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1.
Dust cycling from the Great Basin to the Rocky Mountains is an important component of ecological and hydrological processes. We investigated the use of strontium (Sr) concentrations and isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in tree rings as a proxy for dust deposition. We report Sr concentrations and isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) from atmospherically deposited dust, soil, bedrock, and tree rings from the Wasatch Mountains to investigate provenance of dust landing on the Wasatch Mountains and to determine if a dust Sr record is preserved in tree rings. Trees obtained a majority of their Sr from dust, making them a useful record of dust source and deposition. Dust contributions of Sr to soils were more than 94% over quartzite, 63% over granodiorite, and 50% over limestone. Dust contributions of Sr to trees were more than 85% in trees growing over quartzite, 55% over granodiorite, and between 0% and 92% over limestone. These findings demonstrate that a dust signal was preserved in some tree rings and reflects how Sr from dust and bedrock mixes within the soil. Trees growing over quartzite were most sensitive to dust. Changes in Sr isotope ratios for a tree growing over quartzite were interpreted as changes in dust source over time. This work has laid the foundation for using tree rings as a proxy for dust deposition over time. 相似文献
2.
Whilst satellite radar altimetry has been widely utilised over both ocean and ice surfaces for topographic mapping, applications over land have received relatively little attention. This is in part due to the complex nature of echoes returned from rapidly varying topographic land surfaces, which can cause an altimeter to generate erroneous range estimates. One approach to improving these data is to retrack using a single retracker, and construct a spatial average of heights obtained to give an estimate of mean orthometric height. This paper presents results obtained using an alternative approach: reprocessing returns at all levels of complexity through an expert system, which chooses one from a series of ten reprocessing algorithms based on an analysis of the return waveform shape. The selected algorithm then recalculates the range to surface, and hence derives an orthometric height. Utilising this approach with the geodetic mission dataset from ERS-1 has generated over 100 million height points with a near-global distribution. This paper presents selected results from this research using ERS-1 geodetic mission data together with ERS-1 and ERS-2 35 day data to demonstrate the accuracy to which orthometric heights can be determined, using global crossover analysis and comparison with ground truth. The paper illustrates applications of these data including validation and error correction of Digital Elevation Models, and discusses use and limitations of direct mapping with altimetry. 相似文献
3.
不同地表覆盖条件下区域水分盈亏的遥感分析——以中国北方为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
依据能量平衡和水分平衡原理，建立不同地表覆盖条件下的区域缺水计算方法，实现了利用遥感数据对我国北方缺水状况的宏观监测和快速反应。模型的具体步骤是：首先，利用NOAA/AVHRR数字影像进行地表覆盖分类，结合气象数据建立区域实际蒸散模型，并利用经联合国粮农组织修正的Penman公式计算区域潜在蒸散量。然后，由区域实际蒸散量和潜在蒸散量，构造出反映区域缺水程度的缺水指数。最后，利用该方法对1999年7月我国北方的区域水分盈亏状况进行了研究，讨论了区域缺水指数与土壤墒情、背景环境参数、地表覆盖类型的关系。 相似文献
4.
Observed summer (May–October) rainfall in Myanmar for the period 1981–2010 was used to investigate the interannual variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Myanmar. Empirical orthogonal function, the sequential Mann-Kendall test, power spectrum analysis, and singular value decomposition (SVD) were deployed in the study. Results from spectral analysis showed that the variability of rainfall over Myanmar exhibits a 2- to 6-year cycle. An abrupt change in rainfall over the country was noted in 1992. There was a notable increasing rainfall trend from 1989. After the sudden change, the mean rainfall increased by 36.1 mm, compared with the mean rainfall before the sudden change, and was associated with a rise in temperature of about 0.2 °C. An increase in heavy rainfall days was observed from the early 1990s to 2010. IOD and ENSO play an important role in the interannual variability of the summer rainfall over Myanmar. The covariability between rainfall over Myanmar and Indian Ocean SST generally suggests that a positive IOD mode is associated with suppressed rainfall in the central and northern parts of Myanmar. During a negative IOD mode, nearly the whole Myanmar experiences enhanced rainfall, which is associated with devastating socioeconomic impacts. The covariability between the rainfall over Myanmar and the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean in the first and second SVD modes was dominated by warming in the east and central Pacific—an El Niño-like pattern—resulting in dry conditions in central Myanmar. 相似文献
5.
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 630 nm wavelength over the oceanic regions adjoining the Asian Continent is examined using
a seven-year long data base derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA satellite to study
the mean spatial and temporal variations as well as to understand the impact of aerosols advecting from the continent. Depending
on the prevailing meteorological conditions and nature of synoptic circulation, the AOD over the oceanic region shows a systematic
annual variation. This annual pattern inturn also shows an inter-annual variability because of the corresponding variations
in the meteorological features over the continent as well as small-scale deviations in the nature of synoptic circulation.
The annual variation over the oceanic regions also shows a pronounced spatial heterogeneity depending on the influence of
continental aerosols. Making use of the wind speed dependence of sea-salt AOD at far-oceanic environments and monthly mean
wind speeds at small grids of size 5° × 5°, the annual variation of sea-salt AOD at different locations is studied to understand
the spatial heterogeneity of this component. The residual component obtained by subtracting this from the measured AOD is
the non-oceanic component due to advection from continent. The source regions for major continental advections are delineated
from the analysis of air-mass back trajectories at appropriate locations identified from the annual pattern of non-oceanic
component. The long-term effect of the continental impact is examined from the mean trend of AOD over the three major oceanic
regions. This study shows that the continental influence is most significant over the Arabian Sea, followed by the Bay of
Bengal and is almost insignificant in most of the regions over the Southern Hemispheric Indian Ocean, except for the effect
of smoke aerosols over a few locations near Indonesia and Madagascar. 相似文献
6.
Estimation of spectral reflectance of snow from IRS-1D LISS-III sensor over the Himalayan terrain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sensor onboard the satellite views the earth as a plain surface and consequently the satelliteobtained spectral radiances
cannot represent true values over a mountainous terrain. The relative magnitudes of terrain slope and its aspect with respect
to the sun's position will determine the amount of direct solar radiation incident on an undulating surface. Estimation of
spectral reflectance from satellite data forms an important component in many of the snow and glacier studies. The spectral
reflectance of snow is influenced by its various parameters. The changes in snowpack characteristics as a result of various
metamorphic processes, with age, can cause variations in its spectral reflectances. Since, the terrain geometry also modifies
the amount of reflected radiation from a rugged surface, one has to correct the estimated spectral reflectances for terrain
topography so as to use them in deriving the snowpack characteristics accurately. Also, the amounts of melt runoff originating
from glaciers having different slopes and orientations will not be the same. Considering these aspects, a model has been developed
to estimate the terrain corrected spectral reflectances over the Himalayan terrain using the Linear Imaging Self Scanner-III
data of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite. The model computes spectral reflectances from satellitebased radiance measurements
and includes the effect of the terrain topography on the incident solar radiation. The terrain slope and its aspect are generated
from the digital elevation model of the region. The analysis carried out over the Beas Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India, indicated
a variation of 22% in the amount of incident solar radiation for an increase of 10‡ in terrain slope. Further, the terrain
with south-east aspect received maximum amount of solar radiation. The large differences observed between the uncorrected
and terrain corrected reflectances in the shortwave infrared band (B5), which is not saturated over the snow covered region,
suggest that the terrain slope and its aspect cannot be neglected in estimating the accurate spectral reflectances over the
Himalayan terrain. 相似文献
7.
8.
A. T. Bajkova 《Astronomy Reports》2008,52(12):951-962
A new multi-frequency synthesis algorithm for reconstructing images from multi-frequency VLBI data is proposed. The algorithm is based on a generalized maximum entropy method, and makes it possible to derive an effective spectral correction for images over a broad frequency bandwidth, while simultaneously reconstructing the spectral-index distribution over the source. The results of numerical simulations demonstrating the capabilities of the algorithm are presented. 相似文献
9.
Prakash P. Roday Manish K. Purohit K. K. Prajapati 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,76(2):151-154
Fry method enables rapid estimate of finite strain from deformed aggregates such as clastic grains, fossil colonies, oolitic
or pisolitic aggregates, prophyroblastic minerals or phenocrysts. It has an advantage over the other methods of finite strain
analysis in its very quality of enabling rapid estimation with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Details of the software to
prepare a plot using Fry method are outlined. This program has an advantage over other computer based programs on the world
wide web in its aesthetic getup, small size, user friendliness and a help file. 相似文献
10.
Unprecedented precipitation along with heavy falls occurred over many parts of India from 28th February to 2nd March 2015. Many of the stations of northwest and central India received an all time high 24 hr cumulative precipitation of March during this period. Even the national capital, New Delhi, broke all the previous historical 24 hr rainfall records of the last 100 years to the rainfall record in March 2015. Due to this event, huge loss to agricultural and horticultural crops occurred in several parts of India. In the present study, an attempt is made to understand the various meteorological features associated with this unprecedented precipitation event over India. It occurred due to the presence of an intense western disturbance (WD) over Afghanistan and neighbouring areas in the form of north–south oriented deep trough in westerlies in middle and upper tropospheric levels with its southern end deep in the Arabian Sea, which pumped huge moisture feed over Indian region. Also, there was a jet stream with core wind speed up to 160 knots that generated high positive divergence at upper tropospheric level over Indian region; along with this there was high magnitude of negative vertical velocity and velocity convergence were there at middle tropospheric level. It caused intense upward motion and forced lower levels air to rise and strengthen the lower levels cyclonic circulations (CCs)/Lows. Moreover, the induced CCs/Lows at lower tropospheric levels associated with WD were more towards south of its normal position. Additionally, there was wind confluence over central parts of India due to westerlies in association with WD and easterlies from anticyclone over north Bay of Bengal. Thus, intense WD along with wind confluence between westerlies and easterlies caused unprecedented precipitation over India during the 1st week of March 2015. 相似文献
11.
Anindya Roy 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(3):320-324
Occurrence of calcrete over kimberlite is known all over the world and calcrete can also develop over a wide variety of weathered
rocks and/or soil under suitable condition of its formation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the mineralogy and
mineral chemistry of kimberlite derived calcretes and highlights their role as an exploration tool in search of kimberlite.
The present study reveals the presence of significant minerals, including diamonds, within the calcretes of “kimberlite traits”.
Calcrete derived from granite and mafic (dolerite/gabbro) rocks are mineralogically very distinct with those derived from
kimberlite. Calcrete can thus be a very useful prospecting tool in kimberlite and diamond exploration. 相似文献
12.
13.
A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Carbonate and organic matter deposited during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum is characterized by a remarkable -2.5% excursion in delta 13C that occurred over approximately 10(4) yr and returned to near initial values in an exponential pattern over approximately 2 x 10(5) yr. It has been hypothesized that this excursion signifies transfer of 1.4 to 2.8 x 10(18) g of CH4 from oceanic hydrates to the combined ocean-atmosphere inorganic carbon reservoir. A scenario with 1.12 x 10(18) g of CH4 is numerically simulated here within the framework of the present-day global carbon cycle to test the plausibility of the hypothesis. We find that (1) the delta 13C of the deep ocean, shallow ocean, and atmosphere decreases by -2.3% over 10(4) yr and returns to initial values in an exponential pattern over approximately 2 x 10(5) yr; (2) the depth of the lysocline shoals by up to 400 m over 10(4) yr, and this rise is most pronounced in one ocean region; and (3) global surface temperature increases by approximately 2 degrees C over 10(4) yr and returns to initial values over approximately 2 x 10(6) yr. The first effect is quantitatively consistent with the geologic record; the latter two effects are qualitatively consistent with observations. Thus, significant CH4 release from oceanic hydrates is a plausible explanation for observed carbon cycle perturbations during the thermal maximum. This conclusion is of broad interest because the flux of CH4 invoked during the maximum is of similar magnitude to that released to the atmosphere from present-day anthropogenic CH4 sources. 相似文献
14.
基于美国气候预测中心（CPC）土壤湿度资料和80个青藏高原气象观测站的降水、气温资料,对青藏高原土壤湿度时空演变、突变,及土壤湿度与降水、气温的关系进行了分析.结果表明：青藏高原土壤湿度呈自东南向西北递减的分布特征,土壤湿度与降水量在空间上有很好的对应关系,在时间上存在2~4个月的时滞相关.1980-2012年高原土壤湿度呈显著增多趋势,土壤湿度变化发生突变的年份为2003年.在土壤湿度变化过程中,降水和气温的作用明显,5-10月降水量和1-6月气温是影响高原土壤湿度变化的主要因素.5-10月降水量决定了多水期的土壤湿度,而多水期土壤湿度和1-6月气温共同决定了少水期的土壤湿度. 相似文献
15.
In this article, the interannual variability of certain dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of various sectors in the
Asian summer monsoon domain was examined during the onset phase over the south Indian peninsula (Kerala Coast). Daily average
(0000 and 1200 UTC) reanalysis data sets of the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric
Research (NCEP/NCAR) for the period 1948–1999 were used. Based on 52 years onset date of the Indian summer monsoon, we categorized
the pre-onset, onset, and post-onset periods (each an average of 5 days) to investigate the interannual variability of significant
budget terms over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian peninsula. A higher difference was noticed in low-level kinetic
energy (850 hPa) and the vertically integrated generation of kinetic energy over the Arabian Sea from the pre-onset, onset,
and post-onset periods. Also, significant changes were noticed in the net tropospheric moisture and diabatic heating over
the Arabian Sea and Indian peninsula from the pre-onset to the post-onset period. It appears that attaining the magnitude
of 40 m2 s−2 and then a sharp rise in kinetic energy at 850 hPa is an appropriate time to declare the onset of the summer monsoon over
India. In addition to a sufficient level of net tropospheric moisture (40 mm), a minimum strength of low-level flow is needed
to trigger convective activity over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. An attempt was also made to develop a location-specific
prediction of onset dates of the summer monsoon over India based on energetics and basic meteorological parameters using multivariate
statistical techniques. The regression technique was developed with the data of May and June for 42 years (1948–1989) and
validated with 10 years NCEP reanalysis from 1990 to 1999. It was found that the predicted onset dates from the regression
model are fairly in agreement with the observed onset dates obtained from the Indian Meteorology Department. 相似文献
16.
The A5 London to Holyhead trunk road suffers from large and varied settlements at Pant Dedwydd where it crosses a geotrophic peat bog developed on the glacial drift that overlies bedrock of Silurian Denbigh Grits Group. Recent carriageway settlements have created an undulating profile over a 100 m stretch, restricting forward visibility and posing recurring and persistent difficulties for highway maintenance. The highly compressible peat underlies almost 400 m of highway, ranges up to 7 m deep and a typical profile consists of an upper sphagnum peat layer and a basal reedy, woody and sedge grass peat. The highway was originally constructed by Thomas Telford in 1819 as a low floating embankment over the organic terrain. Increases in traffic over the intervening period together with successive asphalt overlays have resulted in a history of major repairs and although records are incomplete it is likely that the carriageway is now over 2 m thick over parts of the bog. Comprehensive geological investigations carried out to characterize the peat deposit included dynamic probe holes, boreholes and a trial pit. No unusual subsurface conditions were identified. However, scrub willow or grey sallow (Salix cinerea) was observed growing in spiraea thickets alongside the deepest hollows in the highway. The willows may contribute to the road subsidence by extraction of water from the peat beneath the carriageway. Accordingly, removal of the scrub willow and conventional re-grading of the carriageway have been recommended to correct the existing problem. 相似文献
17.
THE PROCESSES OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPURITIES TRANSPORTATION OVER THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU AS REVEALED BY SEASONAL RECORDS OF SNOW CHEMISTRY 相似文献
18.
The soil heave over time associated with a leak in a hot-water line beneath a floor slab of a lightly loaded structure constructed on a natural unsaturated expansive soil in Regina of Saskatchewan, Canada is modelled in this paper using the Modulus of Elasticity Based Method (MEBM). The case history arises from the studies that were initiated by the Prairie Regional Station of the Division of Building Research, National Research Council in 1960s as a part of a comprehensive field study program to investigate the problems associated with construction in/on an expansive soil in the Regina area. There is a good comparison between the results from the MEBM and the published data of measurements and estimations of soil heave over time. The encouraging results of this study suggest that the MEBM is a simple and promising approach for use in conventional engineering practice by geotechnical engineers for estimation of the heave over time of expansive soils. 相似文献
19.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(15-17):1701-1716
We present the first area-average time series reconstructions of warmest month, coldest month and mean annual surface air temperatures across Europe during the last 12,000 years. These series are based on quantitative pollen climate reconstructions from over 500 pollen sites assimilated using an innovative four-dimensional gridding procedure. This approach combines three-dimensional spatial gridding with a fourth dimension represented by time, allowing data from irregular time series to be ‘focussed’ onto a regular time step. We provide six regional reconstructed temperature time series as well as summary time series for the whole of Europe. The results suggest major spatial and seasonal differences in Holocene temperature trends within a remarkably balanced regional and annual energy budget. The traditional mid-Holocene thermal maximum is observed only over Northern Europe and principally during the summer. This warming was balanced by a mid-Holocene cooling over Southern Europe, whilst Central Europe occupied an intermediary position. Changes in annual mean temperatures for Europe as a whole suggest an almost linear increase in thermal budget up to 7800 BP, followed by stable conditions for the remainder of the Holocene. This early Holocene warming and later equilibrium has been mainly modulated by increasing winter temperatures in the west, which have continued to rise at a progressively decreasing rate up to the present day. 相似文献
20.
Thorsten Kiefer Stephan Lorenz Michael Schulz Gerrit Lohmann Michael Sarnthein Henry Elderfield 《地学学报》2002,14(4):295-300
ABSTRACT Palaeoceanographic reconstructions from the North Atlantic indicate massive ice breakouts from East Greenland near the onset of cold Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) stadials. In contrast to these coolings in the North Atlantic area, a new sea-surface temperature record reveals concomitant warm spells in the northern North Pacific. A sensitivity experiment with an atmospheric general circulation model is used to test the potential impact of sea-surface warmings by 3.5 °C in the North Pacific, on top of otherwise cold stadial climate conditions, on the precipitation regime over the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. The model predicts a maximum response over East Greenland and the Greenland Sea, where a 40% increase in net annual snow accumulation occurs. This remote effect of North Pacific warm spells on the East Greenland snow-accumulation rate may play an important role in generating D–O cycles by rebuilding the ice lost during ice breakouts. In addition, the increased precipitation over the Greenland Sea may help to sustain the D–O stadial climate state. 相似文献