共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
广州市人行天桥叶面滞尘粒度特征及其来源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对2009 年广州城区36 座人行天桥上采集的植被叶面滞尘样品进行粒度分析,粒度结果显示：叶面滞尘多为沙质粉沙,粉沙、沙和黏土体积分数的平均值分别为53.99%、41.34%和4.67%;粒度频率分布呈三峰型,主峰态在10~200 μm 之间。4 个市辖区叶面滞尘的粒度特征都较为相似,说明整个广州城区的叶面滞尘在成因和来源上都较为一致。叶面滞尘中的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP≤100 μm）体积分数极高,PM2.5 和PM10 体积分数略低;PM2.5/PM10 的平均值为0.36,推测其更多来自道路扬尘与建筑扬尘等局地污染源。风沙动力研究指示：其物源主要是由城区30km范围内短距离悬浮搬运而来,属内源性颗粒物。 相似文献
2.
天山东部冰川积雪中大气粉尘的沉积特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对我国天山东部三个研究点乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川、奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川和哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川积雪中大气粉尘沉积进行了分析研究。微粒特征分析表明,自西向东随着研究点地理环境的变化,积雪中不溶微粒的质量浓度、沉积通量和体积粒径分布众数都表现出增高趋势：奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川最小,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川次之,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川最大;三个研究点粒径0．57〈d〈26μm微粒的平均质量浓度分别是969μg／kg、1442μg／kg、3690μg／kg,年均沉积通量分别是58．2μg／cm^2、72．1μg／cm^2、73．8μg／cm^2。表明,哈密冰川受粉尘源影响较大．而乌鲁木齐河源与奎屯河源区受影响则相对较小。雪坑微粒浓度剖面和离子相关性分析表明,天山东部冰川积雪中污化层富含亚洲粉尘的富Ca^2＋、Na^2＋矿物;微粒体积一粒径分布众数介于3-22μm．粒径分布显示了单结构模式。研究区最近4年积雪的污化层剖面揭示了春季零星的粉尘浓度峰值以及沉积数量上较大的年际变化,意味着天山东部雪冰中粉尘沉积对大气环境变化的敏感性。 相似文献
3.
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):381-400
Eolian erosion typically has not been considered a significant process on the humid southeastern coastal plain of the United States. A preliminary study of eolian erosion from an agricultural field was undertaken during the late winter of 2002 and early spring of 1999. During those times local agricultural practices leave fields bare while frontal systems produce frequent high wind events. Dust emissions were measured with two samplers; modified Wilson and Cooke passive dust traps and high-volume air samplers. Results of the study indicate that wind erosion is a significant process on agricultural fields of the North Carolina Coastal plain. Dust flux off of the field during the largest of five measured events was estimated as high as 126 kg/m with total losses of 3070 kg/ha. Atmospheric concentrations of suspended material were measured at 58,815 μgm-3. Sediment erosion was not evenly distributed across the field. Erosion was focused over soils that are better drained. Low levels of soil moisture did not eliminate erosion but instead produced pulses of sediment emission as sustained wind continually dried then activated sequential layers of the field surface. Soil moisture and topography appear to be the primary controls on spatial erosion differences and soil characteristics likely play a secondary role. 相似文献
4.
Analysis on the temporal-spatial distribution character and
effect factors of PM10 in the hinterland of Taklimakan
Desert and surrounding area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In recent years, the physical and chemical properties of dust aerosols from the dust source area in northern China have attracted
increased attention. In this paper, Thermo RP 1400a was used for online continuous observation and study of the hinterland of
Taklimakan, Tazhong, and surrounding areas of Kumul and Hotan from 2004 to 2006. In combination with weather analysis during a
sandstorm in the Tazhong area, basic characteristics and influencing factors of dust aerosol PM10 have been summarized as below: (1)
The occurrence days of floating dust and blowing dust appeared with an increasing trend in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan, while the
number of dust storm days did not significantly change. The frequency and intensity of dust weather were major factors affecting the
concentration of dust aerosol PM10 in the desert. (2) The mass concentration of PM10 had significant regional distribution characteristics,
and the mass concentration at the eastern edge of Taklimakan, Kumul, was the lowest; second was the southern edge of the desert,
Hotan; and the highest was in the hinterland of the desert, Tazhong. (3) High values of PM10 mass concentration in Kumul was from
March to September each year; high values of PM10 mass concentration in Tazhong and Hotan were distributed from March to August
and the average concentration changed from 500 to 1,000 g/m3, respectively. (4) The average seasonal concentration changes of
PM10 in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan were: spring > summer > autumn > winter; the highest average concentration of PM10 in Tazhong,
was about 1,000 g/m3 in spring and between 400 and 900 g/m3 in summer, and the average concentration was lower in autumn and
winter, basically between 200 and 400 g/m3. (5) PM10 concentration during the sandstorm season was just over two times the concentration
of the non-sandstorm season in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan. The average concentrations of sandstorm season in Tazhong
were 6.2 and 3.6 times the average concentrations of non-sandstorm season in 2004 and 2008, respectively. (6) The mass concentration
of PM10 had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm.
The wind speed directly affects the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere, the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration.
Temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also
indirectly affect the concentration change of PM10 in the atmosphere. 相似文献
5.
西藏贡嘎沙尘天气气候及环流特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用1978-2012年西藏贡嘎的浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴资料,分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的气候特征。结果表明:贡嘎沙尘天气冬、春季最多,秋季较少,夏季很少发生;扬沙和沙尘暴主要发生在午后,浮尘则全天均可发生;近35年来,扬沙和沙尘暴呈波动减少趋势,减少幅度分别约为7 d-10a和2.2 d-10a,浮尘约以0.5 d/10a的幅度呈不显著增加趋势;基于2005-2012年沙尘天气同期红外差值沙尘指数(IDDI)空间分布图和地面流场、沙地分布图,定性得出贡嘎、尼木、南木林、日喀则、拉孜区域的雅鲁藏布江沿岸沙地是贡嘎沙尘天气的沙尘来源。利用沙尘暴天气个例分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的地面气象要素和高空环流特征,发现相对湿度小、风速大、连续多日无降水是沙尘天气的地面气象要素特征,高空环流形势可分为阻塞型(占40%)、干南支槽型(占17%)、西北气流型(占26%)和热低压型(占17%)等4类。 相似文献
6.
7.
黄土高原现代天然降尘的组成、通量和磁化率 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
黄土高原现代天然降尘的季节性变化研究表明，矿物粉尘是天然粉尘的主要组成成分，有机质和污染物以夏季粉尘中含量最高，粉尘的磁化率在80－150单位之间，明显高于冰期黄土，指示着间冰期时原始粉尘的磁化率就已受到气候条件的影响，粉尘沉积通量的季节性变化在高原北部较大，中部和南部变化较小，年累积通量也是北部明显高于基本相当的其它地区，分析粉尘沉积的气候过程认为，黄土坑原的天然防尘主要表现为常态存在的非尘暴降尘，大部分为近距离低空再搬运粉尘，其沉积通量与地表的干燥度密切相关，部分来自内陆远源沙漠，通过高空西风气流转输，冬季风粉尘在大部分黄土高原略高于其它季节粉尘，而在西北部显著增高。 相似文献
8.
为了探究过去150 a来大气粉尘沉降历史及其对季风边缘区和季风影响区的影响差异,利用长白山典型雨养泥炭灰分粒度、成岩化学元素、210Pb和137Cs年代等指标重建过去大气粉尘变化,并与大兴安岭摩天岭雨养泥炭粉尘记录进行比较。东北山地泥炭灰分主要以粘土颗粒和粉砂颗粒物为主。中值粒径和成岩元素特征也初步揭示东北山地泥炭中矿物灰分主要源于蒙古国和中国北方沙漠和沙地的土壤尘。大气土壤尘降通量自19世纪初至20世纪60年代表现出逐渐增加的趋势,与区域近代化、工业化和战争等人类活动强度增加一致。在过去60 a间具有减小的趋势,与区域自然尘暴的监测数据吻合较好。东北地区长距离传输的大气土壤尘降通量背景基线为(5.2±2.6) g m-2 a-1。长白山大气土壤尘降通量（5~38 g m-2 a-1）小于大兴安岭（14~68 g m-2 a-1）,揭示了大气尘降随着与尘源区的距离增加而递减,对东北地区西部的影响要强于对东部的影响。 相似文献
9.
在科尔沁固定、半固定及流动沙地上,测定了沙地植被的主要建群植物——差不嘎蒿种群及其无性系构件的热值,得出如下结论:①差不嘎蒿植物种群干物质热值表现为:Q1固定沙地 > Q1半固定沙地 > Q1流动沙地,且固定沙地和半固定沙地极显著地高于流动沙地。②差不嘎蒿植物种群所有构件的有机干物质比无显著性差异,干物质热值和去灰分热值的变化趋势基本一致,Q1固定沙地 > Q1半固定沙地≥Q1流动沙地,Q2固定沙地 > Q2半固定沙地 ≥ Q2流动沙地。③差不嘎蒿植物种群各发育时期干物质热值、去灰分热值和有机干物质比表现出不同程度的差异。一般干物质热值表现为:Q1营养体 > Q1生殖枝 > Q1生殖枯枝。④营养体不同龄枝去灰分热值在固定沙地随枝龄的增加而显著地提高,流动沙地则随着枝龄的增加而显著地下降;半固定沙地介于两者之间,表现为中龄枝的去灰分热值显著地高于其它龄枝。⑤差不嘎蒿植物种群同一构件的有机干物质比与去灰分热值的相关性,除四龄枝外,其它各构件基本上表现为正相关,尤其是三龄枝最为典型;分析同一生境中处于不同发育状态的有机干物质比和去灰分热值呈现出负相关性,尤以固定沙地最为典型。 相似文献
10.
John E. Stout 《Journal of Arid Environments》2001,47(4):425
Continuous measurements of dust reveal the intermittent nature of dust events within the Southern High Plains of North America. Dust events appear as sudden peaks that project outward from a much lower background dust concentration. The measured dust record appears to follow a regular annual cycle with most dust events occurring in spring and considerably fewer during other seasons. The annual dust cycle reflects seasonal changes in environmental factors such as wind speed, surface cover, and moisture conditions. Most dust events are associated with a combination of strong winds, negligible surface cover, and dry conditions, all of which occur most frequently during the spring season. Wind speed alone is found to be an imperfect indicator of dust levels in the Southern High Plains because of the moderating effects of other important environmental factors such as humidity and surface cover. However, if one limits consideration to dry and bare conditions, dust concentration exhibits a positive correlation with daily wind speeds above 4 m s−1and a negligible correlation for light winds. 相似文献
11.
祁连山西段冰川积雪中大气粉尘沉积特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于2012 年夏季野外考察、微粒粒度测试和扫描电镜(SEM-EDX) 微观形貌观测研究, 对位于我国青藏高原东北缘的祁连山西段典型极大陆型冰川区老虎沟12 号冰川、野牛沟十一冰川积雪中大气粉尘沉积进行了分析研究。两冰川区积雪中微粒的平均质量浓度分别是3461 μg/kg、2876 μg/kg, 年均沉积通量分别是207.6 μg/cm2、143.8 μg/cm2。将本研究区与其他区域冰川积雪中粉尘浓度对比研究表明, 冰川受周边粉尘源区影响较大。雪坑微粒浓度剖面和离子相关性分析表明, 祁连山西段冰川积雪中污化层富含亚洲粉尘的富Ca2+、Na+矿物;微粒体积-粒径分布众数介于3~22 μm, 两冰川区的粒径众数分别为12.6 μm和12 μm, 粒径分布均显示了单结构模式, 同时反映了祁连山冰川区与毗邻的天山地区雪冰中粉尘粒径分布模式的相似性和粒径众数的差异性。通过SEM-EDX对粉尘颗粒的微观结构研究发现, 颗粒绝大多数为形貌不规则的矿物粉尘颗粒, 和很少数量的飞灰颗粒等。同时, 对粉尘来源结合Sr-Nd同位素测定和气团后向轨迹分析进行验证, 认为位于研究区北边的巴丹吉林沙漠是祁连山12号冰川区粉尘最可能的源区。 相似文献
12.
沙粒的表面磨蚀效应是地表产尘、释尘的重要机制,针对干湖盆泥漠地表开展磨蚀释尘实验研究,对理解干湖盆地表风蚀过程及盐碱尘暴形成机理具有重要意义。对采自西居延海干涸湖盆泥漠地表土样进行室内磨蚀模拟实验,研究了不同粒级（细、中、粗）沙粒不同落沙角度（30°,45°,60°）的磨蚀效应。结果表明：（1）泥漠地表磨蚀实验中能够产生明显释尘效应的沙粒粒级阈值为中沙（0.25 mm<Md<0.50 mm）;（2）磨蚀粒径粒级相同时,磨蚀角度会对泥漠地表磨蚀释尘速率产生影响,磨蚀量的角度排序为60°>30°>45°,但同一粒级3种角度下的磨蚀释尘率差异不显著。（3）磨蚀角度为45°时,计算了泥漠地表的质量磨蚀率与能量磨蚀率,其中中沙为0.04 g·kg-1、0.43 g·J-1,粗沙为0.08 g·kg-1、0.74 g·J-1,极粗沙为0.26 g·kg-1、2.54 g·J-1;在磨蚀沙粒粒级倍增而磨蚀角度不变情况下,泥漠地表磨蚀释尘率与能量磨蚀率未发生正比例线性增长变化。 相似文献
13.
14.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中沙漠植物园内10种阔叶植物的叶面滞尘和同一环境中集尘缸降尘进行取样,利用沉积物的粒度分析方法,研究了不同种植物叶面滞尘的粒度特征。结果表明：（1）植物叶面滞尘平均粒径为16～61 μm,以粉沙和极细沙为主,粉沙（65.85%）和黏土（7.77%）含量大于集尘缸降尘中的相应含量（32.01%,3.19%）;植物叶面滞尘分选性较差,分选系数为1.42～1.74;偏度属于近对称、正偏或极正偏;峰态中等偏窄,峰度值集中在1.019～1.375。与集尘缸降尘相比,植物叶面滞尘颗粒偏细,分选性偏差,整体正偏程度偏小,峰态偏宽。（2）10种植物叶面滞尘粒度也存在差异,平均粒径排序为灰杨<银沙槐<沙枣<小叶白蜡<沙冬青<枸杞<沙打旺<铃铛刺<胀果甘草<白刺,表明植物叶面对大气降尘的滞留和吸附具有很强的选择性,而这种选择性是植物叶面特性（是否有绒毛或褶皱等）、植物生活型（乔木、灌木、草本）以及与之相应的风沙流颗粒分布、近地表小气候特征等因素综合作用的表现。（3）粒度参数相关散点图表明10种植物叶面滞尘、集尘缸降尘沉积环境不同,而平均粒径与分选性对沉积环境变化响应最为敏感。 相似文献
15.
The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of the major soil/sediment surfaces in the Southern Aral Sea Basin to the dust generation potential of this region. Eight crusts and soils/sediments from seven sites, representative of these surfaces, were sampled in the field and their major characteristics (particle size distribution, organic carbon content, carbonate content, salt content and composition) that are related to dust generation, were determined. The PM10 and PM2·5 dust generation potential of the materials was determined in the laboratory using the Lubbock Dust Generation, Analysis and Sampling System (LDGASS). The highest amount of PM10 dust (579·3 mg.m−3) was generated from the Takyr crust material. The lowest by one Solonchak salt crust material (39·6 mg.m−3). Salt crusts from the desiccated Aral Sea bottom generated intermediate amounts of dust.The experimental results indicate that the Takyrs and Takyr-like soils, that occupy over 1 million ha in the Southern Aral Sea Basin, constitute the surfaces with the highest potential for being the source for the severe dust storms of the area. Second to the Takyr soils, the Solonchaks and Solonchak-like soils, also with an extent of over 1 million ha, contribute highly saline dust. To these must be added a large, as yet uncharted, proportion of the approximately 4 million ha of exposed sea bed, that exhibit Solonchak-like characteristics. 相似文献
16.
In the Ebinur region of Western Dzungaria, strong wind flows from Dzungarian Gate predetermine the widespread development of deflation processes. As a result of human-induced desiccation of Lake Ebinur, a new source of the loose material—the dry lakebed—has formed, which has intensified dust storms in this region. Annual dynamics of the frequency and intensity of dust storms and the amount and chemical composition of salts in the eolian material deposited in the area have been studied. The frequency of dust storms and the intensity of dust and salt deposition regularly decrease with an increase in the distance from the dry lake bottom (playa). The amount of dust deposition ranges from 600 (near the lake) to 70 (100–200 km from the lake) g/m2/a. The amount of salts precipitating with dust is mainly from 14 to 27 g/m2/a; the maximum registered amount of salt deposition is 77 g/m2/a. As shown in our study, the farther from the lake, the higher the portion of sulfate and calcium and the smaller the portion of chloride and sodium ions in the composition of salts. 相似文献
17.
风化成壤对原始粉尘粒度组成的改造证据 总被引：20，自引：9，他引：11
对现代粉尘、黄土、古土壤、红粘土全样和对应石英样的粒度分析结果表明,现代粉尘和对应石英样的粒度组成最为相似,而其它经历了风化成壤改造后的全样,粒度组成发生了不同程度的变化,其中以古土壤和红粘土样尤为显著。全样和石英样品的平均粒径比值变化,反映了原始粉尘经风化成壤改造而细化的程度,可能与夏季风强度关系密切。灵台剖面L6以来的黄土—古土壤序列的磁化率、全样和石英样平均粒径及其比值变化对比表明,在冰期-间冰期旋回时间尺度上,全样和石英样平均粒径记录的冬季风变化特征类似,但在千年时间尺度上,平均粒径比值和石英样的平均粒径变化则揭示出东亚季风具有更高频次的变率特征。 相似文献
18.
海洋大气粉尘是海气相互作用的桥梁。由于现代大气粉尘沉积在时空尺度上具有广泛性和可观察性,使其成为研究海洋海气相互作用的重要基础和手段。而位于世界屋脊青藏高原南翼的东北印度洋,是全球海洋生产力最强和生物多样性最丰富的海域之一,然而,关于海洋现代粉尘的研究还未见相关的报道。文章通过对东北印度洋2020年9―11月的大气粉尘进行走航收集,分析大气粉尘样品沉积通量,利用空气粒子模型模拟粉尘传播途径,对粉尘石英颗粒进行扫描电镜及能谱分析;再结合全球遥感数据,首次对东北印度洋大气粉尘沉积的现代过程进行探讨。研究发现,东北印度洋大气粉尘沉积通量变化在221~1 221 mg/cm2/d之间,研究期内粉尘日沉积通量最高值出现在冬季风盛行的11月中旬,而最低值则在夏季风控制的9月下旬,前者通量约是后者6倍;粉尘沉积通量变化主要受粉尘源区距离的影响,而粉尘粒径大小和风力强度有关。空气粒子模拟结果显示,粉尘的传播过程受大气环流系统的季节性和区域性控制,结合大气气溶胶数据可进一步探讨粉尘的源汇过程。此外,现代粉尘石英颗粒表面结构具有明显的风成环境沉积特征,石英颗粒磨圆度较好,具有蛇曲脊或“U”型坑,明显区别于水成环境下石英颗粒磨圆度差,具有贝壳状断口及“V”型坑等特征,可作为在沉积物中区分不同搬运动力组分的依据。 相似文献
19.
兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。 相似文献
20.
沙尘天气过程对中国北方城市空气质量的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
2014年4月23-25日中国北方地区经历了一次大范围的强沙尘天气过程.利用13个城市的空气质量和气象数据结合后向轨迹模式和MODIS deep-blue气溶胶光学厚度数据,研究沙尘天气过程对中国北方城市空气质量的影响,特别是对PM2.5质量浓度的贡献。结果表明:来源于塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区的沙尘途经甘肃西北部和内蒙古中西部的沙漠区进而影响下游城市。MODIS deep-blue气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布能够较好地反映出沙尘的水平运动特征。沙尘天气过程可以使中国北方城市PM2.5和PM10质量浓度分别增加7.5%～1 141.2%和344.0%～2 562.1%,可以有效地降低SO2、NO2和CO气体污染物的浓度,而对O3的浓度影响较小。银川、大同和库尔勒沙尘天气过程期间平均SO2、NO2和CO浓度较非沙尘天气过程期间降低最明显,分别降低约80.0%、78.7%和62.1%。 相似文献