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用孔隙、裂隙介质弹性波理论反演岩石孔隙分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
"孔隙、裂隙介质的弹性波动理论"描述了介质中孔隙与裂隙相互作用的弹性波特征,已被广泛用来模拟和解释实际岩石的声学性质.本文将该理论进一步扩展,用以描述孔隙与多形态裂隙体系的相互作用.扩展理论的一个重要应用是模拟实验室流体饱和岩石在压力加载条件下的弹性波速数据,利用不同形态的裂隙在压力作用下产生的波速变化来反演裂隙的纵横比分布谱.对高孔渗砂岩、致密砂岩和花岗岩岩芯数据的反演结果清晰地反映了不同岩性的岩石中裂隙的纵横比分布特征,且与这些岩芯的扫描电镜分析结果一致.本文的研究不仅为扩展理论提供了实验验证,而且给出了一种分析岩石孔隙结构特征的有效方法. 相似文献
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岩石介质中多裂纹扩展相互作用及其贯通机制的数值模拟 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA^2D系统，通过对岩石试样中预置的一组右行右阶雁列式裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟，研究了非均匀岩石介中多裂纹扩展的相互作用模式及其贯通机制。数植模拟再现的受压混合型裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的全场变形过程，以及与细观非均匀性有关的声发射和断续扩展模式的“岩桥”现象，清晰地揭示出多裂纹扩展的相互作用及其贯通机制。模拟结果说明，对于岩石这种地质介质而言，忽略其非均匀性影响，可能会掩盖岩石变形与破裂过程中的许多与非均匀性有关的特殊现象，包括声发射或微震模式、岩桥或雁行断裂等。 相似文献
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在单轴加压下进行了有预制裂纹的岩石板在裂纹扩展过程中声发射时b值的实验。发现b值的变化与岩石裂纹的扩展过程有密切关系,并且不同岩石介质的相互作用可影响b值的变化。通常裂纹扩展时,b值下降,但扩展受阻时,b值又有所回升,因此,有预制裂纹的岩石板在破裂过程中,b值呈起伏变化。 相似文献
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水压致裂技术广泛用于增加石油和天然气产量和开发地热资源．用水压致裂法在地下深部形成破裂带系以储存固液态废物是工业技术与环境保护科学相结合的最新进展．了解水压破裂的力学特性和破裂带的几何形状对于资源开发和贮存废物都十分重要．水压破裂常伴有大量极微震发生．分析伴生微震的时空强分布可得出水压破裂带的几何参数及破裂过程的运动学和动力学参数．利用波形相关分析和时空搜索定位法，我们高精度地确定了157个水压破裂伴生微震的震源位置．微震的空间分布图清晰地刻画出水压破裂带的空间尺度和取向．由微震的时空分布的变化推断出破裂带的扩展方向和速率．应用经验格林函数法分析孪生地震对得到较大微震的震源时间函数和震源参数，如地震矩、破裂半径和应力降．震源时间函数的方向性变化表明破裂向西北方向传播，与破裂带扩展方向一致．微震应力降的较大变化反映出水压破裂带上力学性质的显著不均匀性． 相似文献
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引言 本文从两个层次来考虑地震过程问题。我们由回顾地震学家通常使用的研究破裂过程的经典宏观方法入手，然后，进入矿物和岩石破裂的微观物理学问题。在微观研究中我们强调由位错、微小裂隙以及其他缺陷所造成的不可逆的变形。 相似文献
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多形态拓展孔隙、裂隙并存理论描述了介质中孔隙与多形态裂隙体之间的相互作用,现已被用于岩石的孔隙结构反演．利用实验室加压条件下干燥和流体饱和岩石的纵、横波速测量数据,联合反演了潜山储层岩石的孔隙纵横比谱．反演结果表明：随着有效压力的增加,裂隙元素的纵横比减小,小纵横比裂隙的闭合降低了裂隙密度,导致低压段的弹性波速度显著增大．同时,在双对数刻度下,孔隙度与孔隙纵横比之间存在幂函数关系,孔隙结构指数随总孔隙度单调增加,此关系可用于判别潜山储层的有效性．本文的研究不仅为潜山储层岩石孔隙结构分析方法提供了实验验证,而且给出了一种潜山储层有效性的辅助判别方法． 相似文献
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地震断层带是壳内深部流体的通道。流体与地震破裂带内的岩石相互作用导致其具有与地壳完整岩石完全不同的特性,包括其矿物成分、化学成分、粒度分布、孔隙度、渗透性和弹性等方面,这些特征可以视为流体与地震断层带相互作用的响应。深入研究断层岩的岩石化学和岩石物理性质将有助于准确和精细地了解地震断层岩的形成过程,分析地震能量分配,认识物质迁移的方式,解释或约束地震断层带深部探测结果等。文中以汶川地震破裂带内的断层岩为例,研究并总结了地震断层岩的渗透率、孔隙度、纵波速度、粒度分布和矿物组成等特征。结果显示,地震破裂带上的断层岩形成与地震破裂作用有关,但表现出的性质更大程度上烙有间震期流体与断层岩相互作用的印记。汶川地震破裂带上的断层岩本身并不是汶川地震破裂的直接产物,而是多次地震破裂和间震期流体与断层带相互作用的综合结果。此外,还探讨了地震破裂能、地震破裂扩展、围陷波形成及解释的问题。 相似文献
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IntroductionMet(1995,1996)presentedhard-inclusionearthquakepreparationmodebasingonintraplatemacroseismicityandtempo-spatialevolutioncharacteristicsofprecursoryabnormalfieldssuchasseismicitygapandhighQvalueappearinginawideareaaroundepicenterbeforestrongearthquakes.Somedeepstructure,mechanicalanalysisandrockmechanicaltestconcernedhaveprovidedsupportingevidenceforthemode.Oneofthemostimportantachievementsofmodernseismologyisconfirmingthatearthquakes(especiallyforshallowfocusshocks)causedbyfaultext… 相似文献
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本文讨论了大断裂形成的力源问题,分析了我国一些大地震的资料后认为大断裂形成的力源是板块水平挤压力和上地幔垂直力作用到地壳后引起的应力迭加的结果。综述了前人利用断裂力学理论与实验结果研究地壳中断裂传播时所持的不同观点。地壳中断裝的传播不只是受断裂力学规律本身的制约,外部附加的剪切应力对断裂的传播也起着重要作用。地壳下部大断裂蠕滑所产生的施加在地壳上层底部的分布剪切力在地壳上层中产生的附加剪切力可以增强原来断裂端部的剪切应力,使岩体首先超过抗剪强度因而断裂沿合成剪切力的方向快速错动,从而形成了地壳中长而直的断裂带。利用弹性体的半空间问题推导了分布剪切力在地壳上层产生的附加应力场和估算了附加剪切应力和附加张应力的大小。利用静力弹性位错理论分析了软弱区引起的像力对断裂扩展的影响。在实际地壳中介质並不是均匀的,在地壳上层还可能存在一些局部的破碎区、软弱区。积累单元断层面除受有效构造应力外还受到由于断层物质蠕变形成的附加剪切应力和由于软弱区、破碎区的存在形成的附加剪切应力的作用,这两种附加剪切应力都是时间的函数,随着时间的增加而增加,而且像力还和积累单元断层面到软弱区的距离成反比。断裂的传播要受到软弱区对它作用的像力,即相当于附加了一个剪切应力在断裂端部,增加了断裂端部的应力强度因子。最后讨论了震源断层面的下方有岩浆侵入时的防拐作用。当孕裳的脆性层底部有热物质侵入而形成直线凹槽时断裂沿其传播也不拐弯。 相似文献
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S. D. Vinogradov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2006,42(3):254-255
The energy of the initiation of incipient cracks by groups of dislocations in crystalline substance is considered. The distribution of such cracks over energy obtained in the paper has the same form as the recurrence law, supporting the hypothesis that the latter is bounded from below by incipient cracks initiated by groups of dislocations. 相似文献
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Flow of fluids in many hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers is enhanced by the presence of cracks and fractures. These cracks could be detected by their effects on propagation of compressional and shear waves through the reservoir: several theories, including Hudson's, claim to predict the seismic effects of cracks. Although Hudson's theory has already been used to calculate crack densities from seismic surveys, the predictions of the theory have not yet been tested experimentally on rocks containing a known crack distribution. This paper describes an experimental verification of the theory. The rock used, Carrara marble, was chosen for its uniformity and low porosity, so that the effect of cracks would not be obscured by other influences. Cracks were induced by loading of laboratory specimens. Velocities of compressional and shear waves were measured by ultrasound at 0.85 MHz in dry and water-saturated specimens at high and low effective pressures. The cracks were then counted in polished sections of the specimens. In ‘dry’ specimens with both dry and saturated cracks, Hudson's theory overpredicted observed crack densities by a constant amount that is attributed to the observed value being systematically underestimated. The theory made poor predictions for fully saturated specimens. Shear-wave splitting, caused by anisotropy due to both crystal and crack alignment, was observed. Cracks were seen to follow grain boundaries rather than the direction of maximum compression due to loading. The results demonstrate that Hudson's theory may be used in some cases to determine crack and fracture densities from compressional- and shear-wave velocity data. 相似文献
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Spheroidal weathering of granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints by oxidation,iron precipitation,and rindlet exfoliation 
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下载免费PDF全文 Spheroidal weathering, one of the important rock weathering styles, has been attributed to chemical weathering by the water from joint surfaces, and mechanical aspects of the weathering have not been well addressed. We made an investigation on spheroidal weathering of Miocene granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints and found that this spheroidal weathering proceeds through chemical processes and accompanying mechanical processes. The investigation of the textures, physical properties, mineralogy, and chemistry of the porphyry revealed the presence of a brown band on the surface margins of corestones, representing the oxidation of pyrite and chlorite, and the precipitation of iron hydroxides, and the consequent generation of micro‐cracks within the band. During weathering, oxidation progresses inwards from joints that surround the rindlets, including both high‐angle columnar and low‐angle planar joints, and causes rounding of the unweathered interior portion of the rock. Microscopic observations of the brown band embedded with fluorescent resin show that pores are first filled with iron hydroxides, and that micro‐cracks then form parallel to the oxidation front in the outer portion of the brown band. Iron hydroxide precipitation increases the P‐wave velocity in the brown band, while micro‐crack formation decreases the tensile strength of the rock. Where the brown band has thickened to ~6 cm, the micro‐cracks are connected to one another to create continuous cracks, which separate the rindlets from the corestone. Micro‐crack formation parallel to the corestone surface may be attributed to compressive stresses generated by small amounts of volumetric expansion due to the precipitation of iron hydroxides in the brown band. Earth surface is under oxidizing environments so that precipitation of iron hydroxides commonly occurs; the spheroidal weathering in this paper is a typical example of the combination of chemical and mechanical processes under such environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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为了从FMI资料中提取定量信息,一个很重要的步骤就是要对FMI图像数据进行分割.即从实际FMI资料中分离出反映孔洞、裂缝的子图像,然后用相应的方法对分割后的子图像进行分析处理,提取相应参数.本文通过研究大量图像分割算法,认为奇异点多阈值分割算法、基于过度区的分割算法、Hopfield网络方法、基于图像间模糊散度的阈值化算法是FMI图像分割的有效方法,实现了从FMI图像中将地层中有用目标,从背景中分离出来.同时,为了得到孔洞及裂缝的形状参数,本文还研究了轮廓跟踪标识边缘的方法以及根据标识的边缘进行填充的算法.在此基础上,也研究了根据目标边缘坐标计算目标的长度、宽度、圆度、裂缝密度、孔洞密度等参数的方法.上述所有方法在SUN工作站GeoFrame平台上开发成功,通过对LX45等八口井的处理结果与岩心分析数据对比表明,效果较好. 相似文献
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本文根据求得的无穷远边界上作用的外力主矢量为常量的共线双半无限长裂纹的平面问题的线性解答,分析了应力场的定性特征:张压应力区的边界和裂纹将全平面分成六个区域,其分布主要由外力主矢量的方向所决定。对线性解答及其稳定性问题的讨论,使我们可从理论上分析裂纹的扩展方式,求得较“库仑破裂准则”强的破裂条件(主要依赖于外应力主矢量的方向)並给出了破裂长度的近似表达式。根据地质力学的观点,在地震孕育的整个过程中,可假定外应力沿同一方向持续加强,计算表明弹性变形使得该方向相对于闭锁段发生偏转,从而使整个孕育过程按外应力主矢量所达到的特定方向分为两个阶段:第一阶段,裂纹无扩展,通过以时间为参数的附加应力场的计算,讨论了上述微小偏转所引起的应力场的变化;第二阶段,裂纹扩展,即闭锁段两端发生纯剪切位错,通过该双位错所引起附加应力场的计算分析了该阶段的应力特征,並探讨了地震序列与大震的关系。最后讨论了平面非共线双半无限长直裂纹问题,得到了前述类似的结论。 相似文献
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我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即:垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征:对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室和野外实际观测的许多结果做出合理的解释. 相似文献
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This paper describes the results of using geophysical techniques to investigate three columns of the Pronaos of the Antonino and Faustina temple ( AD 141) in Rome, Italy; the columns are of cipollino marble which shows alternate sequences of mica and calcite beds. We applied seismic refraction using traditional interpretation, and seismic transmission tomography. The comparison between the results of the refraction study and the 2D and 3D isotropic tomographic analyses suggested anisotropic characteristics for the marble, and this prompted us to perform a further tomographic experiment, taking into account these characteristics of the material. Assuming an elliptical model, the main directions of anisotropy were detected. Two velocity fields corresponding to the main directions of the anisotropy were measured and anomalies such as cracks and fractures were noted. The conjugate-gradient algorithm was used to invert the data. The results of the isotropic and anisotropic models were compared. The correlation between the methods highlighted the characteristics of the marble, i.e. anisotropy, depth of the weathering, fractures and small cracks. The results show that the material of the columns is in reasonable condition, with the exception of a surface area 6 cm to 15 cm deep that we estimate has been weathered for 2000 years, and that has been particularly affected by pollution in the last century. 相似文献