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本文应用位错模型地震震源波谱理论和观测资料,论证了远场体波质点位移或速度最大值（地震震级）决定于彼此独立的两个震源动力学参数地震矩M0和体波波谱特征频率f0。因此,仅以地震矩表征地震强度或仅以断层尺度（体波波谱特征频率）分类地震大小,只在另一个震源参数保持为常数时才有可能。体波波谱特征频率携带着震源体波脉冲持续时间的信息。据此,探讨了地震震级的物理含义。 相似文献
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本文提出了体波单震相测定震源机制的方法。按理论地震图公式，直达Ｐ波和Ｓ波地表垂直分量位移由地震矩，震源幅射和介质响应之积组成。我们将其变换成地震矩，假定断裂参数的单位地震矩单震相理论子波和待守断裂参数与假定断裂参数辐射函数之商的乘积，在各台理论与实际体波单震相最大振幅的最小二乘法中求解出震源参数，利用ＣＤＳＮ数字台网资料，我们分析了青海共和地震的震源机制。结果表明，１９９０年４月２６日Ｍｓ＝６．７ 相似文献
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被动源面波和体波成像在内蒙古浅覆盖区勘探应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震勘探具有勘探深度和分辨率的优势,在矿产勘探中多被采用.但主动源反射地震具有成本高、在矿区采集困难等难题,限制了其广泛应用.无需主动源激发、利用天然噪声的被动源地震应用于勘探,可成为其低成本替代选项.本文在内蒙古浅覆盖区矿区进行了被动源勘探试验,采用相关计算获得拟炮集记录,并基于频率域信噪比计算,在生成拟炮集前实现了面波和体波甄选,分离了面波和体波.应用面波反演的横波速剖面识别了覆盖层厚度.体波数据经反射波常规处理,获得了成像剖面.经与主动源反射剖面对比,主要结构的反射特征呈现了良好的一致性.本文试验验证了被动源勘探在内蒙浅覆盖区具有良好应用前景,为低成本的面积性勘探实施提供了新的选择. 相似文献
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地震能量辐射系数的测定与预报应用探索 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文方法通过对区域地震体波振幅传播特征的研究并测定地震能量辐射系数企图得到中强震孕育的源兆信息。本文给出了方面的思路、介绍了参数的物理意义及正常理论值的估计。这一方法无论在目前模拟台网的观测条件下或将来数字观测台网建成之后均可方便、快捷作用。还对方法的使用误差、震例效果和存在问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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体波谱振幅相关系数法在肥东地震序列震后判定中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
地震直达体波记录的观测谱包含震源、传播路径和台站信息,而发生在同一震源区的不同地震,如:序列地震,在同一地震台站的记录,受传播路径影响基本相同,地震台站的场地响应、仪器响应也完全相同。因此,序列地震体波观测零频谱的相关系数直接反映震源辐射图型因子的相似性,即震源机制解的相似性。将该方法用于2009年安徽肥东地震序列,与传统方法计算的震源机制解作比较,结果显示,谱振幅相关系数法能反映序列地震震源机制解的变化过程。 相似文献
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弱裂隙各向异性对地震体波的效应 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
由数据模拟证明，尽管对地震体波走时及纵波动力学特征来讲，弱裂隙各向异性的影响可以忽略，但与各向同性介质中的横波相比，即使对弱裂隙介质，穿透其中的横波的偏振特征也会出现显著的不同。 相似文献
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由深源远震体波记录反演华北部地壳上地幔速度结构 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
重点研究的地区为河北省北部包括京津地区，以及山西、内蒙的部分地区，在此区选取了２９个台站；在向东延伸的背景区，选取了６个台站。利用这些台站的深源远震体波记录资料，通过选取介质结构模型，计算理论地震图，与观测图进行拟合，以确定地震台下介质结构的可接受模型。在拟合时，对每个地震台站都选择若干次深源远震的体波记录作为观测图。对每个地震台站一般都算出６０个不同模型的理论图。实际上做出的结果比地壳深，为大约 相似文献
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1.引言 本文把估计地震所释放能量的方法分成静力学估计和动力学估计两类。前者用地震矩和应力降估计能量,后者从地震图中估计能量。在一些简单假设下,作者用公式:E=(5×10~(-5))M_0讨论了静力学能量。 用动力学估计地震体波能量的方法一般有两种:一是对某一确定台站记录到的地震波直接积分;一是对导出位移的震源一时间函数积分。著名的古登堡—里希特能量一震级关系式就是用第一种方法求得的。本文述及的是第二种方法计算的几个浅震和中深源地震的能量,采用这种方法时要先求出地震矩和震源一时间函数关系。 相似文献
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采用正交回归的方法,利用中国地震台网和美国地震台网1983——2001年的观测资料, 对中国地震局地球物理研究所（IGCEA）和美国地质调查局国家地震信息中心（NEIC）测定的体波震级进行了比较. 从正交回归得到的结果看,IGCEA测定的体波震级mb与NEIC测定的体波震级mb不存在系统差. 如果以NEIC测定的体波震级为基准, 对于3.5~4.5级之间的地震,IGCEA测定的震级比NEIC测定的震级偏高0.2～0.1级;对于5.0~5.5级之间的地震,IGCEA与NEIC测定的体波震级没有偏差;对于6.0级以上的地震,IGCEA比NEIC偏低小于0.2级. 而IGCEA测定的体波震级与国际数据中心（IDC）测定的体波震级结果基本一致. 相似文献
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A theory of electromagnetic radiation generation by random electric discharges in the troposphere and VHF radiowave scattering by these discharges has been developed. The discharge model, which makes it possible to calculate the spatiotemporal distribution of the discharge channel conductivity depending on the electric current value in this discharge, has been obtained. The electromagnetic radiation spectrum in the troposphere occupied by random discharges has been calculated. VHF electromagnetic wave scattering by random electric discharges in the troposphere has been considered. Equations have been derived, and the method for calculating the average value of the electromagnetic wave field scattered by random discharges has been developed. The calculations indicated that the scattered wave field amplitude is much larger than the diffraction wave field amplitude behind the horizon. The theoretical results agree with the observations of the electromagnetic radiation and VHF transmitter signals behind the horizon relative to the earthquake epicenter during the earthquake preparation. 相似文献
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Waves, circulation and vertical dependence 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
George Mellor 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(4):447-457
Longuet-Higgins and Stewart (J Fluid Mech 13:481–504, 1962; Deep-Sea Res 11:529–562, 1964) and later Phillips (1977) introduced the problem of waves incident on a beach, from deep to shallow water. From the wave energy equation and the vertically integrated continuity equation, they inferred velocities to be Stokes drift plus a return current so that the vertical integral of the combined velocities was nil. As a consequence, it can be shown that velocities of the order of Stokes drift rendered the advective term in the momentum equation negligible resulting in a simple balance between the horizontal gradients of the vertically integrated elevation and wave radiation stress terms; the latter was first derived by Longuet-Higgins and Stewart. Mellor (J Phys Oceanogr 33:1978–1989, 2003a), noting that vertically integrated continuity and momentum equations were not able to deal with three-dimensional numerical or analytical ocean models, derived a vertically dependent theory of wave–circulation interaction. It has since been partially revised and the revisions are reviewed here. The theory is comprised of the conventional, three-dimensional, continuity and momentum equations plus a vertically distributed, wave radiation stress term. When applied to the problem of waves incident on a beach with essentially zero turbulence momentum mixing, velocities are very large and the simple balance between elevation and radiation stress gradients no longer prevails. However, when turbulence mixing is reinstated, the vertically dependent radiation stresses produce vertical velocity gradients which then produce turbulent mixing; as a consequence, velocities are reduced, but are still larger by an order of magnitude compared to Stokes drift. Nevertheless, the velocity reduction is sufficient so that elevation set-down obtained from a balance between elevation gradient and radiation stress gradients is nearly coincident with that obtained by the aforementioned papers. This paper includes four appendices. The first appendix demonstrates the numerical process by which Stokes drift is excluded from the turbulence stress parameterization in the momentum equation. A second appendix determines a bottom slope criterion for the application of linear wave relations to the derivation of the wave radiation stress. The third appendix explores the possibility of generalizing results by non-dimensionalization. The final appendix applies the basic theory to a problem introduced by Bennis and Ardhuin (J Phys Oceanogr 41:2008–2012, 2011). 相似文献
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The transformation of a weakly nonlinear interfacial solitary wave in an ideal two-layer flow over a step is studied. In the vicinity of the step the wave transformation is described in the framework of the linear theory of long interfacial waves, and the coefficients of wave reflection and transmission are calculated. A strong transformation arises for propagation into shallower water, but a weak transformation for propagation into deeper water. Far from the step, the wave dynamics is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation which is fully integrable. In the vicinity of the step, the reflected and transmitted waves have soliton-like shapes, but their parameters do not satisfy the steady-state soliton solutions. Using the inverse scattering technique it is shown that the reflected wave evolves into a single soliton and dispersing radiation if the wave propagates from deep to shallow water, and only dispersing radiation if the wave propagates from shallow to deep water. The dynamics of the transmitted wave is more complicated. In particular, if the coefficient of the nonlinear quadratic term in the Korteweg-de Vries equation is not changed in sign in the region after the step, the transmitted wave evolves into a group of solitons and radiation, a process similar to soliton fission for surface gravity waves at a step. But if the coefficient of the nonlinear term changes sign, the soliton is destroyed completely and transforms into radiation. The effects of cubic nonlinearity are studied in the framework of the extended Korteweg-de Vries (Gardner) equation which is also integrable. The higher-order nonlinear effects influence the amplitudes of the generated solitons if the amplitude of the transformed wave is comparable with the thickness of lower layer, but otherwise the process of soliton fission is qualitatively the same as in the framework of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. 相似文献
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The effects of atmospheric nonequilibrium in the generation of wave perturbations due to the solar radiation flux are studied. Equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are used to perform an assessment of the channels of solar energy transformation into the atmosphere for different altitudes. As a result of calculations of the dispersion relation for a nonequilibrium atmosphere, we consider how the flux of solar radiation changes the spectrum of natural atmospheric oscillations at different altitudes and for different solar activities. A qualitative relation between the results of wave spectra calculations and the data of ionosphere dynamics observations for different intensities of the solar radiation flux has been established. 相似文献
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B. G. Verma 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1970,83(1):46-48
Summary The paper considers a shock wave to be reflected from a wall in the presence of a transverse magnetic field when the radiation pressure and radiation energy are taken into account. It has been shown that under certain physical conditions, the velocity of the reflected radiative shock would be greater than the corresponding velocity when the magnetic field and radiation effects are neglected. 相似文献
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土是由一定尺寸大小颗粒所构成的多孔介质,具有明显的颗粒特性,当土颗粒间的孔隙被流体（如水或油）充满时则成为饱和土.利用微极理论和Biot波动理论的研究成果,把饱和土中多孔固体骨架部分近似地视为微极介质,孔隙中的流体部分视为质点介质,获得饱和多孔微极介质的弹性波动方程.借鉴Greetsma理论,建立了饱和多孔微极介质弹性本构方程力学参数与相应单相介质弹性参数的相互关系,使饱和多孔微极介质弹性波动方程中的物理参数具有明确的物理意义,易于在试验中确定.运用场论理论把饱和多孔微极介质的波动方程简化为势函数方程,建立了饱和多孔微极介质中五种弹性波的弥散方程,数值分析了五种简谐体波在无限饱和多孔微极介质中的传播特性. 结果表明,P1波、P2波和剪切S1波的波速弥散曲线与经典饱和多孔介质基本相同,当频率小于临界频率ω0时旋转纵波θ波和横波S2波不存在,当频率大于临界频率ω0时,θ波和S2波的传播速度随频率增加而减小. 相似文献
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Antenna field 2 of the Tromsø Heating facility consists of six rows of six horizontal crossed full wave dipoles aligned with the rows running geographic east-west. In previous experiments on ELF/VLF wave generation it has been the practice to feed the rows in parallel, with HF radiation amplitude modulated at the ELF/VLF frequency it was desired to radiate (AM configuration). Here we describe how the antenna array was also configured so that it could be fed with a continuous wave (CW) input power but still carry information at an ELF/VLF frequency. To effect this the three southern most rows of the antenna array were driven with a CW signal at 4.04 MHz and the three northernmost rows with a CW signal at frequency greater than 4.04 MHz by the ELF/VLF frequency it was desired to radiate (CW configuration). Experiments were performed with modulation/difference frequencies of 565 and 2005 Hz and the signals were received at the Lycksele Geophysical Observatory, 500 km south of the heating facility. The signals were typically 11 dB greater in the AM than the CW configuration, despite the fact that the average power delivered to the ionosphere in the CW configuration was four times that in the AM configuration. Significant harmonic radiation (both odd and even) was produced in the AM configuration but no harmonic radiation was detected in the CW configuration. A simple theory has been developed to model the fields produced by HF heating using the two techniques (AM,CW). A good agreement has been obtained between the experimental observations and model computations. The model has been extended to show how the relative efficiency of generation, AM/CW, varies with the frequency of the ELF/VLF radiation and HF antenna element spacing. Radiation patterns for the ‘ionospheric ELF/VLF antenna’ have also been derived for the two generation techniques. 相似文献
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近年来城市化和大气污染对辐射收支的影响日益显著.本研究利用2013—2014年中国科学院大气物理研究所325m铁塔、南郊观象台、密云气象塔、上甸子区域大气本底站四个观测站点的辐射及自动站气象要素数据,采用南郊观象台的能见度资料将观测数据分为清洁天和污染天,并进行类比分析,以1月份为例,研究了北京地区大气污染和城郊差异对辐射收支的影响.结果表明:(1)从月平均值来看,各站污染天入射短波辐射均小于清洁天,衰减最大可达55.8W·m~(-2),直接辐射亦然,衰减最大可达161.1W·m~(-2),散射辐射相反,增加最大值为72.2W·m~(-2);长波辐射污染天大于清洁天,向下向上长波辐射增加最大值分别为85.0 W·m~2和70.0 W·m~(-2),且长波辐射的衰减与污染物浓度和大气温度相关;净辐射白天污染天小于清洁天,夜间相反.(2)从各站的对比可知,大气污染对入射短波辐射的衰减,南部郊区(13.2%)大于北部城区(7.4%),与北京地区"南北两重天"的污染物分布特征一致;且污染物对长短波辐射的影响呈现了从城区到郊区衰减率依次减小的现象.本研究为大气污染与气象条件的相互作用研究提供了观测基础. 相似文献
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一个分层水库温跃层的模拟与验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以西安金盆水库为例,建立了分层水库水温结构的数值模拟方法,并以实测数据进行模型验证.运用Fluent软件数值研究了不同短波辐射强度及短波辐射衰减系数条件下温跃层的形成过程与特性.水库水面总传热量在春、夏季为正值,在秋、冬季为负值,长波辐射是水面总传热量的主要影响因素,短波辐射则是温跃层形成的主要影响因素.随短波辐射衰减系数的降低,温跃层厚度增加,温跃层内温度梯度减小,短波辐射衰减系数值与实测的藻类浓度存在良好的正相关性.水库具有极限短波辐射强度,温跃层内温差随水面短波辐射强度的增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势;但水面短波辐射强度过高时,难以达到热平衡而形成稳定的温跃层. 相似文献