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1.
David H. Schoellhamer 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(3):488-495
Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from San Pablo Bay, California, were analyzed to compare the basin-scale effect of dredging and disposal of dredged material (dredging operations) and natural estuarine processes. The analysis used twelve 3-wk to 5-wk periods of mid-depth and near-bottom SSC data collected at Point San Pablo every 15 min from 1993–1998. Point San Pablo is within a tidal excursion of a dredged-material disposal site. The SSC data were compared to dredging volume, Julian day, and hydrodynamic and meteorological variables that could affect SSC. Kendall's τ, Spearman's ?, and weighted (by the fraction of valid data in each period) Spearman's ρ, correlation coefficients of the variables indicated which variables were significantly correlated with SSC. Wind-wave resuspension had the greatest effect on SSC. Median water-surface elevation was the primary factor affecting mid-depth SSC. Greater depths inhibit wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediment and indicate greater influence of less turbid water from down estuary. Seasonal variability in the supply of erodible sediment is the primary factor affecting near-bottom SSC. Natural physical processes in San Pablo Bay are more arally extensive, of equal or longer duration, and as frequent as dredging operations (when occurring), and they affect SSC at the tidal time scale. Natural processes control SSC at Point San Pablo even when dredging operations are occurring. 相似文献
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Harbor-estuaries are complex sedimentary environments where both natural and anthropogenic processes influence the distribution and accumulation of sediments, which in turn is of importance for maintenance dredging and pollution control. This paper uses sediment characteristics from the Göta älv estuary, Sweden to evaluate the natural estuarine processes that persist despite the extensive human impact on the estuary and to separate and characterize depositional sub-environments. The most important harbor processes include maintenance dredging and turbulence from ship traffic, and their influence upon shallow stratigraphy and sediment distribution and deposition is significant. Polymodal particle-size distributions are interpreted to reflect the natural estuarine transport processes. Suspension transport is generally predominant, except in the river and inner harbor where bottom transport and selective deposition of sand occur. Particle-size characteristics divide the estuary into four depositional areas: the river and the inner, middle, and outer harbor. The shallow stratigraphy reveals a hiatus between the firm silty clays and the loose recent sediments. The hiatus in the stratigraphy is probably related to dredging in most areas of the harbor. Significant maintenance dredging and turbulence from ship traffic also influence the accumulation (0–61 cm) of recent sediments, during the 20th century. 相似文献
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泥石流的形成,必须同时具备丰富的松散堆积物、足够的水源和有利的地形地貌3个基本条件,强降雨是形成泥石流的主要动力来源。针对重力流形式截排水技术的不足以及暴雨来临时快速排水的需要,采用具有自清淤能力的水石分离虹吸排水技术,可有效提高泥石流治理的效率和耐久性。拦污格栅孔径选取以及虹吸排水系统设计是影响分流池清淤能力的关键。首先应用计算流体力学软件CFD建立三维数值模型,对分流池在虹吸作用下的水力特性进行分析,然后建立泥沙启动和悬浮数学模型,利用分流池的水力特性分析泥沙的启动和悬浮,从而建立虹吸分流池清淤能力的评价指标,并对泥沙随水流排出池外的3个必要条件进行分析。表明实际工程安装虹吸管时其进出口水头差应该在5m以上,且拦污格栅孔径不超过10mm。工程上可以用此指导实际泥石流防治中的虹吸分流池设计。 相似文献
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感潮河网水流不仅受径流、潮汐动力的双重影响,还常受水闸调度等人类活动的影响,水动力条件极为复杂。针对水闸调度影响下感潮河网复杂水动力及其伴随物质输移扩散模拟,提出了考虑水闸调度并集成输运对流项的水流-输运通量耦合求解器,建立了基于非结构网格Godunov格式的二维水流-输运耦合数学模型。采用具有时空二阶精度的MUSCL-Hancock预测-校正格式,结合变量重构限制器技术,在保证计算精度的同时避免了数值振荡。运用斜底三角单元网格表达水闸线状地形,并通过地形调整模拟了水闸启闭过程。算例研究表明,该模型计算精度高,可有效模拟水闸调度影响下感潮河网水流运动及污染物输运过程,具有较好的推广应用价值。 相似文献
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Fernando Barrio-Parra Inmaculada Rodríguez-Santalla Rui Taborda Mónica Ribeiro 《Estuaries and Coasts》2017,40(3):758-772
One-Line shoreline evolution models have been used as a tool to understand and forecast long-term coastal evolution. However, in some coastal environments, where the influence of the wind is important, the limitations of existing models preclude its direct application to characterize its effect on sediment transport processes. To fill this knowledge gap, we have developed a shoreline evolution model that includes the effect of wind on longshore sediment transport and accounts for beach-dune sedimentary exchange due to aeolian transport. The model produces quantitative estimates of sediment transport and exchanges rates alongshore, easing the assessment of the role of different forcing agents in coastline evolution. The model was applied to the Ebro north hemidelta coast. The results are used to discuss the relative importance of the wind interaction in the evolution of different coastline stretches. Aeolian sand transport at Riumar Beach could cause coastal erosion. At the rectilinear coast, aeolian exchange does not seem to influence the shoreline evolution but the wind-current interaction does. The model provides valuable data when considering the approach to be taken regarding conservation measures. Alongshore aeolian sediment transport can be useful when designing and placing aeolian sediment traps. Conservation of the Ebro north hemidelta coast needs to focus on increasing the river sediment supply. The application herein presented can be regarded as a first step in understanding wave and wind coupling effects in shoreline evolution. 相似文献
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在坡面土壤侵蚀输沙计算中,可选用的输沙能力模式较多,但这些模式多运用于恒定输沙,在非恒定输沙中运用不多。建立了坡面土壤侵蚀非恒定输沙数学模型,模型中的输沙能力运用水流切应力、水流功率、单位水流功率3种模式,对模型过程采用有限差分格式离散求解。根据实测水沙资料进行模型参数率定,运用3种输沙能力模式于不同降雨强度、不同坡度的非恒定坡面输沙过程中。结果表明:在坡面非恒定输沙计算中,不同输沙能力模式对计算结果有明显影响,在降雨强度较小时,单位水流功率模式结果较其他两个模式为好,而在雨强较大时,切应力模式计算结果较好。 相似文献
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Hopper dredging operations release suspended sediment into the environment by agitation of the bed and by discharge of overflow slurries. Monitoring of turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations in central Chesapeake Bay revealed two plumes: (1) an upper plume produced by overflow discharge and (2) a near-bottom plume produced by draghead agitation and rapid settling from the upper plume. The upper plume dispersed over 5.7 km2 extending 5,200 meters form the discharge point. Redeposited sediment accumulated on channel flanks covering an area of 6.4 km2 and reached a thickness of 19 cm. Altogether dredging redistributed into the environment an estimated 100,000 tons of sediment or 12 percent of the total material removed.Near-field concentrations of suspended sediment, less than 300 m from the dredge, reach 840 to 7,200 mg/L or 50 to 400 times the normal background level. Far-field concentrations (>300 m) are enriched 5 to 8 times background concentrations and persist 34 to 50 percent of the time during a dredging cycle (1.5 to 2.0 h). The overflow discharge plume evolves through three dispersion phases: (1) convective descent, (2) dynamic collapse, and (3) long-term passive diffusion (Clark and others 1971). The bulk of the material descends rapidly to the bottom during the convective descent phase, whereas the cloud that remains in suspension is dispersed partly by internal waves. Although suspended sediment concentrations in the water column exceed certain water quality standards, benthic communities survived the perturbation with little effect. 相似文献
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为弥补当前描述城市地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的指数衰减模型偏于经验、物理力学机制认识不足的问题,考虑到地表灰尘的泥沙物质属性,基于泥沙科学、从泥沙运动力学角度研究地表灰尘的径流冲刷过程与模拟方法。通过比较发现,地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型与河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型具有一定的相似性。基于上述比较结果,参考河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型方程,针对地表径流汇流的延时效应及不平衡输沙特点,并考虑地表灰尘颗粒的非均匀性及分组冲刷过程,对地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型进行了改进,建立了地表灰尘的分组不平衡冲刷模型。结合广东东莞牛山工业园区地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的实测资料,对模型进行了应用比较。结果表明:相比指数衰减模型,分组不平衡冲刷模型模拟地表径流灰尘浓度值与实测值变化趋势更为符合,确定性系数与纳什效率系数由0.15与0.59升至0.73与0.70,模拟效果进一步提高。研究结果有助于促进地表灰尘径流冲刷过程模拟由经验分析向具有物理基础的模拟方法转变。 相似文献
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David H. Schoellhamer 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(5):885-899
The quantity of suspended sediment in an estuary is regulated either by transport, where energy or time needed to suspend
sediment is limiting, or by supply, where the quantity of erodible sediment is limiting. This paper presents a hypothesis
that suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in estuaries can suddenly decrease when the threshold from transport to supply
regulation is crossed as an erodible sediment pool is depleted. This study was motivated by a statistically significant 36%
step decrease in SSC in San Francisco Bay from water years 1991–1998 to 1999–2007. A quantitative conceptual model of an estuary
with an erodible sediment pool and transport or supply regulation of sediment transport is developed. Model results confirm
that, if the regulation threshold was crossed in 1999, SSC would decrease rapidly after water year 1999 as observed. Estuaries
with a similar history of a depositional sediment pulse followed by erosion may experience sudden clearing. 相似文献
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To study sediment suspension above ripples under the combined action of waves and currents, a three‐dimensional numerical model has been developed based on the use of FLUENT software, and an external sediment transport model. The computer model has been tested against laboratory measurements involving oscillatory wave motion, as well as cases of co‐linear waves with following and opposing currents, with satisfactory results. Compared with the situation in which only waves are present (called waves‐alone cases), the effects from the steady current on both vortex shedding and sediment suspension above ripples have clearly been revealed by the model results. In particular, the vortices generated in combined waves and currents tend to stay low in the trough area of the ripple and are ejected earlier than those in the waves‐alone case at both the ripple crest and trough, which leads to concentration peaks at different phases and with different magnitudes. The model was also applied to a field case from a multi‐barred, dissipative beach at Egmond‐an‐Zee, in the Netherlands, to investigate the influences of a long‐shore current on cross‐shore sediment transport. The model results show reasonable overall agreement with the field measurements, as well as the important effects of the three dimensional flow structure on the sediment entrainment process close to the ripple surface, which is very difficult to observe in such detail in field studies. 相似文献
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J. M. T. Stam 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(5):519-536
A two-dimensional analytical model is developed for the morphodynamics of aeolian dunes. The basis of the model is the sediment continuity equation, which is solved using a linearized sediment transport formula. The air flow over the topography is calculated with a steady-state boundary-layer model. This results in a series of analytical expressions for the shear stress, sediment transport, topography through time, and growth and migration of a sine-shaped dune. These expressions give quantitative relationships between bedform behavior (i.e., growth and migration) and factors such as wind velocity and surface roughness. In this way it can be seen that growth and migration rates increase for higher wind velocity, higher surface roughness and higher wave numbers (i.e., shorter wave lengths). 相似文献
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Fingerprinting technique provides an essential means for estimating source contributions of watershed sediments, in which a single group of “optimum composite fingerprints” has been widely used in the literature to estimate sediment provenance. This type of methods is not restricted by the scale or process of sediment transportation so that similar procedures can be applied in sediment provenance research for aeolian depositions. However, recent studies found no direct link (positive relationship) between the ability of the tracer group to discriminate sources and its rigor in estimating source contributions after optimization. Here, we introduced a recently developed multiple composite fingerprinting method with additional screening based on analytical solutions, and further reviewed its verification in watersheds at different scales. It turned out that compared to Monte Carlo optimization method, a reasonable estimation can be achieved using the mean of the maximum number of composite fingerprints that given analytical solution to the mixing model, but the computational cost can be reduced significantly. The reliability of this new method was also tested in source contribution estimating of aeolian sediments, and the provenance quantification of reservoir sediment in an arid region experiencing both wind and water sediments. 相似文献
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Wen−Cheng Liu 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(4):535-546
Settling velocities of suspended cohesive sediment in estuaries vary over a range of several orders in magnitude. Variations in the suspended sediment concentration are often considered as the principal cause. Turbulence and the suspended sediment concentration, as well as other factors such as salinity, dissolved organic substances, flocculation ability, and the rate of floc growth affect setting velocities. A laterally–averaged finite difference model for hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport is developed and applied in the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan. The model has been calibrated and verified with water surface elevation, longitudinal velocity, salinity, and cohesive sediment measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available data. The model is used to investigate the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport dynamics. The simulation indicates that the turbidity maximum zone is near Kuan–Du. When settling velocities increase the surface cohesive sediment concentration at Kuan–Du station trends to decrease and bottom cohesive sediment concentration increases. Both surface and bottom cohesive sediment concentrations decrease at Taipei Bridge and Pa–Ling Bridge. This implies that suspended sediment advected seaward and deposited. There is consequently a net seaward flux of suspended sediment near surface, and a net landward flux near the bed. 相似文献
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冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数关系与不平衡输沙理论是对河道不平衡输沙同一物理现象的不同描述,两者既有区别也有联系。比较研究发现:对于恒定均匀流不平衡输沙过程,当输沙位于近平衡态时两者含沙量导函数表达式具有一阶近似等价性,当输沙远离平衡态时前者含沙量导函数中隐含考虑有泥沙恢复饱和系数的变化。基于两者等价性,推导建立了幂律函数指数计算表达式,表明指数随泥沙沉速、单宽流量和沿程距离而变化,且随着输移距离的增大呈指数衰减。基于前者含沙量导函数表达式结构特点,分析建立了相应泥沙恢复饱和系数变化的计算表达式。综合以上成果,改进提出了一种变幂指数的泥沙输移幂律函数计算模型。对库里·阿雷克沉沙池沿程断面输沙指数及含沙量计算结果表明,不同距离过水断面输沙指数的变化规律是合理的,含沙量计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合。 相似文献
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Dong Ding 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(3):669-679
A mathematical model based on the advection-dispersion equation, modified to account for growth, decay, attachment, and detachment of microorganisms, was developed to describe the transport and growth of bacteria in aquifers. Column experiments on the transport of a species of sulfate-reducing bacteria through saturated-aquifer sediment were conducted to gain a quantitative knowledge of the attachment and detachment processes. Relevant parameter values such as the attachment-site capacity of the sediment and the attachment and detachment coefficients under different conditions, were obtained by fitting the experimental data with the non-growth condition transport model. The transport model was then refined and improved to incorporate the microbial sulfate reduction mechanism. To evaluate the applicability of this model, bacterial transport in aquifers under both nutrient-rich and oligotrophic environments was modeled by employing the parameters gained from experiments and from available literature; the model results were consistent with observations reported in former studies. In addition, the results revealed that the distribution of bacteria in the aqueous phase and in the sediments is directly related to the attachment-site capacity of the sediment. Thus, the attachment-site capacity of the sediment is a key factor to evaluate the transport and growth of bacteria in aquifers. 相似文献
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Our modeling objective was to better define the relationship between subtropical seagrass and potential water column and sediment
stressors (light, organic and particle sedimentation, sediment nutrients, and the porewater sulfide system). The model was
developed and optimized for sediments inThalassia testudinum seagrass beds of Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S., and is composed of a plant submodel and a sediment diagenetic submodel.
Simulations were developed for a natural stressor (harmful algal bloom,Aureoumbra lagunensis) and an anthropogenic, stressor (dredging event). The observed harmful algal bloom (HAB) was of limited duration and the
simulations of that bloom showed no effect of the algal bloom on biomass trends but did suggest that sediment sulfides could
inhibit growth if the bloom duration and intensity were greater. To examine this hypothesis we ran a simulation using data
collected during a sustained 4-yr bloom in Upper Laguna Madre. Simulations suggested that light attenuation by the HAB could
cause a small reduction inT. testudinum biomass, while input of organic matter from the bloom could promote development of a sediment geochemical environment toxic
toT. testudinum leading to a major reduction in biomass. A 3-wk dredging event resulted in sedimentation of a layer of rich organic material
and reduction of canopy light for a period of months. The simulations suggested that the seagrass could have recovered from
the effects of temporary light reduction but residual effects of high sulfides in the sediments would make the region inhospitable
for seagrasses for up to 2.5 yr. These modeling exercises illustrate that both natural and anthropogenic stressors can result
in seagrass losses by radically altering the sedimentary geochemical environment. 相似文献