottom topography and stratification condition. The model well
reproduced the characteristics of Kyucho observed by Kumaki et al. (2005), i.e., the strong alongshore current with maximum velocity of 53 cm s−1 and its propagation along the peninsula with propagation speed of about 0.6 m s−1 one half-day after the typhoon’s passage. Coastal-trapped waves (CTW) accompanied by downwelling were induced along the northwest
coast of the peninsula by the alongshore wind stress. The energy density flux due to the CTW flowed eastward along the coast,
and indicated scattering of the CTW around the eastern coast of the peninsula. In addition, significant near-inertial internal
gravity waves were also caused in the offshore region from the west of the Noto Peninsula to the north of the Tango Peninsula
by the typhoon’s passage. The energy flux density of the near-inertial fluctuations flowed southward off the Fukui coast,
and part of the energy flux was trapped on the tip of the Tango Peninsula, flowing with the coast on its right. It was found
that the strong current, Kyucho, at the northeastern tip of the Tango Peninsula was generated by superposition of the near-inertial internal gravity waves
and subinertial CTW. 相似文献
3.
S. A. Mosharov 《Oceanology》2010,50(6):884-892
The studies were performed from September 10 to 29 of 2007 in the Kara Sea in transects westward of the Yamal Peninsula, near
the St. Anna Trough, in the Ob River’s estuary, and on the adjacent shelf. The concentration of chlorophyll a in the euphotic layer changed from 0.02 to 4.37 mg/m3, amounting on the average to 0.76 mg/m3. The primary production in the water column varied from 10.9 to 148.0 mg C/m2 per day (the mean was 56.9 mg C/m2 per day). It was shown that frontal zones divided the Kara Sea into distinct areas with different productivities. The maximum
levels of the primary production were measured in the deep part of the Yamal transect (132.4 mg C/m2 per day) and the shallow Kara Sea shelf near the Ob River’s estuary (74.9 mg C/m2 per day). The characteristics of these regions were the low salinity of the surface water layer (19–25 psu) and the elevated
silicon content (12.8–28.1 μg-atom Si/l), which is explainable by the river water inflow. The frontal zones of the Yamal Current
in the Yamal and Ob transects displayed high values of the assimilation numbers, amounting to 2.32 and 1.49 mg C/mg of chlorophyll
per h, respectively (the maximal for the studied regions). 相似文献
4.
M. E. Vinogradov L. P. Lebedeva L. L. Anokhina G. M. Vinogradov D. N. Kulagin T. A. Lukasheva A. E. Lunina S. A. Mosharov E. I. Musaeva A. N. Stupnikova 《Oceanology》2011,51(5):814-825
The variability of the mesozooplankton stock in the shelf pelagic communities was studied in the late summer and autumn of
2006–2008. The plankton community’s structure and distribution were described for the shoreward transect (Gelendzhik city
vicinity). The indirect and direct effect of the ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata on the mesozooplankton community was studied. The long-term changes in the meso- and macroplankton communities of the Black
Sea were analyzed for the period of 2001–2008. The effects of the climatic factors, the water mass circulation, and the factors’
interplay on the mesozooplankton dynamics were assessed. Despite the wide range of the environmental conditions, the stock
biomass of Mnemiopsis leidyi appeared to be quite stable within the studied period. 相似文献
5.
The results of multiyear observations of the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the population structure, abundance,
and biomass of the arctic calanoids copepod Calanus glacialis in the White Sea are presented. The spring season represents the most crucial period for the population’s seasonal dynamics.
During the spring, the maximal abundance, biomass, and contribution of C. glacialis to the total zooplankton biomass is observed. The interannual variability of the abundance is closely related to the timing
of the spring warming of the upper water column and the respective shifts of the onset of reproduction and the offspring development.
The development of a new generation to the overwintering copepodite stage IV is usually completed three to four weeks later
in the cold years compared to the warm ones. Our multiyear observations suggest that C. glacialis could be more tolerant of Arctic warming than it is usually believed. The high abundance of the C. glacialis population in the White Sea indicates that this arctic species is able to cope with the seasonal surface warming and should
continue to do so, being provided with the cold water “refuge” in the deep sea. 相似文献
6.
L. I. Koprova B. V. Konovalov V. V. Pelevin D. V. Khlebnikov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(2):192-207
A complex analysis of the hydrooptical and dynamic parameters of the Atlantic surface waters has been made on the basis of
experimental data. It is shown that the structural properties of the distribution of the basic hydrooptical parameters—such
as the optical water-type index m (according to Prof. V.N. Pelevin’s classification), surface-water transparency (the depth of white-disc visibility Z
σ), circulation parameter (the dynamic height D at a depth of 100 m), and flow fields—are similar. On the basis of this, in the authors’ previous studies, relations between
these parameters were obtained and the empirical dependences Z
σ(m) and D(m) were found. These dependences and the earlier obtained relationships between biological and optical parameters-chlorophyll
concentrations c
p
(m) and the indices of light attenuation by a soluted “yellow substance” a
ys
(m) and suspended matter a
sm
(m)—were combined and formed the basis of a method to determine them at any point of the open ocean from the measured (also
remotely) parameter m. The results of the measurements of hydro-optical parameters (which were taken as part of the Meridian project from the Akademik Ioffe during its 14th voyage in October-November 2003) supported the validity of calculations of variations in the five parameters
indicated above from the values of the index m. Thus, the efficiency of the developed rapid method of estimating variations in a set of parameters according to the optical
water-type index m was demonstrated. In addition, the water’s “health” index H
w
proposed by Pelevin in 2002, which is equal to the ratio between chlorophyll concentrations and soluted yellow substance,
proved to be efficient at identifying the ecological state of the near-surface waters. 相似文献
7.
The results of the analysis of the stable oxygen isotopes content in shell carbonates for the purpose of the individual age
determination of the Rapana venosa gastropod (Valenciennes 1846) are presented. The data acquired via this method agreed with the number of spawning marks on
the shell surface. Additionally, the duration of the seasonal extrema can indicate the velocity of the shell’s growth throughout
the mollusk life, and the relative δ18O value in the shell’s near-apex increments, the season when a young shell comes out of its cocoon. It has been shown that
the common method of growth rings counting at the operculum is unreliable for a shell’s age determination. The distinguishing
of modal classes is ineffective as well, since the corridor of the variations in size for coeval individuals is very broad.
Apparently, such variable characteristics as the growth rate, the wall’s thickness, and the relative weight are greatly dependent
on the alimentary conditions, which are unequal even in the same biotope. 相似文献
8.
The results of model calculations and experimental research of turbulent jet propagation in a stratified environment with
reference to the Sand Island wastewater outfall (Hawaii) are considered. The jet’s emergence and initial dilution were estimated
on the basis of model calculations and experimental data of the stratified environment characteristics in 2003–2004. The reason
for the appearance of the bidirectional quasi-isopycnic structure in the waste and ocean water mixing area was clarified,
and an analysis of the TS index was carried out. The jet’s features as calculated from the model and obtained from measurements with hydrophysical
and hydrooptical instrumentation were found to closely correspond. The effects of the tides and hydrophysical conditions on
the waste water’s turbulent jet characteristics (the jet’s floating-up depth level) have been revealed. The outcomes of the
study corroborate the efficiency of the model as a tool for research of deep outfall turbulent jet propagation in the stratified
environment of coastal water areas. 相似文献
9.
The egg production rate (EPR) of Calanus sinicus was measured from March 2007 to April 2010 at three stations along the Korean coast of the Yellow Sea (in coastal waters
off Saemangum, Yeongheungdo, and Asan Bay) to estimate in situ maximum egg production rate (MEPR) and to understand whether the females were limited in their growth or fecundity in the
field. The mean EPR of C. sinicus at each sampling date ranged from 10.3–34.9 eggs female−1 d−1 (mean 23.4 eggs female−1 d−1), and the EPR of individual copepods ranged from 0–81 eggs female−1 d−1. The mean EPR was positively correlated with the body weight of female copepods. The MEPR at each sampling date ranged from
40–81 eggs female−1 d−1 (mean 50.4 eggs female−1 d−1). Over 84% of eggs spawned hatched successfully. The weight-specific growth rate (WSGR) ranged from 0.038–0.111 d−1 (mean 0.082 d−1), indicating that 3.8–11.1% of the carbon in an adult female was produced daily as female growth. The WSGR was negatively
correlated with water temperature. The ratio of mean EPR to observed mean MEPR ranged from 20–70% (mean 46%), indicating that
∼54% of a female’s growth might be limited in the field. We suggest that the ratio of observed EPR to mean MEPR of copepod
can be applied to understand how the copepod responds to environmental changes, as well as EPR and hatching success. 相似文献
10.
In application to the Crimean regional centre for satellite data reception, treatment, and dissemination, we have identified
the earth’s satellite-surveyed areas, with orbital heights (H) ranging from 650 to 750 km. This paper shows that for the Ukrainian territory and the Sea of Azov-Black Sea environment
to be monitored, the regional centre’s receiving station must be capable of receiving radar signals from a range of about
1500 km. For typical high-speed radio lines, this may be achieved through the use of a satellite data-receiving station, with
the antenna’s diameter being about 3 m.
Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
11.
Kazuya Ono Kay I. Ohshima Tokihiro Kono Motoyo Itoh Katsuro Katsumata Yuri N. Volkov Masaaki Wakatsuchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(2):281-291
Intensive CTD observations that resolve the mean and tidal components were done with a total of 129 casts in summer of 2001
at Bussol’ Strait. Based on these data and all the available historical data, we have revealed the outflow from Bussol’ Strait
to the Pacific and the significant diapycnal mixing in the strait. In the range 27.0−27.3σ
θ
, the water property in Bussol’ Strait is almost identical to that of the Kuril Basin Water (KBW). The KBW out of Bussol’
Strait forms a water mass front with the East Kamchatka Current Water (EKCW). This front also corresponds to the front of
the Oyashio Current. In the lower part of the intermediate layer (27.3−27.6σ
θ
), part of the water in the strait is characterized by lower temperature, lower salinity, and higher dissolved oxygen than
that of KBW and EKCW, which can be explained only by the diapycnal mixing. The strong diapycnal mixing in the strait can also
be shown by the density inversion, occurrence frequency of which corresponds well to the amplitude distribution of the diurnal
current. In the density range 26.7−26.8σ
θ
, the water in Bussol’ Strait has the lowest potential vorticity, suggesting that it is a source region of the low potential
vorticity water. Seasonal change of the water can reach up to a density of 26.8σ
θ
around Bussol’ Strait. This leads us to propose that the combination of winter convection and local tidal mixing leads to
effective ventilation of the intermediate layer. 相似文献
12.
Forty-two mesozooplankton samples were collected in the Barents Sea during the cruise of the R/V Dal’nie Zelentsy in August 2006. In total, 72 taxa of planktic animals were found. The minimal average mesozooplankton abundance was noted
in the Murmansk coastal waters in the south of the sea (154 ind./m3), while the maximal was noted in the Arctic waters (1533 ind./m3). The average wet biomass varied from 32 to 830 mg/m3. The zooplankton abundance and biomass exceeded the relevant average long-term parameters by 1.5–2 times and by 1.2–1.4 times,
respectively. The mean biodiversity (Shannon’s index) of the zooplankton communities was low: H′ = 1.62 ± 0.104 bit/ind. 相似文献
13.
A complex study of the influence of various environmental factors on the rate of the oxygen (MO
2), ammonium (MNH
4), and phosphate (MPO
4) metabolism in Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis has been carried out in situ in the Izmena Bay of Kunashir Island. The following environmental factors have been included
into the investigation: the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); the ammonium (NH4); the phosphate (PO4); and the tissue content of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chlorophyll a (Chl). The population of agar-containing seaweed A. tobuchiensis forms a layer with a thickness up to 0.5 m, which occupies about 23.3 km2; the population’s biomass is equal to 125000 tons. The quantitative assessment of the organic matter production and nutrient
consumption during the oxygen metabolism (MO
2) has been carried out for the whole population. It has been shown that the daily rate depends on the PAR intensity, the seawater
concentrations of PO4 and NH4, and the tissue content of N and P (r
2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). The daily NH4 consumption averages 0.21 μmol/(gDW h) and depends on the NH4 and O2 concentrations in the seawater and on the C and Chl a content in the algal tissues (r
2 = 0.64, p < 0.001). The daily PO4 consumption averages 0.01 μmol/(gDW h) and depends on the NH4 concentration in the seawater and on the P content in the algal tissues (r
2 = 0.40, p < 0.001). 相似文献
14.
M. B. Gokhberg V. M. Lapshin G. M. Steblov S. L. Shalimov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(9):1019-1027
The effects that the two Kuril undersea earthquakes of November 15, 2006, and January 13, 2007, had on the ionosphere are
considered on the basis of the results of measurements of variations in the ionosphere’s total electron content obtained from
the network of Russian GPS stations. Owing to a favorable location of the stations, the ionosphere’s response to these earthquakes
is studied in the vicinity of and far (up to distances on the order of 1000 km) from their epicenters. It is found that the
apparent velocity of propagation of ionospheric disturbances (1–3 km/s) significantly exceeds the velocity of propagation
of tsunami waves caused by earthquakes; this fact can be used in forecasting tsunamis. It is shown that, in parallel with
the known type of ionospheric response to earthquakes in the form of an N-wave, there is also its response in the form of an inverted N-wave in the vicinity of and far from their epicenters. The causes of occurrence of the response in the form of an inverted
N-wave are interpreted. 相似文献
15.
A. M. Koltunov P. Ya. Tishchenko V. I. Zvalinskii R. V. Chichkin V. B. Lobanov D. A. Nekrasov 《Oceanology》2009,49(5):643-654
In July 2007, integrated studies of the Amur Estuary and the adjacent aquatic areas were performed on board R/V Professor Gagarinskii within the project of the Amur River basin exploration. On the basis of the data obtained during the cruise, the carbonate
system of the Amur Estuary in the summer period was considered. It was shown that the distribution of the carbonate parameters
in the Amur Estuary and the adjacent aquatic areas points to the high intensity of the bio-geochemical processes of production
and mineralization of organic matter. It was found that the organic matter destruction is prevailing over the photosynthesis
in the riverine part of the estuary. This aquatic area is a source of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere and rates as a heterotrophic
basin. On the contrary, the surface waters at the outer boundaries of the estuary (the Gulf of Sakhalin and the Tatar Strait)
act as a sink of the atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is caused by the intense photosynthesis in this area. This part of
the estuary is treated as an autotrophic basin. 相似文献
16.
Using the authors’ data obtained during expeditions to the Sea of Okhotsk during the last decade, the primary phytoplankton
production and the distribution of organic carbon and chlorophyll a degradation products (chlorin) in the bottom sediments were studied. Using the authors’ and published data, the spatial distribution
of the production and paleoproduction indicators was plotted. The ratios of the chlorin and Corg content in the sediments was considered, and the correlation between these parameters was revealed. It was shown that the
average annual primary production of phytoplankton and the paleoproduction indices were maximum in the coastal and upwelling
zones and decreased towards the sea’s center. A quantitative correlation was found between the distribution of the present
primary production in the photic layer and that of the rates of the accumulation of organic matter buried within the surface
sediments. As a result, it was shown that the content of chlorin and Corg in the marine bottom sediments may be used to reconstruct the paleoproduction variability of the past. 相似文献
17.
The long-term studying of the reproduction of the spotted seal Phoca larga and the analysis of the oceanological conditions in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan have shown that the ice situation
is not right for the successful parturition and breeding of pups due to the impossibility of synchronization of the reproduction
processes with the dynamics and properties of the ice substratum. A major factor promoting the spotted seal’s coastal reproduction
in this area is the existence of an archipelago of small islands with a specific geomorphological structure. Being the historical
norm, the coastal reproduction has a number of advantages in comparison with ice reproduction and, as a whole, allows the
existence in Peter the Great Bay of local groupings of the spotted seal with extremely small numbers of members. 相似文献
18.
We study the processes of global self-regulation of Earth’s biota (GAIA-theory) by applying the method of adaptive balance of causes proposed by the authors. By using, as an example, the Daisy World model constructed by this method, we reveal the phenomenon of preservation of the mean temperature of Earth’s surface due
to the presence of the vegetation cover. We develop an integral model of global natural, social, and economic processes in
which the World Ocean is one of the factors regulating the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The decrease in the
amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by the GAIA-effects increases the number of hurricanes and floods on the Earth. As a result, the levels of ecological and social hazards
for the mankind become much higher. To eliminate these threats, it is necessary to intensify the processes of self-organization
of the society realized via the improvement of education, development of science, and global regulation of the competition
for natural resources. We present the results of numerical experiments performed by using the model demonstrating possible
scenarios of global development with regard for the processes of self-organization of the society.
__________
Translated From Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 3, Pp. 62–80, May–June, 2007. 相似文献
19.
Habitat suitability index of Chub mackerel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis>) from July to September in the East China Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The habitat quality of Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China Sea has been a subject of concern in the last 10 years due to large fluctuations in annual catches of
this stock. For example, the Chinese light-purse seine fishery recorded 84000 tons in 1999 compared to 17000 tons in 2006.
The fluctuations have been attributed to variability in habitat quality. The habitat suitability Index (HSI) has been widely
used to describe fish habitat quality and in fishing ground forecasting. In this paper we use catch data and satellite derived
environmental variables to determine habitat suitability indices for Chub mackerel during July to September in the East China
Sea. More than 90% of the total catch was found to come from the areas with sea surface temperature of 28.0°–29.4°C, sea surface
salinity of 33.6–34.2 psu, chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.15–0.50 mg/m3 and sea surface height anomaly of −0.1–1.1 m. Of the four conventional models of HSI, the Arithmetic Mean Model (AMM) was
found to be most suitable according to Akaike Information Criterion analysis. Based on the estimation of AMM in 2004, the
monthly HSIs in the waters of 123°–125°E and 27°30′–28°00′ N were more than 0.6 during July to September, which coincides
with the catch distribution in the same time period. This implies that AMM can yield a reliable prediction of the Chub mackerel’s
habitat in the East China Sea. 相似文献
20.
In this paper the 0-1 combined BEM is adopted to subdivide the computational domain boundary,and to discretize the Green’s integral expression based on Laplace equation.The FEM is used to subdivide the wave surface and deduce the surface equation which satisfies the nonlinear boundary conditions on the surface.The equations with potential function and wave surface height as an unknown quantity by application of Taylor expansion approach can be solved by iteration within the time step.In m-time iteration within the computational process of time step(n-1)Δt to nΔt,the results of the previous iteration are taken as the initial value of the two-order unknown terms in the present iteration.Thus,an improved tracking mode of nonlinear wave surface is established,and numerical results of wave tank test indicate that this mode is improved obviously and is more precise than the previous numerical model which ignored the two-order unknown terms of wave surface location and velocity potential function in comparison with the theoretical values. 相似文献