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1.
South Africa's organically emerged cultural business of traditional healing is almost exclusively reliant on wild-harvested resources extracted from wilderness areas or open-access commons. The wild medicine business has been described for much of South Africa, although is little understood in Cape Town, the urban centerpiece of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). A census of different traditional healer typologies in five typical working-class residential areas (representing ～71,500 residents) was conducted to assess the nature and extent of traditional medicine harvesting and trade. Extrapolating these findings for the city reveals a local industry of more than 15,000 practitioners collectively conducting trade worth US $15.6 million per year. More than 40% of the volume of traditional medicines traded in the city is harvested from the CFR. Future conservation approaches must consider that the business of traditional healing and dispensing wild-harvested medicines is both economically important and culturally entrenched.  相似文献   

2.
西北地区野生药材资源和野生植物资源的滥采乱挖不仅引起了资源的迅速衰竭，而且还破坏了当地的草地资源，区域的生态环境也随之渐趋恶化。从产权制度、许可制度、保护制度等资源法律制度入手分析了滥采乱挖屡禁不止的主要原因，并进而提出了加强资源法制建设的多种途径和对策：（1）完善资源产权制度，实现资源产权的具体化、实体化；（2）依法行政，实现资源开发利用和经营的法制化管理；（3）重新审视资源的价值，合理确定资源的保护级别；（4）加强资源法制宣传，提高群众的法律意识。  相似文献   

3.
The Chinese caterpillar fungus is famous for its high market value, unusual life history, and significant medicinal uses. It is harvested by very poor communities and sold for an extraordinarily high price. Most of the studies on this species are focused on therapeutic uses, chemical analyses, ecology, and trade. However, harvesting techniques and intensity of the harvests remain undocumented. We document harvesting techniques, trends of harvest, and perceptions of the Chinese caterpillar fungus harvesters in Dolpa, Nepal, based on surveys, focus-group discussions, and direct observations. Along with increasing market value, intensity of the harvest has been increasing. The Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest has now become the second most important livelihood strategy for the local communities, after agriculture. Reported per-capita harvest based on the first day of collection has declined over the last 4 years, apparently because of the decline in the stock and the increasing number of harvesters.  相似文献   

4.
樊杰 《地理科学》1998,18(2):99-105
基于对我国６省７个建制镇的实地调查研究,本文侧重于从就业结构变化、人口迁移、小城镇建设和资金来源、小城镇工业布局等方面,探讨了中国农村工业化在城镇化中的作用,作者认为,发展小城镇是我国实现城镇化的一条重要途径。  相似文献   

5.
Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar, and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy (63.83 %), maize (19.15%), and potato (17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night (after dusk and before dawn) (78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals. A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records (22 deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.  相似文献   

6.
雅砻江二滩水电站库区泥石流十分活跃，在库区内，沟谷型泥石流沟１００条．库首左岸的金龙沟，多次暴发过泥石流，用金龙沟泥石流活动特征与短历时雨强的资料，经计算分析后，得到了库区泥石流活动规律、流域环境条件与雨强之间的关系式，并给出了金龙沟暴发泥石流的降水指数３６００，有助于泥右流预报．  相似文献   

7.
Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＧｉａｎｔＰａｎｄａ(Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｅａ)ｉｓａｎｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｅｄａｎｉｍａｌｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ.Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｂｏｕｔ1000ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓｌｅｆｔａｎｄｃｏｎｆｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎａｒｅａｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｉｔｓｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇｈａｂｉｔａｔｃｏｖｅｒｓａｂｏｕｔ29,500ｋｍ2[2,6,11].Ｈｕｍａｎｅｎｃｒｏａｃｈｍｅｎｔｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅ…  相似文献   

8.
曾新 《热带地理》2004,24(3):293-297
分析明清时期有关地方文献中的广州城图认为:1.清初广州城扩筑鸡翼城后,其形制基本定型,由明初"三城合一"后的长方形演化为向北凸的不规则形状.2.广州古城在明清时期主要有3次扩城之举,城区分别向北、向南扩展,清道光年间城区范围已突破城墙界限向外发展,其扩展动力是经济功能的增强、人口的增加.3.城内的布局表现为内城北部为历朝的政治活动中心,经济活动则随城区的扩展作相应的调整,由内城扩展至新城、鸡翼城乃至城外西关一带;城市主要街道由明初的各成体系发展至清初已互相贯通,基本定型,其影响延续至今.最后,建议借鉴古代  相似文献   

9.
Anthropogenic grasslands mixed with fern and shrubland, on scales from metres to kilometres, are widespread in tropical Southeast Asia, and especially in southern China and adjoining regions where harvesting for domestic fuel is a major factor in their maintenance. Baseline surveys in grassland and fernland in 1989–90 and resurveys in 2001 of three 6 × 20 m plots in Wong Chuk Yuen, Hong Kong, showed substantial change in species composition and total aboveground phytomass as a result of annual harvesting, with more pronounced change in the fernland. Under harvesting pressure, the species composition of the grassland changed considerably, though the proportions of the various life‐forms did not. Ischaemum spp. and Miscanthus floridulus increased whereas Themeda gigantea died out while the proportion of other grass species remained much the same. Under the same regime the species composition and life‐forms of the fernland changed markedly. The proportion of Dicranopteris fern dropped substantially, though still comprising a third of the phytomass by 2001. The shrub Melastoma survived harvesting. A firebreak cut in the fernland became grassy under annual harvesting and remained grassy six years after cutting ceased. The annual harvests from the growth‐years 1991–2000 showed a substantial though variable increase in total phytomass. Analyses relating harvested phytomass with various climatic parameters showed no significant correlations. Some possible reasons for this are suggested. Although annual harvesting was clearly sustainable over the ten years of observation, the question of continued sustainability on sites harvested for centuries, the situation in much of southern China and parts of upland mainland Southeast Asia, remains unresolved.  相似文献   

10.
Late in the summers of 1997 and 1998 surveys of common eider ( Somateria mollissima ) colonies were conducted throughout Avanersuaq Municipality in north-west Greenland. Although old information from eider colonies was available, these surveys provided the first almost all colonies in the district, thereby improving the baseline data for assessing future population changes. The surveys were based on nest counts, and all but two colonies in the district were counted, In total, 3800 nest were counted and an educated guess for the total population in Avanersuaq Municipality, including the two inaccessible colonies, would be around 5000 pairs. Average clutch size was 3.74 similar to or higher than in other areas of Greenland and high Artic Canada suggesting favourable conditions for eiders in the survey area. Comparison with older data suggests that the breeding population in Avanersuaq is stable. This observation contrasts with the declines ocserved in other parts of Greenland. Further studies into possible population specific mirigation routs and wintering areas as well as the direct and indirect effects of the intensive winter hunting in south-west Greenland are warranted.  相似文献   

11.
灰色灾变模型在蒋家沟泥石流年输沙量短期预测中的应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
根据蒋家沟泥石流年输沙量最近8年的实测资料,运用灰色系统理论的灾变预测方法建立了泥石流年输沙量的灾变预测模型,对未来可能出现的年输沙量超过200万立方米的灾变年份进行了预测,并引入等维新息模型,使短期灾变预测得以连续进行。  相似文献   

12.
Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain livelihood strategies   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Commercial alpine medicinal plants are collected from the wild by local rural households throughout the Himalaya and sold in order to increase household incomes. Recent studies indicate that this annual trade amounts to thousands of tonnes of roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc., worth millions of US dollars. The main market is in India. Based on a national survey, including the most commonly traded species, and a village study this paper investigates the importance of the alpine medicinal plant trade at national and local levels in Nepal. The national survey included standardized open-ended interviews with 232 harvesters, 64 local traders, 66 central wholesalers, 47 regional wholesalers, and 16 production companies. The village survey is based on the daily records of household activities in 15 households in a one-year period. The annual Nepalese alpine and sub-alpine medicinal plant trade is conservatively estimated to vary from 480 to 2500 t with a total harvester value of US$0.8–3.3 million; the average harvester value is estimated at US$66.0 ± 99.0. The trade in 1997/98 amounted to 1600 t with a harvester value of US$2.3 million and an export value equivalent to 2.5% of total export from Nepal. Medicinal plant harvesting was found to constitute an integrated part of local livelihood strategies, contributing from 3 to 44% (average of 12%) of the annual household income. Importance at household level depended on land and animal holdings, and the availability of adult male labour. The validity and reliability of methods and analyses is evaluated, and issues of conservation and management of alpine medicinal plant species under the community forestry scheme are discussed.  相似文献   

13.

The potassium supplying capacity of the waste mica powder (WMP) was evaluated through chemical and biological means. Four different size fractions of the WMP were studied in laboratory by different chemical extractants. At the same time, experiment of the plant growth was conducted in pot using K-deficient soil. The K release from the WMP by different extractants followed an increasing trend with an increase in the fineness of the particles. The highest K release was recorded by boiling 1 M HNO3 (376.4–1726.4 mg kg?1) followed by 1 M ammonium acetate (33.5–226.5 mg kg?1), 0.01 M citric acid (31.6–158.3 mg kg?1) and water (12.0–112.0 mg kg?1) irrespective of the various size fractions. Significantly, higher cumulative K release from the WMP in successive extraction was recorded with 1 M boiling HNO3 that predicts its slow-release property. The K release by different extractants was correlated significantly and positively with the biomass yield and K uptake by plants. 1 M boiling HNO3 extractable K showed higher correlation values with the biomass yield and K uptake. Therefore, it suggests that the extractant might be a better indicator of K supplying capacity of the WMP. The plant intervention was able to extract 32.8% of total K from the WMP simultaneously improving the exchangeable and non-exchangeable K pool in soil. These above-mentioned results conclude that plants can get access to a significant amount of K from the WMP and it could be an effective source of K in highly weathered tropical soils under K deficiency.

  相似文献   

14.
周尚意  张晶 《地理科学》2015,35(11):1357-1363
以地方性理论为切入点,提出历史事件为地方性的来源。在洞庭碧螺春原产地苏州吴中区东山镇和金庭镇（原西山镇）进行访谈调查,了解地方性在洞庭碧螺春生产销售方面的作用。运用级差地租理论和垄断市场理论说明了当地通过占据历史事件发生地的“地方性”而获得了级差地租和垄断利润。研究结论为：① 历史事件和传说具有空间不可移动性,可以成为形成级差地租的因素。② 历史传说赋予地理标识产品的质量无法通过理化手段测量,因此会出现原产地之外的茶叶假冒当地茶叶销售获利。派生的建议是当地政府需要加强对地理标识产品的宣传及法律保护。  相似文献   

15.
This study aims to understand GIS based ecotourism potential of Munessa Shashemene Concession Forest and its surrounding area in Ethiopia. Landsat images from 2009/2010 and 2013 were used to drive baseline data including land cover, land use, stream and road. Elevation based agro-ecology and slope map were derived from SRTM DEM. Rapid wild animals survey, identifying the location of known historical, cultural and unique features were carried out in the filed with the help of key-informants. A suitability model was designed in GIS environment to assess the suitability of an area for tourism considering suitability factors such as land cover types, wild animal zone, unique features, topography and distance to a road. The result showed areas which are highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, or unsuitable for tourism. The old giant, Podocarpus (Podocarpus falcatus) trees that serve as habitat of the endangered and endemic mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), were identified as very high suitable areas for tourists. The highly suitable areas include forest area along the lake which is seasonally visited by mountain nyala and areas of plantation forest that are found adjacent to natural forest. These areas follow remnants of the natural forest and found along boundary between the mid-highland and the highland agro-ecologies. The agricultural land use types consisting of maize/haricot-bean and wheat/barley were evaluated as marginally suitable, nevertheless these could be considered as potential for agri-tourism. The study revealed that the concession area is found to be a suitable area with its huge potential for ecotourism development.  相似文献   

16.
As a typical representative of the herbivorous wild animals in Chang Tang Plateau, the number of Tibetan wild asses has increased significantly in recent years. Clarifying the distribution, population, and size of its habitats is conducive to formulating the protection plan for wild animals and managing the conflict between people and wild animals in Chang Tang Plateau. Based on the distribution probability of Tibetan wild ass habitats and environmental factors, the number of Tibetan wild asses in Gaize County of Chang Tang Plateau was calculated by using the belt transect method and random forest model, and due to the uncertainty of the calculations, the results were corrected and analyzed. The results show that the living environment of Tibetan wild asses in Gaize County of Chang Tang Plateau is at 4400-4600 m above sea level, 350-400 m away from the river, and the average temperature in the warmest season is 10-12 ℃. The vegetation types of habitats are generally temperate tufted dwarf grass, dwarf semi shrub desert grassland, alpine grass, Carex grassland, alpine cushion dwarf semi shrub desert, among others. On the basis of studying the environmental preferences of Tibetan wild asses, the random forest model was corrected by using the data of the second scientific survey sample line of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for three years. The approximate number of Tibetan wild asses in each of the different areas of Gaize County was obtained. The number of Tibetan wild asses in Gaize Town, Xianqian Township, Gumu Township, Chabu Township, Mami Township, Wuma Township and Dongcuo Township is 855, 3458, 2358, 1453, 743, 943 and 647, respectively. By studying the environmental preferences of Tibetan wild asses and analyzing the results of the belt transect survey, the random forest model can accurately estimate the number of Tibetan wild asses in Gaize County of Chang Tang Plateau.  相似文献   

17.
杨兴柱  孙井东  陆林  王群 《地理学报》2018,73(2):276-294
作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游正在不可逆转地改变着聚居空间演变进程。旅游地聚居空间特征及其社会效应是透视旅游地社会转型的重要维度之一,旅游地聚居现象已构成旅游地理学研究的重要命题。以千岛湖为案例,立足社区尺度,应用实地观察法、访谈法、问卷调查方法、GIS空间技术、统计分析法,探究千岛湖旅游地聚居空间发展过程;识别和划分居住社区类型,测算居住社区空间分异度,揭示旅游影响下典型聚居区分布格局;从居住满意度、社会交往和社会融合三个方面,构建聚居空间社会效应指标体系。研究发现：① 伴随着社会经济转型、旅游产业发展与城市更新的不断推进,千岛湖镇聚居空间发展经历了5个发展阶段。② 识别了76个基本空间单元,将76个居住小区划分为乡村社区、商住混合社区、老旧住房社区、一般商品房社区、高档商品房社区、高档别墅区、旅游度假社区7种类型。③ 城市居住空间分异现象存在于旅游地聚居空间。社会阶层越低的社区居住分异度越大,社会阶层较高的社区居住分异度越小。千岛湖镇聚居空间呈现圈层结构分布模式,从湖岸到中心城区,居住等级逐渐降低,乡村社区呈扇型镶嵌于主城区居住空间结构上,老旧住房社区和旅游度假社区分布于千岛湖镇外围。④ 旅游发展导致了聚居空间社会分异,引致旅游地传统社会关系的裂变分化,进一步影响聚居满意度、社会交往和社会融合。千岛湖镇旅游地社区居住总体处于较满意状态,且千岛湖镇社区居住满意度存在明显的空间差异,不同社区个体交友意愿存在差异,大部分居民能较好地适应本地生活。  相似文献   

18.
Locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) are often recommended as a strategy to achieve conservation and fisheries management, though few studies have evaluated their performance against these objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of eight periodically harvested closures (PHCs), the most common form of management within Fijian LMMAs, focusing on two outcomes: protection of resource units and biodiversity conservation. Of the eight PHCs, only one provided biodiversity benefits, whereas three were moderately successful in protecting resource units (targeted fish biomass). Protection of resource units was more likely when PHCs were harvested less frequently, less recently, and when total fish biomass in open areas was lower. Our findings further suggest that monitoring, enforcement, and clearly defined boundaries are critical, less frequent harvesting regimes are advised, and culturally appropriate management incentives are needed. Although PHCs have some potential to protect resource units, they are not recommended as a single strategy for broad-scale biodiversity conservation.  相似文献   

19.
“门票新政”下凤凰古城利益格局及治理路径   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
凤凰古城“门票新政”是中国古城镇市场化运作中的公共事件.“门票新政”给旅游地带来新的利益格局：凤凰县政府和景区公司成最大受益者;获得政策支持的民族村寨及旅游景区旅游经济稳固提升;灰色涉旅人群逐步取得公平收益;古城涉旅商户经营收益略降;古城周边未获得政策支持的民族村寨及景区旅游发展缓慢,个别景区停业;不购票倾向游客利益受损;社区普通居民和购票倾向游客利益影响甚微.对“门票新政”下的利益格局进行合理性分析,进而探索出凤凰古城治理的3条路径：（1）规范政府行为,提升“门票新政”政策认同感;（2）建立共容利益协调机制,促进古城可持续发展;（3）引入第四方监督机构,约束监管“凤凰新政”.  相似文献   

20.
本文以广州市主城区为研究对象,简化城市建筑群后绘制出无建筑区域的中心线,进而识别风道。利用2016年逐时风向风速数据,基于GIS提出了度量风道物理、热力属性的指标,据此分析风道特征,并对通风效能进行了评估。研究表明：① 在40 m分辨率下识别出潜在风道中心线共有2451条,相互组合后达到风道标准的有142条,总通风面积为96.49 km2,占研究区的21.59%。② 以珠江新城为中心,研究区潜在通风网络呈现略向东北方向倾斜的密—疏—密的圈层特征;老城区通风面积有限,区际间风道的宽高比差异较大,珠江新城最低（6.54）,海珠湿地最高（74.43）;主城区外围区域的绿地与水域占风道通风面积比重超过90%。③ 由走向效能空间分布格局的相似性,可分为春、夏和秋冬3个模式;依据走向效能得分的季节变化规律,划分出常年风道、季节风道和沟通风道3类。各季节通风效能评估优劣关系为：秋>冬>春>夏。④ 研究区内高架桥对阻滞度的贡献是行道树的2倍以上,阻滞度最大值为4.70 m3/m2,阻滞程度较高的区域大部集中分布在研究区西侧,特别是三元里周边密集的立交桥群区域。  相似文献   

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