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1.
The study of ecosystem service consumption (ESC) in Nepal not only helps us to understand the intensity and management level of Nepal’s ecosystem utilization, but also provides scientific data support for the establishment and planning of China’s aid to Nepal. Based on the data of food consumption and forestry production and trade, this study dynamically investigated the consumption levels, structure and ecological consumption patterns of farmland, forest, grassland, water and the integrated ecosystem in Nepal and their main driving forces, using the physical quantity accounting method. The results showed that the total consumption of farmland, forest, grassland, water and the integrated ecosystem in Nepal from 1961 to 2018 exhibited a fluctuating increase, with average value of 7.26 Tg yr-1, 6.38 Tg yr-1, 1.10 Tg yr-1, 0.02 Tg yr-1 and 14.76 Tg yr-1, respectively. The annual per capita forest consumption roughly decreased, while the annual per capita consumption of farmland, grassland, waters and integrated ecosystems mostly increased with their growth rates accelerating. The corresponding ecological consumption patterns were the “Log-Cereal-Milk” mode during 1961-1984, the “Log-Cereal-Vegetable-Root-Milk-Sugar” mode during 1985-2007 and the “Log-Cereal-Vegetable-Root-Sugar-Fruit-Milk” mode during 2008-2018. This study indicated that the supply capacity of the ecosystem (production, import and export capacity) and socio-economic factors (population density, per capita GDP and religious beliefs) are the main driving forces that are restricting the evolution of Nepal’s ecological consumption pattern. Although Nepal’s dietary structure has improved significantly, there is still a large gap between it and the standard of a balanced diet. The supply capacities of fruits, meat, eggs, milk and aquatic products should be enhanced to meet people’s demand for a balanced diet. This study can provide data support for the establishment of China’s aid projects to improve Nepal’s livelihood. 相似文献
2.
China announced plans on April 1, 2017 to create Xiong’an New Area, a new economic zone about 110 km southwest of Beijing. The new area of national significance covers the three counties of Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin in Hebei Province, and is home to Baiyangdian, a major wetland in northern China. It will cover around 100 km2 initially (called “Starting Zone”) and will be expanded to 200 km2 in the mid-term and about 2000 km2 in the long term. In this context, it is important to assess the land use pattern for the new area’s planning and development. Based on remote sensing interpretation of Landsat OLI images, we examine the current land use features, the potential for built-up land saving and intensive use, and the spatial variation of arable land quality. The results indicate that the arable lands, built-up lands and wetlands account for around 60%, 20% and 10%, respectively. The potential for rural built-up land saving and intensive use is quite large. The arable land quality and use intensity in Rongcheng and Anxin counties are much better than that of Xiongxian. The pros and cons for three potential options for the Starting Zone are listed and compared. The eastern area of Rongcheng county, to the north of Baiyangdian, is believed to be the most suitable Starting Zone. Policy recommendations for built-up land expansion, farmland saving and flood risk mitigation for Xiong’an New Area are also proposed in this paper. 相似文献
3.
In the new era of the rapid development of economic globalization and the community of human destiny, the implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” (OBOR) construction model is designed to coordinate environmental protection and economic development. Most of the countries along the Silk Road in the 21st century are developing countries, and the majority of them are facing the same ecological and developmental difficulties as China. In this paper, under the background of the “OBOR” strategy and on the basis of the distribution of global climate types, we selected Central Asia and Northwest China, which have temperate continental climates, as the research objects. We sorted out and summarized the main ecological problems faced by Western China and Central Asia during the development of the “Belt and Road” initiative. At the same time, in combination with the major ecological governance projects implemented in recent years, we proposed key ecological governance technologies that have a certain degree of scalability, such as key technologies for water resource utilization and protection, sand prevention and control, and saline-alkali land governance. The aim was to offer the experiences and a reference for providing technological models for the “one belt along the road” region and the country to build an effective ecological governance system. Two suggestions are then proposed for improving the feasibility and rationality of ecological governance technology in the construction of the “One Belt, One Road”. 1) With the implementation of the strategy of “OBOR” construction, the ecological threats the OBOR countries are facing cannot be ignored. Every country needs to jointly act to build an “OBOR” ecological civilization. 2) The participants must pay attention to the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecological carrying capacity, and provide data reference and support for the reasonable allocation of ecological governance technology. 相似文献
4.
自1984年, “点-轴开发”理论和中国国土开发、经济布局的“T”字型宏观战略提出以来,“T”字型空间结构战略在20世纪80~90年代得到大规模实施。海岸经济带和长江经济带2个一级重点经济带构成“T”字型,长江经济带将内地2个最发达的核心地区（成渝地区和武汉地区）与海岸经济带联系起来,其腹地几乎包括半个中国,其范围内资源丰富,农业、经济和技术基础雄厚,已经形成世界上最大的以水运为主的、包括铁路、高速公路、管道以及超高压输电等组成的具有超大能力的综合运输通道,其巨大的发展潜力是除海岸经济带以外的其他经济带所不能比拟的。“点-轴开发”理论和中国国土开发、经济布局的“T”字型宏观战略（海岸带和长江沿线作为全国的一级发展轴线）已经得到国内诸多知名学者和有关部门领导的认同,符合中国国土开发和经济布局合理化的要求,以海岸地带和长江沿岸作为今后几十年中国国土开发和经济布局的一级轴线的战略将是长期的。 相似文献
5.
The Landsat images of the 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2018 are selected as the data source to retrieve land cover and surface temperature data. The contribution of Sink-Source landscape pattern to the heat island and its ecological effects on urban and rural gradient were analyzed by using Heat Index (HI), Sink and Source Landscape Contribution (CIsink, CIsource) and Landscape Effect Index (LI) in Haikou. The results show that the heat island is concentrated on the West Coast, and in the central urban and Jiangdong New Area; the HI shows a pattern of decreasing value with the following land types: “Bare land>Artificial surface﹥Source landscape>Shrub grassland>Farmland>Sink landscape>Woodland>Water body”. In the central city section, the CIsink and CIsource are relatively large in these five periods. The LI decreases rapidly along the urban-rural gradient, promoting the Urban Heat Island (UHI) to a large degree. In contrast, the suburban area contributes to a lesser degree. Overall, the LI fluctuates, the proportion of mitigating UHI is large, and there is a second peak outside the city center. The existing Source-Sink Landscape contributes the most to UHI in the central urban area, and this contribution decreases along the urban-rural gradient. With the continuous expansion of city-town areas, the proportion of Sink areas has increased along the gradient, and the proportion of Source areas has subsequently declined, resulting in the spatial transfer and diffusion of UHI. Therefore, a UHI mitigation strategy based on the theory of regional landscape systems is proposed here. 相似文献
6.
China’s Yellow River Delta represents a typical area with moist semi-humid soil salinization, and its salinization has seriously affected the sustainable use of local resources. The use of remote sensing technology to understand changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of salinization is key to combating regional land degradation. In this study, a feature space model was constructed for remote sensing and monitoring land salinization using Landsat 8 OIL multi-spectral images. The feature parameters were paired to construct a feature space model; a total of eight feature space models were obtained. An accuracy analysis was conducted by combining salt-loving vegetation data with measured data, and the model demonstrating the highest accuracy was selected to develop salinization inversion maps for 2015 and 2020. The results showed that: (1) The total salinization area of the Yellow River Delta displayed a slight upward trend, increasing from 4244 km2 in 2015 to 4629 km2 in 2020. However, the area’s salting degree reduced substantially, and the areas of saline soil and severe salinization were reduced in size; (2) The areas with reduced salinization severity were mainly concentrated in areas surrounding cities, and primarily comprised wetlands and some regions around the Bohai Sea; (3) Numerous factors such as the implementation of the “Bohai Granary” cultivation engagement plan, increase in human activities to greening local residential living environments, and seawater intrusion caused by the reduction of sediment contents have impacted the distribution of salinization areas in the Yellow River Delta; (4) The characteristic space method of salinization monitoring has better applicability and can be promoted in humid-sub humid regions. 相似文献
7.
The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is an important resource for estimating the national carbon balance (These data were unpublished data, and we could only obtain the data before 2008 through data search by now). Based on the data from sample plots, the literature, and NFI, as well as the relationships between volume, biomass, annual litterfall and soil respiration of different forest types, the net ecosystem production (NEP), changes in forest biomass carbon storage (△Cbiomass) and non-respiratory losses (NR) of China’s forests during 1999-2008 were estimated, and the forest soil carbon sequestration (△Csoil) was assessed according to the carbon balance principle of the forest ecosystem (△Csoil = NEP - NR - △Cbiomass). The results showed that the total NEP, △Cbiomass, NR and △Csoil values for China’s forests were 157.530, 48.704, 31.033 and 77.793 Tg C yr-1 respectively, and average NEP, △Cbiomass, NR, and △Csoil values were 101.247, 31.303, 19.945 and 49.999 g C m-2 yr-1 respectively. There were large spatial differences in forest soil carbon sequestration in different parts of China. The forest soil in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi and Liaoning served as carbon sources and the carbon released was about 25.507 Tg C yr-1. The other 22 provinces served as carbon sinks and the average carbon sequestration by forest soil came to 103.300 Tg C yr-1. This research established a method for evaluating soil carbon sequestration by China’s forests based on the NFI, which is a useful supplement to current statistical data-based studies on the forest ecosystem carbon cycle, and can promote comparable studies on forest soil carbon sequestration with consistent research methods at the regional scale. 相似文献
8.
Data selection and methods for fitting coefficients were considered to test the self-thinning law. The Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in even-aged pure stands with 26 years of observation data were applied to fit Reineke’s (1933) empirically derived stand density rule (N $propto$ d¯ -1.605, N = numbers of stems, d¯ = mean diameter), Yoda’s (1963) self-thinning law based on Euclidian geometry (v¯ $propto$ N -3/2, v¯ = tree volume), and West, Brown and Enquist’s (1997, 1999) (WBE) fractal geometry (w¯ $propto$ d¯ -8/3). OLS, RMA and SFF algorithms provided observed self-thinning exponents with the seven mortality rate intervals (2%-80%, 5%-80%, 10%-80%, 15%-80%, 20%-80%, 25%-80% and 30%-80%), which were tested against the exponents, and expected by the rules considered. Hope for a consistent allometry law that ignores species-specific morphologic allometric and scale differences faded. Exponents α of N $propto$ d¯α, were significantly different from -1.605 and -2, not expected by Euclidian fractal geometry; exponents β of w¯ $propto$ Nβ varied around Yoda’s self-thinning slope -3/2, but was significantly different from -4/3; exponent γ of w¯ $propto$ d¯γ tended to neither 8/3 nor 3. 相似文献
9.
浅层地温能的开发利用有助于优化区域能源结构、节约常规化石能源、减少CO2排放。为掌握兰州新区浅层地温能的适宜性特点,对该类资源的开发规划和政府决策提供科学依据,以兰州新区建成区和规划区为研究对象,在分析区内浅层地温能赋存条件的基础上,依据掌握的多年实际勘查资料和测试数据,通过综合运用改进的层次分析法、综合指数法,对兰州新区440 km2的区域进行了土壤源热泵系统适宜性评价分析。结果表明：（1） 兰州新区拥有较为优异的浅层地温能赋存条件,区内地层结构简单且分布稳定,岩土体综合热导率、比热容、地温梯度均较高,十分有利于土壤源热泵系统的应用;而受到含水层富水性弱、水质差等因素的影响,地下水源热泵系统适宜性差。（2） 基于层次分析法建立的适宜性评价模型共划分3个属性准则和7个要素指标,采用指数标度分别构建了各层次的判断矩阵,并全部高精度通过一致性检验,同时优化了各要素参数的无量纲化方法,构建的评价模型更符合实际。（3） 研究区内对于土壤源热泵适宜性影响较大的要素主要是平均热导率和地温梯度。评价显示兰州新区土壤源热泵系统适宜、较适宜区总面积359.46 km2,占评价区总面积的81.70%,主要分布于秦王川盆地平原区,其余丘陵山区地带不适宜土壤源热泵系统的建设。评价结果对兰州新区乃至其他地质条件类似地区土壤源热泵系统的开发利用规划具有指导意义。 相似文献
10.
The priming effect is well acknowledged in soil systems but the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization remains elusive. To explore how N modifies the priming effect in soil organic matter (SOM), one in situ experiment with 13C labeled glucose addition (0.4 mg C g-1 soil, 3.4 atom % 13C) was conducted on soil plots fertilized with three gradients of urea (0, 4 and 16 g N m-2 yr-1). After glucose addition, the soil CO2 concentration and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were measured on day 3, 7, 21 and 35. The study found that N fertilization decreased soil CO2, PLFA and the fungi to bacteria ratio. Glucose triggered the strongest positive priming in soil at 0 g N m-2 yr-2, meanwhile N fertilization decreased SOM-derived CO2. Soil at 4 g N m-2 yr-2 released the largest amount of glucose-derived carbon (C), likely due to favorable nutrient stoichiometry between C and N. Stable microbial community biomass and composition during early sampling suggests “apparent priming” in this grassland. This study concludes that N fertilization inhibited soil priming in semi-arid grassland, and shifted microbial utilization of C substrate from SOM to added labile C. Diverse microbial functions might be playing a crucial role in soil priming and requires attention in future N fertilization studies. 相似文献
11.
XUE Dayuan ZHANG Yuanyuan CHENG Zhibin ZHONG Zhenyu CAO Ming FU Mengdi BAI Jiade YUAN Xuejiao 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(1):41-50
The reintroduction of rare and endangered species is one of the most important approaches to conservation and ecosystem restoration, but it has still proven to be an adventurous undertaking and most reintroduction programmes fail, so successful demonstrations are needed. Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus, Milu in Chinese) could be considered one of conservation’s great success stories, as this species’ path on the road to extinction has been reversed by a combination of ex-situ conservation and successful re-introduction in China. The species had been consigned to an imperial hunting ground when the last Chinese herds were exterminated during the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). Fortunately, a few of the last remaining individuals were sent to European zoos. From these animals, a herd was bred on the 14th Duke of Bedford’s estate, Woburn Abbey, and between 1985 and 1987, and 38 Milu were donated back to China for re-introduction in Beijing Milu Park (BMP), the former imperial hunting ground. An additional 39 deer were released at Dafeng National Nature Reserve (DFNNR), Jiangsu Province in 1986. In both of these safe and protected locations, the Milu thrived allowing for over 700 Milu to be sent to a further 82 sites throughout the species’ original Chinese range over the last 36 years. As a result, the Milu population totaled 9136 by 2021, with 2855 individuals now living back in the wild; while another 5681 individuals inhabit the DFNNR, and 186 reside in BMP. Wild Milu, however, still face significant conservation challenges. The population lacks genetic diversity, leading to severe inbreeding depression and carrying multiple risks, such as high miscarriage rates, a reduced lifespan, and susceptibility to disease. Environmental constraints such as pollution and habitat fragmentation further result in small, fragmented wild populations. Moreover, the species currently lacks a national level conservation master plan, the associated coordinated monitoring platforms, and breeding plans for China’s captive populations. Finally, there is now a lack of international cooperation in the conservation of this species. We therefore call for both a national-level conservation master plan in China and international cooperation to develop a shared database and germplasm databank covering Milu across all countries with ex-situ populations, as crucial steps for securing the long-term conservation of Milu and preventing it from ever becoming “extinct in the wild” again. 相似文献
12.
利用2017—2019年中天山北坡城市群（乌鲁木齐市、昌吉市、石河子市、五家渠市）逐时大气污染物监测数据及气象数据,分析了大气污染物年内变化和污染天气类型特征。结果表明：（1） 中天山北坡4座城市6类大气污染物中PM2.5超标日数最多（年均94~104 d）,年均浓度介于64~73 μg·m-3,且五家渠市>乌鲁木齐市>石河子市>昌吉市。采暖期PM2.5浓度在100~118 μg·m-3之间,是非采暖期的4.00~5.00倍,靠近山前地带的城市PM2.5浓度日变化大体呈现“双峰双谷型”。（2） 4座城市污染天气类型主要分为静稳型、沙尘型和特殊型,其中静稳型占86.2%~93.6%、沙尘型占5.8%~13.2%。静稳型污染天气多出现在冬季,沙尘型主要出现在春、秋季节。静稳型污染天气中Ⅴ-Ⅵ级污染级别占比45.8%~56.6%,沙尘型污染天气中Ⅴ-Ⅵ级污染级别占比14.9%~29.4%。（3） 静稳型和沙尘型污染天气下PM2.5和PM10浓度都存在显著的线性相关,前者PM10浓度是PM2.5的1.26倍,而后者达3.16倍,此倍数可以作为区分静稳型和沙尘型污染天气的判据。 相似文献
13.
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×109 Yuan (0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×109 Yuan (0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016. 相似文献
14.
WU Rina CONG Weiwei LI Yonghua LI Siyao WANG Dongfang JIA Zhiqing WANG Feng 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(2):196-201
The dryland ecosystem is the dominant component of the global terrestrial ecosystem since arid regions occupy 45% of the earth’s land area and feed 38% of the world's population. The stability and sustainable development of the dryland ecosystem are critical for achieving the millennium development goal (MDG) in the arid and semiarid areas. However, there is still no scientific guideline for measuring and conserving the health and productivity of dryland ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the scientific conceptual framework of defining, monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of dryland ecosystems. The ecological quality of dryland ecosystems is represented by a system of comprehensive indicators that are each extracted from the ecological elements, and structural and functional indices of the ecosystem. These indicators can be monitored by integrating satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles with ground-based sensor networks at the scale of either observational sites or regional scales. Finally, the ecological quality can be evaluated by evaluation models based on the normalized index values and their thresholds. This paper presents a conceptual framework for monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of drylands, which provides a way of advancing the monitoring, diagnosis, and evaluation of the ecological quality of the dryland ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
National key eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are exceptionally fragile areas in terms of their eco-environments and are also severely affected by water and soil loss. They have been a focus of attention from all sectors of society. This research assesses important ecosystem service functions and their values using such indexes as NPP, soil conservation quantity and water conservation quantity. The result indicates that the ecosystem services of China’s eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are worth 3268.90×108 CNY in total, of which organic matter production accounts for 530.96×108 CNY, nutrient substance circulation and storage 301.91×108 CNY, carbon fixation and oxygen release 1616.16×108 CNY, soil conservation 442.70×108 CNY and water source conservation 816.20×108 CNY. Of the four functional zones, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area registers the highest value of 1551.30×108 CNY, and the Three Gorges Reservoir Area the lowest value of 448.15×108 CNY. In terms of ecosystem service value per unit of area, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area takes the first place, followed by Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Dabie Mountain Area, which are roughly equivalent, and finally the Loess Plateau Area is at the bottom. 相似文献
16.
Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area. The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound, and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode. However, most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation. Through ecological compensation, farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode, which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits. This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs, and through interviews and questionnaires, we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation, chestnut-maitake, chestnut-millet, and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area. Through analysis and calculation, we obtained the following results: (1) Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher, their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode, and the return on unit investment is lower. (2) The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry, so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost. (3) The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation, the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha-1 yr-1, and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha-1 yr-1, which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations. Ultimately, farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage. 相似文献
17.
In the tourism industry, transportation is the greatest consumer of energy and contributes the largest amount of CO2 emissions (ECCE). Airplane flights make up between 60% and 70% of all forms of tourism transport. Since airplane travel is the main way for tourists to access islands, airplane travel receives considerable attention in the study of the relationship between island tourism transportation, environment and economy. However, the parameters adopted to estimate ECCE in the literature are usually either out-of-date or taken from papers not written in China. To improve the accuracy of estimates, all the parameters used in this paper are current and were obtained locally. Based on these parameters and a bottom-up approach, a more accurate estimation of ECCE for the off-shore island city of Haikou was obtained in 2012. The results indicate that 24.30% of the city’s energy consumption, 33.89 PJ, was due to tourism transportation, while CO2 emissions were 2.54 Mt. It is incorrect to assume that tourism is “an industry with no pollution”. In Haikou, for example, tourism turns out to be the major form of energy consumption in the city. This paper makes several suggestions intended to minimize the negative environmental impact from tourism transportation. These include recommending longer stays, a decrease in the number of flights, taxation of airplane emissions, and the setting up an environmental recovery fund. 相似文献
18.
1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于修订后的中国两次冰川编目数据及2015-2016年Landsat OLI遥感影像,对冈底斯山1970-2016年的冰川时空变化特征进行分析,并利用相应时段的气温和降水数据,对冰川变化原因进行探讨,为全面认识冈底斯山在气候变暖背景下冰川的响应规律及区域水资源合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明：① 2015-2016年冈底斯山共有冰川3953条,面积1306.45 km 2,冰储量约58.16 km 3;冰川数量以面积< 0.5 km 2的冰川为主,面积则以介于0.1~5 km 2的冰川为主。② 1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川面积共减少854.05 km 2（-39.53%）,冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.09%/a,消融期气温升高是导致该山区冰川退缩的最主要原因。与中国西部其他山系冰川变化相比,冈底斯山是冰川退缩最为强烈的地区,且近年来冰川退缩呈加快趋势。③ 冈底斯山冰川面积减少主要集中在海拔5600~6100 m之间,海拔6500 m以上区域基本没有变化。除南朝向和东南朝向外,冈底斯山其他朝向冰川数量和面积均呈减少趋势,其中北朝向冰川面积减少最多,西北朝向冰川面积变化最快。④ 冈底斯山冰川面积变化自西向东呈加快趋势,其中东段冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.72%/a,中段次之（-1.67%/a）,西段仅为-0.83%/a。 相似文献
19.
新疆荒漠化现状、成因及对策 总被引：26，自引：3，他引：23
新疆远离海洋、深居内陆、地形封闭、干旱缺水,沙漠戈壁包围绿洲,绿洲呈分散分割状。森林覆盖率1.68%,盆地中心分布着两大沙漠,生态环境脆弱。40多年来,新疆在改造沙质荒漠化、土壤盐渍化、水域治理、中低产田等荒漠化治理中,取得了重大成就,同时,人口也增长了2.9倍,人类活动使生态平衡失调。荒漠化土地总面积79.59×104km2,其中沙质荒漠化面积52.05×104km2;盐碱土总面积847.6×104hm2,现有耕地中31.1%的面积受到盐碱危害;山区云杉林已减少2.3×104hm2,落叶松减少2.4×104hm2,平原林退化更为严重;80%的草场均有不同程度的退化,产草量下降35.4%~75.8%;湖泊较70年代减少一半,耕地土壤肥力下降。根据新疆荒漠化发生发展的特点与原因,总结防治经验,形成有效的防治方法、措施与体系,新疆的荒漠化是可以防治的。 相似文献
20.
WANG Xu 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(1):92-102
To modernize food safety governance, we must carry out basic restructuring of its internal logic at the national level to reflect the features of contemporary Chinese society that shape food safety. This will entail establishing an overarching, macro-level conception of food safety that integrates “baseline safety”, “hub safety”, “co-constructed safety” and “endogenous safety”. These four dimensions of safety represent four fundamental requirements of food safety governance in modern Chinese society, which is a “risk society” (Beck 1992 ) and one that is also complex, open and pluralist. These requirements are: maximum legal liability, a unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system, a concept of social co-governance, and enterprises being the primary entities accountable for food safety. This article uses this analytical framework to interpret the basic contents of the newly revised Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, and uses a focus on social co-governance to present the institutional highlights of this law and the transformation of the internal logic of food safety governance. 相似文献