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盐度是海洋水文监测中一个重要被测参量,高质量盐度数据的重要性已经在远海调查和近海调查中被认知。大部分的盐度监测数据是通过现场多参数监测仪器(如CTD)获取的,而实验室盐度测量依然是获得高精度盐度数据的有效方法。AUTOSAL 8400B实验室盐度计是加拿大Guildline仪器公司研制开发的一种高精度的测量海水电导率比值的仪器,其测盐最大允许误差可达到±0.002 psu,经常被用于标准海水的定值和CTD仪器的校准。我国国内引进了不少该型仪器,为了把好其质量关,国家海洋标准计量中心研发了一套对该仪器进行科学的检测的方法。 相似文献
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SYY1-1盐度计是济南光学仪器厂生产的。该仪器在测量海水盐度时,同一个样品海水在不同的温度下所测得的盐度值却不同,因此对于仪器所测得的盐度值,要进行温度修正,为此厂方提供了一本盐度的温度修正表。该表的盐度读数范围为0—50S,且每隔5S给出一组值,这样共分11组,温度范围是0—40℃,每0.2℃给出一组值,共分201组。由此可知,该表共有修正值数据2211个。虽然该表如此繁杂,但仍不能满足实际工作的需要。在使用该仪器的实际工作中,其盐度读数精确到0.1‰,温度精确到0.1℃,这样就不 相似文献
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电化学方法是测量海水pH值的主要方法之一。针对自主研发的基于铱金属及其氧化物电极的pH传感器,建立了海水环境下仪器标定和数据校正的方法,并在近岸和大洋环境中进行了原位测试的应用。仪器标定包括：(1)依照海水pH分析的标度要求选取适当的标定缓冲试剂;(2)以标准海水替代常用的2-氨基吡啶(AMP)溶液制备标定缓冲体系。数据校正主要包括温度背景校正及误差校正。海区原位测试应用以及与其他同类仪器对比表明,标定体系差异带来的误差可达1.00 pH单位,数据校正可提升测试精度0.10～3.00 pH单位不等。仪器的标定与数据校正方法能有效提高该自研pH传感器的测量精度。 相似文献
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海水盐度是海洋水文测量的要素之一,测量海水盐度对海洋科学研究、海洋开发利用和军事国防都具有重要意义。海水电导率测量是进行盐度测量的重要手段,使用电导率传感器测量盐度,具有精确度高、速度快、计算海水密度可靠以及便于现场测量等优点,这种方法已成为海水盐度测量的主要手段。感应式电导率传感器是海洋调查和水文观测必不可少的仪器。文中论述了新型感应式电导率传感器的工作原理、设计方法和制作工艺,给出了传感器的测试方法以及目前达到的水平,最后对试验结果进行了分析说明,提出了需要进一步研究的问题。通过实验室测试,验证了上述设计,传感器工作正常、测量精度高、具有较高的可移植性,符合现场应用使用要求。 相似文献
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感应式温盐传感器基于电导率法测盐,可以实现现场测量与实时测量。测量盐度时需要首先计算海水温度、海水电导率和海水压力,表层感应式温盐传感器对压力量不予考虑,温度、电导率的精度却直接关系到盐度测量结果的准确度,因此使用传感器前必须进行温度和盐度的标定。分析了温盐传感器的工作原理,设计温度、电导率的标定校准步骤,包括回归曲线的选择和回归方程系数的计算,其中温度、电导率和温度补偿的标定回归曲线采用多项式形式,用实验室高精度盐度计和铂电阻温度仪测得5~7组数据,然后对多项式最小二乘法回归,电导率回归过程中由温度和盐度求电导率用到了二分法,最后论述了标定回归方程的误差范围。 相似文献
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我们用相对电导比法对现场采集的海水盐度进行精密测量,所得盐度值能与UNESCO(联合国教科文组织)标准统一。在圆腔H_(011)模式中通过微扰法测量了不同盐度海水的复介电常数,获得微波x波段(9370兆赫)海水的复介电常数与其盐度之间的关系。为了减小误差,提高精度,测量时对文献报导的方法做了若干改进,并已构成独立的方法。 相似文献
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海水电导率是表征海水导电能力的物理量.1978实用盐标的贯彻,使得利用海水电导率测量仪测定盐度法成为当前测量盐度的主要手段.由于使用环境的特殊性,海洋调查对海水电导率测量数据的可靠性提出了更高的要求,通过对电导率测量仪进行定期校准,可以保证海水电导率测量数据的准确性,维护盐度计量单位统一和量值准确可靠.文中详细介绍了海... 相似文献
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Caprock has the most important role in the long term safety of formation gas storage. The caprocks trap fluid accumulated beneath, contribute to lateral migration of this fluid and impede its upward migration. The rapid upward passage of invasive plumes due to buoyancy pressure is prevented by capillary pressure within these seal rocks. In the present study, two main seal rocks, from the Zagros basin in the southwest of Iran, a shale core sample of Asmari formation and an anhydrite core sample of Gachsaran formation, were provided. Absolute permeabilities of shale and anhydrite cores, considering the Klinkenberg effect, were measured as 6.09 × 10−18 and 0.89 × 10−18 m2, respectively. Capillary sealing efficiency of the cores was investigated using gas breakthrough experiments. To do so, two distinct techniques including step by step and residual capillary pressure approaches were performed, using carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane gases at temperatures of 70 and 90 °C, under confining pressures in the range 24.13–37.92 MPa. In the first technique, it was found that capillary breakthrough pressure of the cores varies in the range from 2.76 to 34.34 MPa. Moreover, the measurements indicated that after capillary breakthrough, gas effective permeabilities lie in range 1.85 × 10−21 – 1.66 × 10−19 m2. In the second technique, the minimum capillary displacement pressure of shale varied from 0.66 to 1.45 MPa with the maximum effective permeability around 7.76 × 10−21 – 6.69 × 10−20 m2. The results indicate that anhydrite caprock of the Gachsaran formation provides proper capillary sealing efficacy, suitable for long term storage of the injected CO2 plumes, due to its higher capillary breakthrough pressure and lower gas effective permeability. 相似文献
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Organic contaminant and total mercury concentrations were compared in four species of lamniform sharks over several age classes to examine bioaccumulation patterns and gain insights into trophic ecology. Contaminants found in young of the year (YOY) sharks were assumed to be derived from maternal sources and used as a proxy to investigate factors that influence maternal offloading processes. YOY white (Carcharodon carcharias) and mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) sharks had comparable and significantly higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, pesticides, and mercury than YOY thresher (Alopias vulpinus) or salmon (Lamna ditropis) sharks. A significant positive relationship was found between YOY contaminant loads and maternal trophic position, suggesting that trophic ecology is one factor that plays an important role in maternal offloading. Differences in organic contaminant signatures and contaminant concentration magnitudes among species corroborated what is known about species habitat use and may be used to provide insights into the feeding ecology of these animals. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
Transition to low carbon sea transport is a logical response to the extreme dependency of the Pacific Islands region on imported fossil fuel, its significant vulnerability to the effects of climate change and the critical shipping needs of Pacific Island countries (PICs). Building on previous work in low carbon sea transport in the Pacific, this paper further considers the barriers to achieving such transition by assessing, through a ‘post-Paris Agreement’ lens, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by PICs and contrasting these to the near total lack of investment and planning for low carbon transition in the transport sector with the parallel occurrence in the electricity sector where ~USD 2 billion of donor investment is deployed or queued despite electricity using only ~20% of fossil fuel across the region. Consistent with recent international studies, inadequate and inappropriate financing and policy have been identified as dominant transition barriers for low carbon sea transport development in PICs. This paper further examines the regional level barriers to policy development, and finds them inhibited by the silo nature of the major regional actors. The implications that the Paris Agreement has for climate financing to support the essential research and capacity development needed to underpin a successful low carbon sea transport transition strategy at any useful scale and speed are also considered in this paper. 相似文献
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Offshore oil & gas industry is moving exploration and production activities into Arctic and deep water regions. Governmental regulations require environmental impact assessments before operations to evaluate the possible effects of accidental oil releases. These are often performed by numerical fate models, like the Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) model, which has become an industry standard in Norway. In this model, biodegradation rates are adjusted to local conditions by temperature compensation according to a Q10 approach. Q10 is the multiplier by which rates of enzymatic reactions increase at a 10 °C temperature rise. Herein, this Q10 approach implemented in the OSCAR model is investigated based on published data and novel obtained results. Overall, biodegradation rate predictions calculated by temperature compensation are found to be questionable, and choosing one universal Q10 value is considered not feasible. The high variation in Q10 values is herein attributed to indirect effects of temperature. 相似文献
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During reservoir characterization all the geological uncertainties affecting the quantity and distribution of hydrocarbons should be captured to assess the risks affecting final recovery.In a typical modeling workflow the geological uncertainties are accounted for through the construction of a sufficiently large set of 3-D static models. Out of this set, a few representative models are selected and dynamically simulated so as to correlate the geological characteristics of the reservoir with its dynamic performance and to propagate the uncertainty onto the final recovery factors, yet maintaining the computational run time acceptable. In channelized depositional environments, which are strongly heterogeneous, the selection approach must also account for channel connectivity, which plays a key role in the possibility of efficiently draining the reservoir for a reasonable number of wells.This study can be seen as a step forward in the assessment of the risks associated to the development of channelized reservoirs under the assumption that a way to express the concept of channel connectivity is channel amalgamation. Channel amalgamation is here defined through amalgamation curves which are numerically described using a set of indexes whose combination provide spatial information of channel intersections. These indexes were calculated for a full set of 3-D geological models and used to steer the selection of a representative model sub-set for subsequent fluid flow simulations.The validity of the index-based selection was verified on different sets of synthetic reservoir models through the evaluation of the representativeness of the model sub-set in reproducing the uncertainty of the original dataset. Eventually, the existence of a strong correlation between channel amalgamation and production performance was proved. From a practical perspective, the possibility to include channel amalgamation in the assessment of the geological models can considerably improve the representativeness of the selected models for uncertainty propagation thus reducing significantly the number of geological models to be considered. 相似文献
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The central part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt is characterized by a series of right-lateral and left-lateral transverse tear fault systems, some of them being ornamented by salt diapirs of the Late Precambrian–Early Cambrian Hormuz evaporitic series. Many deep-seated extensional faults, mainly along N–S and few along NW–SE and NE–SW, were formed or reactivated during the Late Precambrian–Early Cambrian and generated horsts and grabens. The extensional faults controlled deposition, distribution and thickness of the Hormuz series. Salt walls and diapirs initiated by the Early Paleozoic especially along the extensional faults. Long-term halokinesis gave rise to thin sedimentary cover above the salt diapirs and aggregated considerable volume of salt into the salt stocks. They created weak zones in the sedimentary cover, located approximately above the former and inactive deep-seated extensional faults. The N–S to NNE–SSW direction of tectonic shortening during the Neogene Zagros folding was sub-parallel with the strikes of the salt walls and rows of diapirs. Variations in thickness of the Hormuz series prepared differences in the basal friction on both sides of the Precambrian–Cambrian extensional faults, which facilitated the Zagros deformation front to advance faster wherever the salt layer was thicker. Consequently, a series of tear fault systems developed along the rows of salt diapirs approximately above the Precambrian–Cambrian extensional faults. Therefore, the present surface expressions of the tear fault systems developed within the sedimentary cover during the Zagros orogeny. Although the direction of the Zagros shortening could also potentially reactivate the basement faults as strike-slip structures, subsurface data and majority of the moderate-large earthquakes do not support basement involvement. This suggests that the tear fault systems are detached on top of the Hormuz series from the deep-seated Precambrian–Cambrian extensional faults in the basement. 相似文献
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Ancient lacustrine storm-deposits that act as petroleum reservoirs are seldom reported. The Lijin Sag, which is located in the southeastern corner of the Bohai Bay Basin in East China, is a NE–SW trending Cenozoic half-graben basin. Some of its Eocene deposits (Bindong deposits) were interpreted as lacustrine tempestites. The Bindong tempestites, which developed in the lower part of the upper fourth member of the Shahejie Formation (Es41), constitute a new kind of petroleum reservoir and are novel petroleum exploration targets in the Bindong Area. However, the characteristics of the Es41 Bindong tempestite reservoirs and their controlling factors are poorly understood. Point-count analyses of thin sections, scanning electron microscope image analyses, X-ray diffractometry data, and the petrophysical parameters of the Bindong tempestite reservoirs were utilized to estimate the reservoir quality. The reservoirs have undergone significant diagenetic alteration, which can be divided into negative and positive aspects. The negative alteration includes compaction, authigenic minerals, and cementation such as carbonates, clay minerals and overgrowths of quartz and feldspar. The uneven distribution of carbonate cement increased the reservoir’s heterogeneity, with carbonate cement commonly precipitating along the sandstone-mudstone contacts. The primary porosity was severely reduced because of compaction and extensive carbonate cementation. Positive alteration includes dissolution, carbonate cementation, undercompaction and fractures. Carbonate cementation exhibited both positive and negative effects on the reservoir quality. Overall, the objective reservoir quality is quite poor. A quantitative evaluation of the reservoirs’ potential was conducted. The cutoff values of several of the reservoir’s parameters were calculated. The lower limits of the porosity and permeability are 8.35–5.85% and 1.2587–0.2753 × 10–3 μm2, respectively, depending on the depth. The upper limits of the carbonate and mud content are approximately 18.5% and 9–10%, respectively. A fundamental understanding of these characteristics will provide necessary information for extracting hydrocarbons from analogous subsurface reservoirs. 相似文献
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Military sonar has the potential to negatively impact marine mammals. To investigate factors affecting behavioral disruption in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), fifteen sea lions participated in a controlled exposure study using a simulated tactical sonar signal (1 s duration, 3250–3450 Hz) as a stimulus. Subjects were placed into groups of three and each group received a stimulus exposure of 125, 140, 155, 170, or 185 dB re: 1 μPa (rms). Each subject was trained to swim across an enclosure, touch a paddle, and return to the start location. Sound exposures occurred at the mid-point of the enclosure. Control and exposure sessions were run consecutively and each consisted of ten, 30-s trials. The occurrence and severity of behavioral responses were used to create acoustic dose–response and dose–severity functions. Age of the subject significantly affected the dose–response relationship, but not the dose–severity relationship. Repetitive exposures did not affect the dose–response relationship. 相似文献
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“海洋1号A”卫星(简称“HY-1A”)是我国第一颗海洋卫星,它搭载了水色扫描仪和CCD成像仪,其中CCD成像仪主要应用于海岸带地区.为了对海岸带地区进行准确的信息提取和分析,必须去除云的影响和干扰,因此本文针对“HY-1A”CCD数据的特点,对云检测算法进行了评估、遴选和改造,实现了业务化应用,这也是“HY-1A”卫星CCD成像仪海岸带应用示范系统的重要工作之一.云检测的方法众多,主要可以分为可见光/红外阈值法和聚类法两种,每种方法还可以辅以空间均匀性判识. 相似文献
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