共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 343 毫秒
1.
结合分布式水文模型SWAT模型定了分析区域土地利用模式变化对河流生态水文的综合影响。分析结果表明:将流域坡度在25°以上的耕地变更为林地后,林地面积每增加5%,其河流泥沙负荷削减率为15. 2%,由于林地的蓄水保沙作用,水量相应减少4. 5%。城镇利用地的增加也同样对河道泥沙负荷具有显著影响,城镇利用地面积增加5%,河流泥沙负荷减少3. 2%,由于城镇用地蓄水能力差,其水量增加4. 1%,研究成果对于流域土地利用规划下河流生态保护具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
2.
黑河下游额济纳绿洲变化规律及其相关因素分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过处理额济纳旗地区的卫星数据,以归一化植被指数为重要指标,对可能影响绿洲的各种人为和自然因素进行了定量分析,其中包括年径流量、年降雨量、高程、坡度和地下水埋深等。结果表明:当通过狼心山的黑河流量大于3×108m3/a时,额济纳绿洲面积与黑河下游径流量呈良好的线性关系;该地区植被的生长和降雨几乎无关,两者相关系数为0·016;绿洲植被生长与高程有一定关系,最适宜绿洲植物生长的高程为930~950m;坡度和植被生长也有一定关系,坡度小的地方,植被相对茂密;地下水埋深对植被的生长存在密切的关系,用植被覆盖率的概念得到最适宜绿洲植物生长的地下水位埋深为3·2~3·8m。 相似文献
3.
为研究不同坡度植被边坡降雨入渗和径流侵蚀的规律,开展大型边坡模型降雨试验,对边坡含水率、水土流失等参数进行实时监测,量化分析坡度对边坡雨水入渗、坡面径流和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：在持时为4 h、降雨强度为60 mm/h持续降雨条件下,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5裸土边坡累计雨水入渗量分别为同坡度植被边坡的70.6%、80.4%、92.3%,植被覆盖会加快雨水入渗速率,增大边坡累计雨水入渗量。植被边坡坡度越小,雨水入渗速率越快,累计雨水入渗量越大,而裸土边坡则相反。植被覆盖可有效降低坡面径流速率、减少累积径流量,边坡坡度越小,减流效果越显著,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5植被边坡对比同坡度裸土边坡分别减少径流量53.11%、32.56%、17.73%。植被边坡水土流失含泥沙量均不足0.1%,植被可有效抑制坡面土壤侵蚀,而裸土边坡坡度越大坡面土壤侵蚀越严重,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5裸土边坡单位面积侵蚀土壤质量分别为3.623、5.710、11.295 kg/m2,水土流失含泥沙量分别为3.06%、4.29%、7.34%。根据试验结果拟合得到裸土边坡产泥... 相似文献
4.
选择百慕大、白花三叶草、高羊茅三种土著植被和2%、3%、4%、5%4个不同坡度构建了缓冲带现场试验基地,开展面源污染防治试验。结果表明,滨岸缓冲带能有效截留径流水中的悬浮物质和降解渗流水中的氮、磷营养物质;植被和坡度的不同对缓冲带污染物净化效果影响显著,19 m长2%坡度缓冲带悬浮物截留率比5%坡度高14%,19 m长百慕大缓冲带悬浮物截留率比高羊茅高11%;进水浓度在10 mg/L以内时,2%坡度百慕大试验带渗流出水TN浓度低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅴ类水标准;进水浓度在0.6 mg/L左右时,百慕大、白花三叶草、高羊茅和2%、3%、4%试验带渗流出水TP浓度均低于GB3838-2002Ⅲ类水标准;计算出缓冲带最佳宽度,2%坡度试验带比5%坡度试验带节约8.6 m,百慕大试验带比高羊茅试验带节约4.3 m。 相似文献
5.
利用构建的东风港缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,模拟上海地区农业面源污染物浓度和典型单次降雨历时及降雨量,对不同坡度缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究。结果表明:相同植被缓冲带,坡度越小,其滞缓径流和土壤水力渗透的能力越强,19 m长的2%坡度缓冲带径流初始出水时间比5%坡度缓冲带延长了7.3 min,两者的渗流水量比值达到1.74;不同坡度缓冲带渗流氮磷污染物去除量显著高于径流,2%、3%、4%和5%坡度缓冲带对于氮磷污染物的渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别为2.32、2.15、1.82和1.64;坡度的变化对缓冲带净化面源氮磷污染物效果的影响显著,坡度越小,缓冲带渗流水量越大,其氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷也越高,2%坡度缓冲带对氮磷污染的总去除率和单位面积污染去除负荷分别是5%坡度的1.56倍和1.66倍,2%坡度缓冲带对TN、NH3--N、TP的单位面积去除负荷均最高,分别达到0.661 g/m2、0.672 g/m2和0.044 g/m2。 相似文献
6.
台湾有将近80%的人口居住于城市地区,使得供水系统负荷增加、脆弱度提升,而城市化也导致径流量增加使得洪灾风险提高。拟整合供水、灾备用水和雨洪消减,并对雨洪滞蓄系统进行雨洪利用策略及容量分析研究。以台湾新北市秀峰国小为基地,规划雨水储留供水系统、渗透侧沟系统、生态池系统串联的雨洪滞蓄系统,建立多目标替代方案进行分析评估。采用绿色建筑设计方法结合合理化公式进行降雨径流演算。结果表明,在各替代方案下,系统需设置容量55~185m3,径流量削减率为26.5%~100%、洪峰削减率为15%~100%、供水率为5%~7.5%、灾备用水天数则从3d提升至19d。所提出的规划方法可以较小的设置容量达到雨洪滞蓄多目标利用效果。 相似文献
7.
消涨带作为水库水源保护区的最后一道生态防线,需要发挥稳定库岸、防止水土流失、减少水库泥沙淤积、防止非点源污染、恢复水库水体生态的功能。以辽西北某水库为例,根据对消涨带坡度、土壤侵蚀强度、程度和潜在危险等级的预测,结果发现:水库涨落带植被恢复较困难,尤其是陡坡区和崩塌区,应通过采取水平台阶、木排桩、自锁式预制块、生态袋等人工干预措施及两栖植物护岸林建设等水土保持工程措施,确保生物措施具有相对稳定的生境,选择适合耐水淹和喜湿树种的树木,以及在涝渍和日照条件下植物的两栖能力,从而防止水库消涨带土壤侵蚀,抵抗泥沙侵蚀。 相似文献
8.
为研究植被环境中床面泥沙起动特性,以天然河道中的植被及沙床为原型,对刚性植被环境中床面形态变化及泥沙起动规律进行了试验研究,并采用单位床面空间平均流速表述植被环境中泥沙的起动流速。研究结果表明,淹没植被条件下动床床面泥沙运动可分为3个阶段,即静止、部分起动及全部起动阶段,定义第3个阶段为刚性植被环境中泥沙起动的标准;推导的淹没刚性植被环境中的泥沙起动流速半经验函数关系式可以表述植被环境中泥沙起动特性,其中植被因子Fv对泥沙起动的影响最明显;植被密度一定时,植株周围冲坑深与空间平均流速成线性关系。研究认为采用植被环境中单位床面空间平均流速表述泥沙起动特性的方法是可行的。 相似文献
9.
基于平均浓度法原理,根据黄河中游降雨径流特点,将年内过程分为汛期和非汛期两个阶段,同时将高含沙水流中的污染负荷分为水体中的溶解态污染负荷、泥沙吸附态负荷两部分,提出了多沙河流非点源污染负荷估算模型;根据黄河干流潼关断面1950-2006年实测水沙资料,结合水体、泥沙污染物浓度测定试验,分别计算了潼关断面2006年以及丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)3种不同代表年型下的非点源污染负荷.结果表明:黄河干流潼关断面年污染负荷以汛期为主,汛期污染负荷以非点源为主;非点源污染负荷中,硝酸盐氮、氨氮以溶解态为主,总磷以吸附态为主;潼关断面非点源污染负荷占全年负荷比例:丰水年时,硝酸盐氮占63.09%,氨氮占61.32%,总氮占87.17%、总磷占89.83%;枯水年时,硝酸盐氮占26.92%,氨氮占24.62%,总氮占67.60%、总磷占71.73%.2006年,硝酸盐氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷非点源污染负荷占全年比例依次为:17%、14%、15%和41%. 相似文献
10.
为分析道路低影响设施植草沟主要设计参数对地表径流调控作用的影响规律,应用一套耦合了水文和水动力过程的数值模型,研究各设计参数对植草沟径流控制作用的调控效果,经验证模型模拟精度可满足研究要求。模拟结果表明:植草沟具有削减洪峰洪量、推迟峰现时间的作用。且溢流井位于入水口上游侧,横、纵坡坡度越缓时,植草沟径流控制效果越显著。溢流井位置改变时径流控制效果差值达2%~10%,峰值削减差异为13%~28%;横坡坡度从1/3~1/7变化时,径流控制率提高4%~13%,峰值削减效果提升6%~23%;纵坡坡度从0.5%~0.3%变化时,径流控制率提高7%~16%,峰值削减效果提升12%~29%。数值模拟得出各设计参数的影响规律,可用于指导植草沟的规划设计,为其推广应用提供参考。 相似文献
11.
潮白河是京津冀地区的重要河流。本研究以潮白河中游段为研究区,针对该区段沉积物有机质、氮磷污染程度不明的问题,通过对研究区130个采样点表层沉积物中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的测定,分析了表层沉积物中有机质和氮磷的分布特征及污染来源,将有机指数和有机氮污染指数评价法相结合开展污染及生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)潮白河中游表层沉积物中OM含量变化范围为0.17%~13.15%,平均含量为5.32%; TN的含量为0.005~1.028 g/kg,平均含量为0.192 g/kg;TP的含量为0.367~4.825 g/kg,平均含量为1.662 g/kg。(2)相关性分析表明,OM与TP、OM与TN均呈弱相关,而TN与TP呈强相关。这是因为TN和TP来源相近,主要来自外源,与OM来源有一定差异。根据TOC/TN特征分析,OM主要受藻类、浮游植物和非纤维束植物等影响。(3)有机指数评价结果显示,潮白河中游段表层沉积物监测点中60%为清洁,33.85%为较清洁,4.62%为尚清洁,1.54%为有机污染。有机污染点主要位于运潮减河入潮白河口和田贾庄排干渠入潮白河口。区域有机氮评价结果以清洁级别为主,整体较好。 相似文献
12.
Inputs,transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper we assemble and analyze quantitative annual input-export budgets for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for Chesapeake Bay and three of its tributary estuaries (Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers). The budgets include estimates of TN and TP sources (point, diffuse, and atmospheric), internal losses (burial in sediments, fisheries yields, and denitrification), storages in the water column and sediments, internal cycling rates (zooplankton excretion and net sediment-water flux), and net downstream exchange. Annual terrestrial and atmospheric inputs (average of 1985 and 1986 data) of TN and TP ranged from 4.3 g TN m?2 yr?1 to 29.3 g TN m?2 yr?1 and 0.32 g TP m?2 yr?1 to 2.42 g TP m?2 yr?1, respectively. These rates of TN and TP input represent 6-fold to 8-fold and 13-fold to 24-fold increases in loads to these systems since the precolonial period. A recent 11-yr record for the Susquehanna River indicates that annual loads of TN and TP have varied by about 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. TN inputs increased and TP inputs decreased during the 11-yr period. The relative importance of nutrient sources varied among these estuaries: point sources of nutrients delivered about half the annual TN and TP load to the Patuxent and nearly 60% of TP inputs to the Choptank; diffuse sources contributed 60–70% of the TN and TP inputs to the mainstream Chesapeake and Potomac River. The direct deposition of atmospheric wet-fall to the surface waters of these estuaries represented 12% or less of annual TN and TP loads except in the Choptank River (37% of TN and 20% of TP). We found direct, although damped, relationships between annual rates of nutrient input, water-column and sediment nutrient stocks, and nutrient losses via burial in sediments and denitrification. Our budgets indicate that the annual mass balance of TN and TP is maintained by a net landward exchange of TP and, with one exception (Choptank River), a net seaward transport of TN. The budgets for all systems revealed that inorganic nutrients entering these estuaries from terrestrial and atmospheric sources are rapidly converted to particulate and organic forms. Discrepancies between our budgets and others in the literature were resolved by the inclusion of sediments derived from shoreline erosion. The greatest potential for errors in our budgets can be attributed to the absence of or uncertainties in estimates of atmospheric dry-fall, contributions of nutrients via groundwater, and the sedimentation rates used to calculate nutrient burial rates. 相似文献
13.
J. Bai Z. Shen T. Yan 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(7):1723-1730
Pathogenic bacteria are a serious public health concern. Exposure to these microorganisms can result in illnesses or even death. Therefore, it is important to control pathogenic bacteria sources, transport mechanisms and fate. Best management practices proved to be very effective in the control of non-point source pollution. In this study, the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was modified and used to simulate the fecal coliform in Chao River of Miyun Reservoir watershed, China. The model was then used to explore the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) in reducing fecal coliform abundance throughout the watershed. The water temperature equation within the SWAT was modified to align the model more closely with the characteristics of the study area and generate a more accurate simulation. The DAFSratio (20, 50, 80, 120 and 150) and DFcon (0.25, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.75) parameters were considered for VFS to see their effects on removal efficiency. The results show that calibration and validation results for fecal coliform and flow can be accepted. Different values for DAFSratio and DFcon have great influence on VFS. Increasing values resulted in a decrease in the removal efficiency of VFS. 相似文献
14.
太湖东部湖湾水生植物生长区底泥氮磷污染特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了解太湖东部湖湾(贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾)表层底泥中氮、磷的污染特征及其与水生植物生长的关系,采集了各湖湾滨岸带水生植物生长区的表层底泥,探讨了水生植物的生长与分布对表层底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及总有机碳(TOC)等含量的影响,并对表层底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,水生植物生长密集区底泥中TN、TP、TOC的含量均显著低于水生植物零星生长区,说明水生植物的生长对太湖东部湖湾表层底泥中营养盐与有机碳含量具有较为明显的影响;相关性分析显示,表层底泥中TOC与TN含量呈显著相关性(R2=0.832 8),而与TP的相关性则较弱(R2=0.166 5),反映了TOC在湖泊底泥中的沉积可能成为湖泊氮的重要来源,而对磷的影响较小.利用有机指数与有机氮指数两种方法分别对东部各湖湾底泥进行污染评价,贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾底泥有机指数平均值分别为0.142 7、0.228 6与0.208 6,均属较清洁与尚清洁水平,而各湖湾有机氮指数平均值均为Ⅲ与Ⅳ级,说明底泥已遭受了一定程度的氮污染.因此,对水生植物零星生长区表层底泥中氮含量的控制与削减有利于湖泊富营养化的预防与治理. 相似文献
15.
沱江流域沉积物中氮赋存状态及其垂向分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2004年2月发生在沱江的特大水污染事故给沱江流域的生态环境造成了严重的危害,近年来受工农业和沿岸居民生活的影响,沱江的生态环境依然遭受着一定程度的污染,但对沱江流域氮的地球化学研究甚少。沉积物是水环境中污染元素的重要蓄积库或释放源,为揭示沉积物中氮赋存状态迁移转化特征,并评估该地区生态环境修复状况,本文参照Mackin应用的沉积物中吸附态氨氮提取方法和Smart建立的沉积物中总氮提取方法,采用分光光度法针对沱江流域金堂地区冬季沉积物,开展了河流沉积物中总氮(TN)、可交换态氨氮(AN)、有机氮(ON)赋存状态分析,并对比了十年前后该地沉积物中氮赋存状态的变化情况。实验结果表明:TN含量为518.913~4386.899 mg/kg,ON含量为101.531~3793.683 mg/kg。在-3 cm以上,TN和ON含量较高,且ON是TN的主要组成部分;随着深度增加,两者含量迅速减少,AN含量略有降低。与十年前该地区沉积物中氮的相关数据对比,TN含量增加,其中AN含量增加明显;在-3 cm以上,ON、TN在表层沉积物中增加明显。研究认为:沱江流域沉积物中的氮已经作为内源氮释放至间隙水甚至上覆水中,同时存在外源污染,致使沉积物表层有机氮以及总氮含量升高明显。 相似文献
16.
Potentially mineralizable nitrogen in sediments of the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Potentially mineralizable N (PMN) in sediments is an important N source to aquatic ecosystems. However, there are few studies on PMN in lake sediments. The main N fraction in lake sediments is organic, and mineralization is through benthic metabolism in sediments rather than in the water column in most shallow lake systems. It is shown that PMN contents in the studied sediments were higher than the inorganic N in the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area, China, and were also higher than those in soils from the same region. PMN constituted 3–26% (14%, on the average) of total N (TN) in sediments. Amino-acid N was the major contributor to the organic N pool in PMN. Potentially mineralizable N, TN, total P, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and fine-grain size were significantly correlated. With TN increasing in the slightly polluted sediments, PMN increased more rapidly in the heavily polluted sediments. The results suggest that more attention should be paid to organic N mineralization both in heavily and in less polluted sediments. 相似文献
17.
Ammonium release characteristics of the sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Juan Wang Shengrui Wang Xiangcan Jin Shuquan Zhu Fengchang Wu 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(1):37-45
Ammonium release from sediments has significant effects on the water quality in eutrophic lakes. In this study, the ammonium
release kinetics and adsorption–desorption processes were investigated in 13 sediments of 6 shallow lakes from the middle
and lower reaches of Yangtze River region, China. The results show that First Order Model best described the ammonium release
process, the maximal release capacity had a strong correlation with organic matter (OM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC),
total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). But it only had a weak correlation with Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium release
capacity in more polluted sediments was higher than that in less polluted sediments. The average release rate within 0–5 min
was the highest among the experimental period, the amount released within 0–5 min accounted for approximately 50–70% of the
total release capacity. The ammonium release rate had a significant and positive correlation with OM. But it did not have
a strong correlation with TN, TP, Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium potential release capacity (obtained when the water/sediment
ratio was about 2,500) had strong and positive relation with OM and maximal release capacity, and it may provide useful information
for the sediment release risk assessment. Henry Model best described the ammonium sorption isotherms, and ammonium adsorption–desorption
equilibrium concentration can be considered as the ammonium release threshold to assess the release risk in the sediments. 相似文献
18.
Burullus是尼罗河河口高封闭性潟湖,其生源要素主要来源于尼罗河,是研究Aswan大坝建成以来流域变化如何影响河口湖泊环境的最佳区域。研究通过对Burullus潟湖B1岩芯的210Pb测年、粒度、以及TOC、TN、TP、BSi生源要素的测试分析,结合历史资料,试图揭示Aswan建坝前后河口湖泊营养盐的差异变化,以及这些变化对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1）沉积物中TOC、TN和TP含量自下而上总体增加,表明尽管Aswan大坝导致营养盐通量急剧减少,但由于下游人类排放N、P通量大大增加,导致下游湖泊N、P浓度并没减少;且沉积TN/TP均小于16,表明湖泊仍为P限制。2）但BSi和BSi/ TOC自下而上总体呈减少趋势,表明Aswan大坝引起的水沙减少导致湖泊中硅藻的生物量及其总初级生产力占比都在减少,潟湖水体生态环境将趋于恶化。 相似文献
19.
R. E. Turner N. N. Rabalais R. B. Alexander G. McIsaac R. W. Howarth 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(5):773-790
We synthesize and update the science supporting the Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force 2001) with a focus on the spatial and temporal discharge and patterns of nutrient and organic carbon delivery to the northern Gulf of Mexico, including data through 2006. The discharge of the Mississippi River watershed over 200 years varies but is not demonstrably increasing or decreasing. About 30% of the Mississippi River was shunted westward to form the Atchafalaya River, which redistributed water and nutrient loads on the shelf. Data on nitrogen concentrations from the early 1900s demonstrate that the seasonal and annual concentrations in the lower river have increased considerably since then, including a higher spring loading, following the increase in fertilizer applications after World WarII. The loading of total nitrogen (TN) fell from 1990 to 2006, but the loading of total phosphorus (TP) has risen slightly, resulting in a decline in the TN:TP ratios. The present TN:TP ratios hover around an average indicative of potential nitrogen limitation on phytoplankton growth, or balanced growth limitation, but not phosphorus limitation. The dissolved nitrogen:dissolved silicate ratios are near the Redfield ratio indicative of growth limitations on diatoms. Although nutrient concentrations are relatively high compared to those in many other large rivers, the water quality in the Mississippi River is not unique in that nutrient loads can be described by a variety of land-use models. There is no net removal of nitrogen from water flowing through the Atchafalaya basin, but the concentrations of TP and suspended sediments are lower at the exit point (Morgan City, Louisiana) than in the water entering the Atchafalaya basin. The removal of nutrients entering offshore waters through diversion of river water into wetlands is presently less than 1% of the total loadings going directly offshore, and would be less than 8% if the 10,093 km2 of coastal wetlands were successfully engineered for that purpose. Wetland loss is an insignificant contribution to the carbon loading offshore, compared to in situ marine production. The science-based conclusions in the Action Plan about nutrient loads and sources to the hypoxic zone off Louisiana are sustained by research and monitoring occurring in the subsequent 10 years. 相似文献