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1.
Considering the adverse outcomes of thunderstorm-mediated lightning in recent years, this study aimed to identify the most thunderstorm-and-casualty prone regions and seasons in Bangladesh, via geospatial mapping. We attempted to forecast the number of yearly thunderstorm (TS) days for each meteorological station and district-level lightning casualties by using TS days as a proxy variable. Data on TS days and lightning casualties were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department and Network for Information, Response And Preparedness Activities on Disaster respectively. This study analysed 629 fatalities and 232 injuries. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation with Matern covariance function was employed to assess the spatial pattern of TS days. Polynomial regressions were used to forecast the number of TS days and the single clustered Generalized Estimating Equations method was employed to explore the relationship between the number of TS days and lightning casualties. The results indicated that the mean number of TS days per station increased in recent years, particularly in February, March, April, and September. We found the months of April, May, June, and September to be the most threatening months due to TS events and related casualties. The northeast region was identified as the most TS-prone region with the highest number of casualties in Bangladesh. Our analysis suggests that it might remain the most hazardous region in coming years.  相似文献   

2.
我国中部五省雷暴日时空分布特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
为研究中部五省雷暴日时空分布特征,利用1961―2010年中部五省85个气象台站雷暴日资料,采用小波分析和EOF分析等数理统计方法,对其雷暴日时空分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：近50年来,中部五省初雷日期和终雷日期没有表现出提前或推迟的趋势,年平均雷暴日整体呈下降趋势,夏季雷暴日的减少是影响年雷暴日减少的主要原因。中部五省年平均雷暴日为41 d,其中春季占全年雷暴日的30.3%,夏季占57.6%,秋季占8.5%,冬季占3.6%;五省平均初雷日期在3月1日或2日,从南至北初雷日期依次推迟,南北最大相差近3个月;终雷日期在10月4日或5日,终雷日期是南晚北早,南北最大相差近2个月;雷暴日月变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰在7月或8月,次峰在4月;通过小波分析,年平均雷暴日主要呈11 a、17 a和6 a、4 a左右的振荡周期;长江以北地区,20 d＜年平均雷暴日≤40 d,属多雷暴地区;长江以南地区,年平均雷暴日＞40 d,属于高雷区或强雷区,其中赣南和湘南少部分地区年平均雷暴日＞60 d,属强雷区。根据EOF分析,将五省年平均雷暴日空间分布划分为：一致型、南北反相型、梅雨型和局地型等4种类型。年平均雷暴日整体呈下降趋势的原因,可能与夏季风的强弱和大气环流突变有关。  相似文献   

3.
Based on daily surface climate data and weather phenomenon data, the spatial and temporal distribution and trend on the number of consecutive days of severe weathers were analyzed in China during 1959–2014. The results indicate that the number of consecutive days for hot weathers increased at a rate of 0.1 day per decade in China as a whole, while that for cold weathers, snowfall weathers, thunderstorm weathers and foggy weathers showed significant decreasing trends at rates of 1.4, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.4 day per decade, respectively. Spatially, there were more consecutive hot days and rainstorm days in southeastern China, and more consecutive cold days and snowfall days in northeastern China and western China. Consecutive thunderstorm days were more in southern China and southwestern China, and consecutive foggy days were more in some mountain stations. Over the past 56 years, annual number of consecutive cold days decreased mainly in most parts of western China and eastern China. Consecutive thunderstorm days decreased in most parts of China. The trend of consecutive hot days, snowfall days and foggy days was not significant in most parts of China, and that of consecutive rainstorm days was not significant in almost the entire China.  相似文献   

4.
利用中国华北、东北（110~140°E，34.5~55°N）126个站1901—2015年月尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（[WTBX]SPEI[WTBZ]-1），去除11月到次年2月（即北方冬季）的数据后，利用聚类分析将研究区域分为东北地区中北部（Ⅰ区）、东北地区南部（Ⅱ区）、华北地区南部（Ⅲ区）、华北地区北部（Ⅳ区）以及华北地区西部（Ⅴ区）5个气候区，利用游程理论在识别单站强干旱事件的基础上，给出区域强干旱事件的识别标准，并与实际干旱事件相比较，检验方法的适用性；分析不同区域强干旱事件年代际的分布特征和演变规律；基于拟合优度最高的Copula函数，以华北西部（Ⅴ区）为例，分析其强干旱事件的重现规律；分析在相同重现期条件下，干旱历时与干旱强度的分布特征。结果表明：（1） 区域强干旱事件的识别标准对于中国华北、东北强干旱事件具有较好的适用性。（2） 华北北部（Ⅳ区）的强干旱最为严重，且较易发生连旱事件。（3） 华北西部（Ⅴ区）的一般性强干旱事件有约5 a～6 a的周期，1929年、1941年和1965年分别有一次特别严重的强干旱事件发生，其重现期分别约为94 a～102 a、93 a～101 a和35 a～41 a。（4） 对于2 a、5 a、10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a一遇的强干旱事件，华北北部（Ⅳ区）的强干旱事件最为严重，华北西部（Ⅴ区）次之。  相似文献   

5.
This paper examines spatial and temporal patterns of large to medium‐sized fires across the Indonesian Archipelago using remote sensing, particularly the MODIS fire products, over a 14 years period (2000–13 inclusive) in conjunction with climatic and land data in a GIS. Results showed fires (burned area and number of fires) were detected the most in year 2002 and least in 2010. The extent of burning was correlated with the annual Southern Oscillation Index with most burning occurring during times of sustained negative SOI values, which generally means drier conditions across the region. Most of the detected fires occurred in the middle of the dry season and in drier eastern Indonesia. Across Indonesia, approximately 1.5 per cent of available open vegetation area burned, whereas only 0.5 per cent of forest area burned. Most open vegetation burning was detected in the savanna with an area equivalent to 11.1 per cent of its extent being burned over the 14 years. On Sumba Island, where the pronounced dry season extends for at least four months, open vegetation is the most common land cover type, of which 99 per cent burned by area over the study period making it the island with the most burned areas in the Indonesian Archipelago.  相似文献   

6.
The spatial patterns of precipitation frequency and intensity over the eastern United States for summer from 1961 to 1990 are analyzed using a recently developed continental-scale air mass-based synoptic classification. This procedure, the spatial synoptic classification (SSC), is based on “seed” day identification of synoptic events and discriminant analysis to group together days that are within the same air-mass type. Results show differences in the types of precipitation associated with different air masses. Two air masses in particular-Moist Tropical and Moist Temperate-appear to be highly correlated with a majority of the precipitation, particularly in the southeast. The synoptic characteristics, daily intensity of rainfall, and radiosonde soundings during prevalence of these two air masses suggest that convective rainfall is common during Moist Tropical, and stratiform-type rainfall occurs during Moist Temperate. A simple stratification scheme based upon a synoptic-based air-mass delineation may be useful for studies that need to divide days into stratiform or convective regimes.  相似文献   

7.
Sentinel‐2 images were used for mapping debris‐free glaciers for the first time in Cordillera Blanca. Landsat‐8 and Sentinel‐2 data were compared for glacier area estimation in 2016, obtaining comparable results. It was observed that normalized difference snow index method for glacier mapping using MSI data is less sensitive to cast shadows and steep terrain compared with Landsat data. Estimated total glacier areas in 1975, 1994, and 2016 were 726 ± 20.3 km2, 576.9 ± 15.1 km2 and 482.8 ± 7.4 km2, respectively. Glacier area in 2016 using Landsat was slightly lower (475.7 ± 16.8 km2) compared to the area estimated using MSI data. Observed glacier shrinkage between 1975 and 2016 was 33.5 per cent, which is lower compared to observed glacier area loss in the eastern cordilleras of Peru. Glacier shrinkage was higher at northern and northeastern slopes (47.9 per cent and 48.1 per cent, respectively) compared to the south‐western slopes (11.1 per cent).  相似文献   

8.
A highly significant seismic quiescence with a standard deviate Z = 10.1. corresponding to a 99 per cent confidence level, lasted from 1987.7 up to the 1990 February 20 Izu-Oshima M 6.5 earthquake. The quiescent volume had dimensions of 30 km N-S and 10 km E-W and was centred below 14 km depth. Within the recently upgraded seismograph network of the Earthquake Research Institute (ERI), this main shock was the only one with a magnitude M > 5.8 in the upper 30 km of the crust for which the precursory quiescence hypothesis could be tested. Within a radius of 50 km, and during the observation period (1983.5–1995.9), there were no other 1.5 yr or longer periods of quiescence that were rated Z > 6.5 in the declustered earthquake catalogue, except one that was associated with volcanic activity. The total space-time covered by alarms, including the volcanic one, was less than 1 per cent at the Z = 6.5 level. The rarity of highly significant episodes of quiescence, and the correlation in space and time suggest that a precursory seismic quiescence started 2.5 yr before the Izu-Oshima 1990 earthquake in its source volume and to the north of it, and that it can be recognized with an alarm level of Z = 6.0, generating no false alarms. During the 1.5 yr quiescence window, only 10 earthquakes occurred in the quiet volume, whereas 50 events were expected based on the rate seen at other times. In randomly selected volumes containing 50, 100 and 200 events, the anomaly scored Z = 6.1 to 10.1. On the basis of the data from May 1983 to 1995, there is no highly significant quiescence currently present in the Izu-Oshima area.  相似文献   

9.
Private household telephone ownership in Australian capital cities ranges between 91.1 per cent (Canberra) and 81.9 per cent (Brisbane). Consequently, telephone ownership need not be viewed as a major factor distinguishing households. As the characteristics of households without telephones are also known, it is possible to supplement telephone interviews with face to face interviews and thereby ensure that such a sampling frame represents the population. Such techniques, coupled with the ease and relative inexpense of telephone interviews, may promote the use of the medium. Using a letter to forewarn potential respondents and a three call‐back strategy (twice during working hours, once at night), a response rate of 77.4 per cent was achieved; 8.7 per cent of respondents could not be contacted and the balance refused. Reasons for refusals related almost exclusively to the subject matter of the interview — bushfire hazard. The first day time calls yielded 166 interviews out of 378 calls and the second 67 out of 197 calls. No particular time of day or day of week resulted in significantly more interviews; however, 55.4 per cent of respondents were female. Night calls yielded the highest response rates, with 86 interviews from 127 calls, and 63.9 per cent of respondents were male.  相似文献   

10.
Summary. Available seismic refraction data from three different continental areas, northern Britain and the eastern and western United States, has been studied for possible Pn , velocity anisotropy using the methods described by Bamford. There are various deficiencies in the time—distance data used in each case but, while the uppermost mantle beneath northern Britain and the eastern United States seems to be isotropic within the limits of measurement error, there is a small but significant anisotropy beneath the western United States.
Both the amount (up to 3 per cent) and the direction (70–80° east of north) of this anisotropy are very similar to the results obtained in the Pacific Ocean off California. We tentatively conclude that this anisotropy is present as a consequence of the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the western United States.  相似文献   

11.
Although studies have demonstrated significant associations between ENSO events and dengue fever, few have explored regional impacts on dengue fever of separate events. This study explores the impacts of two ENSO events on regional patterns of dengue/ dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) incidence in Indonesia. Data consist of monthly cases of dengue/DHF from 1992 to 2001 for each of Indonesia's 27 provinces, and monthly figures for rainfall, rainfall anomalies, temperature, relative humidity and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). We conducted Pearson correlation analyses for each independent variable against dengue/DHF incidence, using a direct month‐by‐month correlation and applying a lag of between one and six months to each variable with respect to dengue/DHF incidence. Based on the SOI value, we identified two ENSO events between 1992 and 2001. To explore each event, we created two dummy variables and in regression analyses for eight provinces. The variance of between 12.9 per cent and 24.5 per cent in provincial dengue/DHF incidence is explained by two or three climate variables in each of the provinces (p < 0.01 to 0.1). During the 1997/98 event, the explained variance increased by between 7 per cent and 15 per cent in provinces whose climate regimes were most affected by this event. This study demonstrates that indicators of ENSO such as the SOI may assist in the forecast of potential dengue/DHF incidence and distribution in Indonesia.  相似文献   

12.
45 a来宁夏雷暴气候统计特征及趋势分析   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
 利用1961—2005年宁夏逐日雷暴资料,利用数理统计、小波分析等方法,揭示出了宁夏雷暴天气气候统计特征和演变趋势。结果表明,宁夏总体上属中雷区,年平均出现雷暴日为86.62 d,年际变化幅度大,多、少雷暴年均有7 a,雷暴日最多年为118 d,最少年为65 d;45 a来雷暴的发生有逐渐减少的趋势,并以3.072 d/10a的气候倾向率递减,且存在3~4 a的较短周期和8 a左右的较长周期振荡;雷暴多发生在3—10月,主要集中出现在夏季,尤以7月突出,有明显的季、月变化,冬季雷暴出现的概率非常低;初雷日平均出现在4月中旬,终雷日平均出现在9月中旬,全区平均雷暴初终日间日数为139 d左右;雷暴发生有明显的日变化特征,有双峰型和单峰型之分,集中出现在11:00—22:00时,其中,15:00时前后为雷暴发生高频时;雷暴的发生与地形、地势有密切关系。  相似文献   

13.
新疆塔城地区雷暴时空分布及变化特征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
运用线性趋势法、小波分析等方法,对塔城地区1961-2005年实测雷暴资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)塔城地区中部有一条呈东北-西南走向的雷暴高发区,多发中心为庙尔沟,(2)雷暴主要发生期为5月～8月,约占总数的92.8%,其中7月最多,6月次之,(3)塔城地区雷暴日变化表现为单峰型,峰值多出现在16～23时,(4)塔城地区雷暴异常偏少年为1974年,雷暴活动频繁年为1961、1964、1966、1990年,少雷暴年为1986、1996、1997、2004年,(5)近45 a塔城地区雷暴日数在波动中呈显著减少的趋势,线性倾向率为-1.4 d/10 a,(6)小波分析显示塔城地区年均雷暴日数存在着6～7、3 a的振荡周期.在塔城地区北部、中部、南部三个区域中各选取1个昼夜守班的基准(本)站,做为塔城地区的代表站(塔城、托里、乌苏),对塔城地区雷暴日变化进行讨论,得出以下结论:塔城地区雷暴日变化十分明显,雷暴日变化表现为单峰型,塔城、乌苏峰值范围较托里大,且峰值出现时间比托里晚3～6 h.托里站雷暴多发时段出现在14～20时,占总数的67.6%,峰值出现在16、17时,占12.1%;塔城站多发时段为16～22时,占57.5%,峰值出现在20时,占总数的9.3%,次高峰值出现在18时,占总数的8.9%;乌苏站多发时段出现在19～01时,占总数的69.6%,峰值出现在23时,占总数的11.6%,次高峰值出现在21时,占总数的11.3%,与相关研究所述北疆沿天山一带的雷暴多在傍晚至午夜(18～24时),高峰期在晚上(21～22时)的结论一致.乌苏站01～03时雷暴出现频率明显高于塔城、托里两站.  相似文献   

14.
利用1961-2011年甘肃省63个测站的雷暴观测资料,采用气候倾向率趋势系数和小波分析方法,研究了甘肃省雷暴气候变化特征。结果表明:年平均雷暴日数呈东北-西南走向,东北少、西南多,全省平均为24 d,有3个雷暴高发中心,地形是影响甘肃雷暴空间分布的主要因子。近51年中,1961-1990年为多雷暴期,1991-2011年为少雷暴期,雷暴日数总体呈减少趋势,其中甘南高原减少速率最快,每10年约减少4 d,这可能与对流有效位能和700 hPa相对湿度的下降有关。在春、夏、秋三季中,夏季雷暴日数减少的趋势最为明显,每10年减少3.4 d,尤以6月最甚。初、终雷暴日的地区差异较大,甘南高原初雷暴日出现最早,终雷暴日结束最晚,河西走廊初雷暴日出现最晚,终雷暴日结束最早,因此甘南高原是甘肃雷暴期最长的地区,达204 d,河西走廊则最短,为105 d。近51年来甘肃雷暴期的缩短主要是初雷暴日的显著推后和终雷暴日的提前所致。小波分析表明甘肃雷暴日数存在24 a和8 a的周期震荡,当前雷暴的发生正处在一个偏少的周期内。  相似文献   

15.
This study evaluates interannual variations and trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum in Finland during 1961–2011, and their connections to well known atmospheric circulation patterns. Changes in summer (June–August) climate partially explain changes in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum over Finland, which naturally decreased from south to north. On a national scale, growing season warmed and became wetter during 1961–2011, as growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 5.01 ± 3.17°C year–1 and 1.39 ± 0.91 mm year–1, respectively. The East Atlantic pattern was the most influential atmospheric circulation pattern for variations in growing season daily temperature sum (rho = 0.40) across Finland and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern was most influential for growing season daily precipitation sum variability (rho = –0.54). There were significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum throughout Finland during 1961–2011. Increased growing season daily temperature sum was mainly observed in northern, central, western, eastern and coastal areas of south‐western Finland. This warming was positively associated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north, centre and south, but negatively associated with the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in eastern Finland. Increased GSP mostly occurred in southern, eastern, western, central, northern and north‐western Finland. These wetting trends were positively correlated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north and negatively correlated with the Polar pattern in the south and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the east, west, centre and north‐east of Finland. The overall agroclimatic year‐to‐year variability in Finland between 1961 and 2011 was mostly linked to variations in the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns.  相似文献   

16.
A 3-D P -velocity map of the crust and upper mantle beneath the southeastern part of India has been reconstructed through the inversion of teleseismic traveltimes. Salient geological features in the study region include the Archean Dharwar Craton and Eastern Ghat metamorphic belt (EGMB), and the Proterozoic Cuddapah and Godavari basins. The Krishna–Godavari basin, on the eastern coastal margin, evolved in response to the Indo–Antarctica breakup. A 24-station temporary network provided 1161 traveltimes, which were used to model 3-D P -velocity variation. The velocity model accounts of 80 per cent of the observed data variance. The velocity picture to a depth of 120 km shows two patterns: a high velocity beneath the interior domain (Dharwar craton and Cuddapah basin), and a lower velocity beneath the eastern margin region (EGMB and coastal basin). Across the array velocity variations of 7–10 per cent in the crust (0–40 km) and 3–5 per cent in the uppermost mantle (40–120 km) are observed. At deeper levels (120–210 km) the upper-mantle velocity differences are insignificant among different geological units. The presence of such a low velocity along the eastern margin suggests significantly thin lithosphere (<100 km) beneath it compared to a thick lithosphere (>200 km) beneath the eastern Dharwar craton. Such lithospheric thinning could be a consequence of Indo–Antarctica break-up.  相似文献   

17.
广西雷暴活动特点分析   总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20  
吴恒强 《热带地理》2004,24(2):123-126,154
根据气象台站的雷电观测记录,分析广西境内雷电活动的基本特点,认为广西是我国雷暴最多的地区之一,与中南半岛多雷区相连,是以马来半岛、澳洲北部为中心的雷暴高发区的向北延伸.2月份,伴随着副热带西风急流的南压,初雷自北向南开始;终雷出现在10月中下旬,与副热带高压脊线的南撤、东南季风撤出大陆的日期相一致.ITCZ的影响是广西成为多雷区的主要原因.平均雷暴日数的峰值就出现在ITCZ影响广西最多的8月份.地形对雷电活动有明显影响,广西地形的弧形山结构明显地改变着雷暴活动的空间分布.十万大山的抬升、来自南海、琼州海峡  相似文献   

18.
Quantifying the Cenozoic growth of high topography in the Indo‐Asian collision zone remains challenging, due in part to significant shortening that occurred within Eurasia before collision. A growing body of evidence suggests that regions far removed from the suture zone experienced deformation before and during the early phases of Himalayan orogenesis. In the present‐day north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau, widespread deposits of Cretaceous sediment attest to significant basin formation; however, the tectonic setting of these basins remains enigmatic. We present a study of a regionally extensive network of sedimentary basins that are spatially associated with a system of SE‐vergent thrust faults and are now exposed in the high ranges of the north‐eastern corner of the Tibetan Plateau. We focus on a particularly well‐exposed basin, located ～20 km north of the Kunlun fault in the Anyemaqen Shan. The basin is filled by ～900 m of alluvial sediments that become finer‐grained away from the basin‐bounding fault. Additionally, beds in the proximal footwall of the basin‐bounding fault exhibit progressive, up‐section shallowing and several intraformational unconformities which can be traced into correlative conformities in the distal part of the basin. The observations show sediment accumulated in the basin during fault motion. Regional constraints on the timing of sediment deposition are provided by both fossil assemblages from the Early Cretaceous, and by K–Ar dating of volcanic rocks that floor and cross‐cut sedimentary fill. We argue that during the Cretaceous, the interior NE Tibetan Plateau experienced NW–SE contractional deformation similar to that documented throughout the Qinling–Dabie orogen to the east. The Songpan‐Ganzi terrane apparently marked the southern limit of this deformation, such that it may have been a relatively rigid block in the Tibetan lithosphere, separating regions experiencing deformation north of the convergent Tethyan margin from regions deforming inboard of the east Asian margin.  相似文献   

19.
A seismic re fraction/wide-angle reflection profile is analysed for the presence of correlated events ('phases'). The correlation problem is formulated in terms of temporally, spatially and frequency-local complex covariances. For robustness, the method concentrates on phase rather than amplitude information. This allows a computationally efficient algorithm that can make allowance for signal correlation length and can model curved wavefronts. A statistical test based on residual phase misfit across the analysed subarray is used to assess the probability that a detected event represents a real correlated signal.
With our chosen analysis parameters and confidence level (over 99.9 per cent). 1222 events were detected in the data. Using simple techniques based on 1-D earth models, detected events are associated with a small number of particular wave types. In this way, we have succeeded in classifying almost 95 per cent of the detected events. Those that remain describe those components of the data that are inconsistent with our simple ray paths in the 1-D assumption and with our prescribed tolerance. These include reverberations, near-surface guided waves and reflected waves from strongly laterally inhomogeneous structures. According to our modelling, about 25 per cent of the detected events are consistent with simple P -wave reflected energy, and these are to a very large extent (over 85 per cent) distinct from all the other wave-type models we have used. A direct mapping of the detected events into the offset-depth domain reveals dear internal and external consistencies among the detections for the various wave types. Estimated earth structure is consistent with models from previous analyses based on much larger data sets.
We have thus succeeded in extracting correlated events from the data and decomposing these, approximately but meaningfully, into distinct classes (ray paths)  相似文献   

20.
Monitoring lava dome instabilities is crucial to efficiently monitor active dome building volcanoes. The Doppler radar technique provides a unique opportunity to gather information about the number of instability events occurring at the growing dome and about the dynamic processes that take place during different types of instabilities. So far, three different kinds of processes have been identified: sliding material, gravitational break-offs and explosive outbursts. In addition, Doppler radars provide rain measurements, which can be used to investigate possible correlations between rainfall and dome activity. Two radar systems have been installed at Merapi volcano in October 2001 and January 2005 to continuously monitor dome instabilities. Due to the large number of instability events that occur during times of high activity, manual processing and analysis of instability events is not practical for monitoring purposes. Therefore, an automatic classification system has been developed, which is capable of identifying different kinds of instabilities as well as rainfall. Two different kinds of classifier models have been applied: (1) neural network and (2) K-nearest-neighbour classifier model. Both classify Doppler spectra according to the underlying dynamic process, that is, rain, sliding material, gravitational break-off or explosive outburst. The classifiers are able to identify disturbances, which have no physical source, but are merely artefacts from the radar device itself. Because radar events are sequences of Doppler spectra, a rule set has been defined, which finally determines the event class. All classifiers have been trained and tested on independent data sets to estimate the classification performance. The overall classification rate is about 90 per cent. Discrimination of instabilities and non-volcanic events reaches about 98 per cent accuracy.  相似文献   

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