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1.
北方荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分布特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量的空间分布特征对揭示中国陆地生态系统的碳储量具有重要意义,同时对于了解区域尺度上畜牧业发展潜力、生物多样性现状、以及生态系统稳定性具有一定的作用。利用北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区144个草地样点的植被地上生物量数据,分析地上生物量的空间分布特征及其与多年平均降水量、多年平均温度、海拔高度等环境因素的相关关系。结果表明,北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地单位面积地上生物量的空间分布高度异质,在5.5~371.2 g·m-2之间波动,平均地上生物量为83.3 g·m-2。北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量在经向和纬向上的分布均有明显的规律性。相关分析显示,植被地上生物量与纬度之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),与经度之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。草地地上生物量与年降水量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),但和海拔高度、年平均温度之间无显著相关性,这意味着水分条件是导致北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分异的重要因素。 相似文献
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研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。 相似文献
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How species diversity–productivity relationships respond to temporal dynamics and land use is still not clear in semi-arid grassland
ecosystems. We analyzed seasonal changes of the relationships between vegetation cover, plant density, species richness, and aboveground
biomass in grasslands under grazing and exclosure in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China. Our results showed that in
grazed and fenced grassland, vegetation cover, richness, and biomass were lower in April than in August, whereas plant density
showed a reverse trend. Vegetation cover during the growing season and biomass in June and August were higher in fenced grassland
than in grazed grassland, whereas plant density in April and June was lower in fenced grassland than in grazed grassland. A negative
relationship between species richness and biomass was found in August in fenced grassland, and in grazed grassland the relationship
between plant density and biomass changed from positive in April to negative in August. The relationship between the density of the
dominant plant species and the total biomass also varied with seasonal changes and land use (grazing and exclosure). These results
suggest that long-term grazing, seasonal changes, and their interaction significantly influence vegetation cover, plant density, and biomass
in grasslands. Plant species competition in fenced grassland results in seasonal changes of the relationship between species richness
and biomass. Long-term grazing also affects seasonal changes of the density and biomass of dominant plant species, which further
affects the seasonal relationship between plant density and biomass in grasslands. Our study demonstrates the importance of temporal
dynamics and land use in understanding the relationship between species richness and ecosystem function. 相似文献
4.
水分是干旱区生态过程的第一非生物限制因子,土壤氮由于直接影响着生物生产力和土壤生态过程而被认为是仅次于水分的限制因子。利用人工施加氮肥的控制试验研究了荒漠植被草本层片植物在多度、物种丰富度、高生长以及地上部分生物量等群落学特征对不同施肥处理的响应。结果表明,在施肥量分别为12.5、25、50 g·m-2时,样方植物多度和物种丰富度在施肥当年和第二年较对照均有不同程度的降低,且施肥量越高,降低越明显,这一结果支持来自典型草地和森林植被生物多样性对氮素增加或氮降沉增加响应的结论,即氮素的增加会使生物多样性减少。地上部分生物量对施氮肥的响应在施肥当年(年降水量为多年平均值的1.4倍)和第二年(年降水量为多年平均值的0.7倍)表现出相反的规律,即施肥当年随着施肥量的增加生物量显著增加,而在第二年则显著减小,说明水肥耦合同样有利于荒漠生态系统生物生产力的提高。氮素对植物高生长的影响不明显,各施肥梯度与对照相比均无显著性差异(P>0.05),这可能主要取决于荒漠草本植物本身固有的生物学特性。 相似文献
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火因子是生态系统中重要的干扰因素,对生态系统格局与过程有着深远的影响。采用人为放火的方法研究了草原化荒漠草本层片植物物种丰富度、地上部生物量、植物多度以及高度等群落学特征对火因子的响应。结果表明,火烧后两年（2008—2009年）,火烧样地单位面积中草本层片植物物种丰富度有所降低;植物多度多于对照样地,但无显著性差异（P>0.05）。火烧后当年,火烧样地中草本植物地上部生物量显著高于对照样地（P<0.05）,第2年地上部生物量无显著性差异（P>0.05）,说明火烧后当年有利于提高荒漠生态系统生物生产力,而第2年该效应消除。火烧后当年,研究区3种主要草本植物多根葱、无芒隐子草和茵陈蒿的高度受到了抑制,第2年其高度较对照样地又有所增长,但另一主要植物刺蓬则与其他3种植物反应相反,这可能与荒漠草本植物种不同生长特性有关。 相似文献
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Semi-arid ecosystems are privileged sites to address the effects of plant interactions on community structure and dynamics because environmental conditions are demanding and may change quickly, altering in significant ways the balance between positive and negative effects among neighboring plants. Plant interaction processes have been well documented in the semi-arid region of Southeast Spain over the last 15 years. In this article we review the growing body of research on plant–plant interactions available from this area, highlighting its importance in increasing our knowledge on this field of study. This review has been organized in five sections, i) facilitation mechanisms; ii) the nurse effect; iii) the balance of interactions and environmental, ontogenic, temporal, and spatial gradients; iv) the effects of facilitation on biodiversity; and, v) facilitation and ecosystem functioning. Mechanisms of facilitation in these systems are relatively well known, but not completely explored. In these environments competition, mainly for water, is intense between neighbors and switches in intensity from belowground to aboveground as productivity increases. By contrast, facilitation may decrease quickly with increasing productivity, although the balance between facilitation and competition is not fully understood, and is further complicated because shifts can also be driven by factors such as life history or physiology of interacting species. Positive interactions are critical for maintaining biodiversity in some ecosystems in SE Spain, but their role as a driver of ecosystem functioning is less clear. Research on plant–plant interactions in this region has been highly influential and has contributed to our overall understanding of plant community dynamics. Despite the important progress achieved during the last 15 years, there is still substantial scope for exploring the effects of plant interactions at the ecosystem level, and their role as modulators of disturbances such as the current global environmental change. 相似文献
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This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive (e.g. nematode) and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China. 相似文献
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Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales... 相似文献
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湿地是人类生存和发展的主要环境之一,城镇化进程严重影响了湿地生态系统。从城镇化对湿地的景观格局、水文、生物多样性影响方面综述了城镇化对湿地生态系统影响的研究进展。研究发现城镇化改变了湿地的景观格局,使湿地面积不断减少,景观破碎化,湿地异质性增大,连通性降低。城镇化改变了湿地的水文条件,使天然调蓄能力减弱,径流系数增强,洪峰流量增大,水土流失加重,河网和水系结构特征改变,水质受到严重影响。城镇化降低了湿地生物多样性,使物种丰富度和分布降低,珍稀物种因丧失生境而灭绝,生物入侵增强,进而导致种群组成和生态系统的功能发生变化。最后提出了在全球变化背景下城镇化对湿地影响研究的新方向及其保护措施建议。 相似文献
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以黑河中游人工绿洲边缘天然草地及其转变的人工梭梭灌木林（21 a）、人工杨树林（28 a）、人工樟子松林（33 a）和农田（开垦27 a和100 a）为研究对象,基于6种研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的调查数据,采用多变量排序和通径分析等方法,研究了土地利用/覆被变化与管理措施对中小型土壤动物群落及其主要类群演变的耦合效应。主要结果是:①将天然草地转变为未实施管理措施的人工梭梭灌木林后并未引起土壤动物群落组成、数量和物种多样性的显著变化,而转变为实施管理措施的杨树和樟子松人工林及农田后,导致了土壤动物群落组成、数量和物种多样性的变异,证实了土地覆被变化对中小型土壤动物群落的作用及其效应受管理措施的强烈调控。②土壤动物群落的演变过程受土地覆被变化与灌溉和施肥管理的共同影响,其中灌溉的贡献率最大,是关键驱动因子。③不同土壤动物类群对土地覆被变化和管理耦合作用的响应不同。灌溉对跳虫、甲螨和革螨的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应最大;施肥对辐螨的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应最大;灌溉和施肥对稀有类群的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应均较大,具同等重要的作用。结论是,土地覆被变化与管理耦合作用通过改变土壤水文和生态环境条件驱动了中小型土壤动物群落的演变过程。 相似文献
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Evaluation of the ecological effects of eco-compensation policies helps analyze policy rationality and feasibility and provides scientific and practical bases for perfecting eco-compensation systems. Taking the key ecological function area of the Loess Plateau, China as a case study, we have evaluated ecosystem responses to the Grain-for-Green Project that commenced in 1999. Six indicators were selected to assess changes in ecosystem structure, quality and function. The results showed that implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project has reduced sloping cropland by 1571 km2 and increased ecological land by 1337 km2. The increase in ecological land alters ecosystem structures across the study area and the decline in sloping cropland reduces farming activity interference; both of these are conducive to the restoration of natural vegetation. From 2000 to 2010, the vegetation cover of grassland, desert and forest ecosystems increased 10.89%, 8.34% and 4.24% respectively and average NPP rose 51%, with an average annual growth rate of around 5%. This indicates that eco-compensation has promoted the improvement of ecosystem quality. Total biomass of ecosystems increased two times on average from 2000 to 2010, meaning that the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems also increased. The reduction in the area of water loss and soil erosion and the increase in retained runoff by forests indicate an improvement in ecosystem function and services on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
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围封对退化沙质草地植物群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对科尔沁沙地围封草地和放牧草地群落的种类组成、结构和多样性等特征进行比较研究。结果表明：（1）围封草地盖度、密度、地上生物量、高度均优于放牧草地（P<0.01）。与放牧相比,围封使植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量分别提高了237%、429%、77%和218%,植物群落结构得到明显改善。（2）与放牧草地相比,围封草地物种数增加了69%,多年生草本、灌木类种数和重要值均高于放牧草地。放牧草地的优势植物种依次是大果虫实（Corispermum macrocarpum）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、差巴嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）,重要值占72%;而围封草地优势植物种依次是达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、虎尾草（Chloris virgate）和画眉草（Eragrostis pilosa）,重要值占57%,大果虫实、狗尾草和差巴嘎蒿逐渐处于群落的次要地位,取而代之的是与其环境条件相匹配的优质豆科和禾本科植物。围封使物种组成多样化,科属组成复杂化,优势物种发生了变化,群落结构和功能得到改善,沙地植被得以恢复。（3）围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、均匀度指数均大于放牧草地。围封增加了群落的物种多样性,群落的稳定性得以提高。 相似文献
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藏北高原高寒草地围栏禁牧和生长季降水对物种丰富度和多样性的影响(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2009和2010年夏天沿藏北高原高寒草地样带调查了高寒草地生态系统(高寒草甸、高寒草原和荒漠草原)在围栏禁牧和自由放牧管理下的物种丰富度和多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)。研究结果显示:自2006年起藏北高原围栏禁牧在植被类型和区域尺度上没有显著改变物种丰富度和多样性。物种丰富度和多样性主要受生长季降水驱动,超过87%的变异可由生长季降水来解释。物种丰富度和多样性在自由放牧和围栏禁牧2类样地对生长季降水的响应方式一致。物种丰富度随降水呈指数型增长关系,多样性指数则呈现正线性关系。研究结果预示藏北高原地区生长季降水的变化对于物种丰富度和多样性管理至关重要,在未来高寒草地保护研究中应予以重视。 相似文献
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放牧强度对科尔沁沙地沙质草地植被的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了研究科尔沁沙地沙质草地在不同放牧强度下植被特征的变化规律,比较了围封、中度放牧、重度放牧3种条件下的植被盖度、群落组成、物种多样性、地上/地下生物量和凋落物量等植被特征的变化特征。结果表明:(1)围封、中度放牧和重度放牧沙质草地的优势植物均为一年生植物,但围封和中度放牧中多年生禾本科植物优势度高于重度放牧,重度放牧沙质草地一年生植物所占优势度最大;(2)放牧强度对沙质草地植被盖度、地上生物量及凋落物量有显著影响。随着放牧强度的增加,植被盖度、地上生物量和凋落物量均降低;(3)围封、中度放牧和重度放牧沙质草地物种丰富度及多样性差异均不显著;(4)放牧强度和土壤深度及其交互作用均能影响地下生物量。随着放牧强度的增加,总的地下根系生物量减小。而重度放牧草地中, 3个土壤深度间地下根系生物量差异不显著。放牧改变了沙质草地植物群落的组成、极大降低了植被盖度和生产力;尤其是重度放牧急剧增加了一年生植物的优势、且对浅层根分布的减少影响最大。 相似文献
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中国沿海陆地自然保护区景观连接度评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人类社会发展进入人新世时期,以人类活动为主导的高频率干扰和自然资源的高强度开发对生态环境造成严重威胁,提升自然保护区的景观连接度是缓解和应对外界干扰的关键手段之一。传统意义上景观连接度研究侧重于景观基质对物种迁徙的累积负向阻碍作用,评价体系中忽略了生物多样性对物种迁徙的正向支持作用。本文以中国沿海省份作为研究区域,将生物多样性空间分布作为生态系统关键功能的表征,并将其纳入景观连接度评价体系,构建了生态廊道的连通适宜性及生态支持力二维评价新方法,进一步分析人类活动干扰和物种空间分布对自然保护区景观连接度的影响。研究结果表明沿海地区人类活动对景观连接度的影响存在明显的边缘效应,即自然保护区边缘地带的人类干扰范围（46.46%）明显高于其内部区域,人类活动干扰使保护区面积减少约720.25 km2,且造成廊道起点和终点位置的改变。自然保护区边缘地带人类干扰导致了研究区域内95条廊道的连通适宜性下降;78条廊道的生态支持力有明显提升,“一降一升”的评价结果能有效地衡量景观基质对物种迁移的支持能力变化。基于景观基质阻碍和促进作用的二维评价可为中国未来自然保护区连通性和生物多样性保护提供更为全面的时空格局动态变化模拟,为优化自然保护区空间布局提供更为完善的景观连接度评估新方法。 相似文献
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Walter G. Whitford 《Journal of Arid Environments》1997,37(4):709-720
Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H′) of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass,Eragrostis lehmanniana, in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H′), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat,Dipodomys spectabilis, are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such askeystone speciesmay be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity. 相似文献
20.
基于遥感和InVEST模型的白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空格局研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以甘肃白龙江流域为例,结合遥感、GIS技术和InVEST模型,从景观地理学角度选取区域生境质量、植物净初级生产力和景观状态指数为评价指标,构建区域景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局综合评估方法,并在栅格像元尺度上开展白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空变化特征分析。结果表明：白龙江流域景观生物多样性空间格局差异显著,其生物多样性高值区主要集中在自然保护区和林业管护区,低值区主要分布在舟曲-武都-文县的白龙江两岸及其以北区域、宕昌县岷江沿岸、高寒稀疏植被区和高山积雪-裸岩区。1990~2010年,流域景观生物多样性较为丰富,整体呈现不断增长的趋势,个别局部区域减弱,其增长区主要体现在生态工程实施区和林业管护区,减少区多分布在人类活动频繁的城乡农耕区和灾害多发区。 相似文献