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1.
晋州地区是典型的农业井灌区,通过对该地区农作物生长季节降水量-农业地下水开采量-地下水埋深之间互动变化特征及其机制研究发现,枯水年份,农业地下水开采量的大小与小麦、玉米生长季节的降水量变化密切相关;平水年份,小麦生长季节的降水量变化对农业地下水开采量影响占主导,其次为玉米生长季节的降水量变化;丰水年,农业地下水开采量仅与小麦生长季节的降水量变化之间具有明显相关性,与玉米生长季节的降水量变化相关性明显弱化。不同水文年降水量变化,在影响农业地下水开采量增减的同时,对地下水的入渗补给量呈现与开采量逆向变化,二者叠加影响地下水位动态变化。平水年份或丰水年份,小麦生长季节地下水埋深增大,玉米生长季节降水量一般能满足玉米需水量,地下水埋深减小。因此,充分利用作物生长季节降水量,对减少地下水开采和高产农业的稳定发展有重要意义。  相似文献   

2.
气候变暖对甘肃干旱气象灾害的影响   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9  
应用甘肃80个地面气象站1960-2005年的降水量和气温序列资料,分析了降水量和气温的变化趋势以及降水量和气温的变化对干旱气象灾害的影响.结果表明:甘肃全省年平均气温总体呈明显升高趋势,年降水量总体呈明显减少趋势;甘肃气候变化总体呈暖干趋势.其中,河西呈微弱的暖湿趋势,河东呈显著的暖干旱趋势.3~10月全省年平均降水量与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量呈显著负相关,全省平均气温与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量均呈显著正相关.气候暖干化趋势对农业产生的负面影响,是导致干旱受灾面积扩大、粮食减产量增加的主要原因,同时也影响粮食安全.  相似文献   

3.
对分别位于西北特干旱、干旱、半干旱3种主要气候类型区的敦煌、武威(1981—2005年)、定西3个农业气象观测站(1986—2005)年的气候变化对春小麦各个物候期及其产量的影响进行分析,结果显示:不同台站的气候变化模式在时间和空间上都不同,武威和定西的气温增加而降水量减少,气候均呈现暖干化趋势,但前者的变化量大于后者。所不同的是敦煌站的气温和降水量都呈增加趋势。相关分析结果,一方面显示了在不同的气候类型区,影响春小麦生长的主导因子不同,影响敦煌、武威、定西3站春小麦生长期天数和产量的主导气象因子分别为≥0℃积温、日均温、降水量。另一方面也显示了同一气象因子对不同地区作物的影响程度、强度和方向都不同,日均温的增加对不同地区春小麦生长期的负效应表现为武威>敦煌>定西;≥0℃积温对春小麦生长期和产量的正效应表现为敦煌>定西,对武威春小麦的生长期有正影响,而对产量有负影响;降水量对半干旱雨养农业区定西春小麦生长期和产量的正影响最大且极为显著(P<0.01);日照时数对不同地区春小麦整个生长期和产量的正影响敦煌>定西>武威。气候变化最终导致敦煌站春小麦的产量以8.8 g/(m2·a)的速率显著增加,武威、定西受气候暖干化的影响,春小麦产量分别下降0.3 g/(m2·a)、5.5 g/(m2·a)。造成这些差异的主要原因可能是各地的气候条件不同,其次是各地的栽培条件、田间管理(如灌溉、施肥、病虫害防治)等非气象因子的不同所致,各地作物的生长及产量形成都是气象因子和非气象因子共同作用的结果。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词:[HT5K]区域差异;响应;气候变暖;春小麦  [HT5H]中图分类号:P463.2;S162.5〓〓〓文献标识码:A[HT5SS][HK]  相似文献   

4.
《地下水》2021,(5)
以葫芦河流域3个重要水文站和庄浪县境内雨量站,1956-2009年54 a资料系列,采用动态趋势分析,对径流量年际、年内和地区分布进行分析,对降水量进行年际变化分析。得出径流量和降水量总体趋势为减少。本次研究对庄浪县水资源合理开发具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

5.
通过调查舟曲地质灾害历史资料.分析降雨与地质灾害的相关性,发现地质灾害与灾害前1~3 h累积降水量、月平均降水量和月暴雨频数明显正相关.然后分析舟曲"8.8"特大山洪泥石流的气象和降水成因.在此基础上,提出舟曲地质灾害的防治措施.  相似文献   

6.
近40年来烟台地区气温与降水量变化的关系研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
李希国  谭鼎山  李传进  冯丽 《水文》2008,28(1):91-93
利用烟台地区1960~1999年的气象资料.分析了近40年来该区气温与降水之间的关系.结果表明,从20世纪60年代至90年代,气温呈上升趋势,而全年、夏季、秋季降水量则随温度上升而减少,二者之间表现出显著线性相关.春季降水与气温相关性不明显,二者不迭显著水平.冬季降水量与冬季平均气温之间相关性显著,降水随温度升高而增加,可用二次多项式回归方程量化表示.这样,该区气温状况如何,为预测未来降水趋势提供了信息,对合理利用本地气候资源具有实际意义.  相似文献   

7.
鄱阳湖1998年洪水特征   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
闵骞 《水文》2001,21(3):55-58,39
分析了鄱阳湖流域1998年6-7月暴雨气象背景和时空分布特点,从五河入湖洪水过程和长江严重顶托两个方面,探讨了鄱阳湖1998年洪水成因,以都齐水位站水位变化为例,叙述了鄱阳湖1998年洪水发展过程,从降水量、洪量及水位3个方面,比较了分析了1998年洪水与1954年洪水的量级关系,表明鄱阳湖1998年洪水明显小于1954年洪水。  相似文献   

8.
使用1982-2006年GIMMS AVHRR NDVI数据集与同期的CI、K、Pa、SPI、Z、PDSI等干旱指数做了对比分析, 讨论了河南省植被状态指数VCI对气象干旱的滞后效应及干旱监测能力. 结果表明: VCI指数与气象干旱指数的相关性受不同下垫面的影响较大, 农地的VCI与气象干旱指数相关性要明显高于林地, 农地VCI与气象干旱指数呈现正相关关系. 在河南省不同的作物生长阶段, VCI对气象干旱有着不同的滞后效应, 其中, 3-5月份冬小麦生长期VCI对气象条件的反应滞后1~3个月, 7、9月份夏玉米生长期VCI对气象条件的反应滞后1月. 总体上看, 结合前期的气象数据, VCI对河南省气象干旱有一定的指示作用和监测能力.  相似文献   

9.
西北地区特色作物对气候变化响应及应对技术的研究进展   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
总结了白兰瓜、 大樱桃、 酿酒葡萄、 苹果、 桃、 当归、 党参、 黄芪、 甘草、 枸杞等10种特色作物的生长发育、 种植区域、 气象灾害、 生物量、 产量与品质等对现代气候暖干化的响应特征. 结果表明: 气候暖干化使多年生特色作物萌芽或返青提早, 生长发育速度提前加快; 瓜果类作物全生育期缩短, 根类作物全生育期延长; 使种植区的高度提高150 m左右, 向更高纬度扩展, 种植面积迅速扩大. 对旱作农业区的特色作物气候产量下降, 对灌溉农业区的影响较少, 有利于喜温凉特色作物气候产量增加, 对较耐旱的影响较轻, 对不够耐旱受到较大的影响.有利于提高瓜果类作物的品质, 尤其含糖量提高. 提出了建立特色作物种植基地或示范区, 实现农工商产业系列服务, 创建现代农业发展模式和管理新模式适应气候变化; 制定精细化综合农业自然资源区划, 合理调整种植结构; 根据未来气候预测和不同气候年型调整作物种植比例; 加强气象灾害监测、 评估、 预警与防御工作等4个方面的措施应对气候暖干化.  相似文献   

10.
黑河流域气候平均降水的精细化分布及总量计算   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
利用黑河流域气象观测站降水资料和DEM资料,分析了气候平均年和月降水量与地理地形参数的关系.结果显示,黑河流域气候平均降水量与测站的海拔、纬度、坡度显著相关,据此建立了降水量与地理地形参数的关系模型;拟合分析表明,年降水量拟合值与实测值的相关系数达0.94,二者在大部分地区分布特征基本一致,拟合值稍大;逐月降水量拟合相对误差在上游和中游都很小.基于降水量与地理地形参数的关系模型,利用高分辨率DEM资料,扩展得到了黑河流域上中游100m×100m精细化分布的气候平均年降水量和各月降水量.结果表明,精细化分布的降水量场能够表现出更多与地形和地势有关的细节,这是只利用气象测站资料的分析结果所不能反映的.在黑河流域气候平均降水量空间精细化分布基础上,按照黑河流域上中游面积5.08×104 km2计算,其气候平均年降水总量约为150.6×108 m3,降水主要集中在5-9月.  相似文献   

11.
The relationship between the sand-dust events in Shapotou and the meteorological factors from the meteorological stations in Shapotou and three surrounding areas are analyzed in this article. The results show that the number of occurrences of floating dust weather annually increases from 1988 to 1998 but there is no such tendency for the number of occurrences of blowing sand and sandstorm. Meteorological factors are highly correlated with the frequency of floating dust weather and the correlation decreased with the increase of distance from Shapotou. Due to the impact of global change and human activities, in parallel, average relative humidity decreased year by year in these four areas, especially in Shapotou, resulting in an increase of the frequency of floating dust weather. Alashan Zuoqi, which is the sand source area, strongly affects Shapotou blowing sand and sandstorm.  相似文献   

12.
陕西潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染的环境效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染区的小麦、蔬菜、水果中的Hg含量为重点研究对象,与尚未污染的农田土壤区进行对比,研究土壤Hg污染的农作物效应.评价区小麦样本Hg的超标率为78.57%,小麦Hg超标与土壤Hg污染的关系明显.评价区萝卜样本超标率为40%,叶菜、西红柿、苹果、红薯中样本超标率均为100%,对照区果蔬类也全部超标,但明显低于评价区.评价区农作物Hg超标倍数从大到小依次为:青菜>油麦菜>萝卜叶>西红柿>苹果>红薯>小麦>萝卜.土壤Hg污染的环境效应极为严重,矿区环境污染防治刻不容缓.  相似文献   

13.
西安市白鹿塬滑坡发生时间预测研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
笔者通过对白鹿塬区降水与滑坡发生时间之间的规律进行总结,认为本区滑坡发生与降水的丰年有着密切的关系,并应用卡尔曼滤波分析法对白鹿塬区滑坡发生时间进行了全区性预测,提出白鹿塬滑坡发生具有10年左右的中周期,20年左右的长周期,应及早作好防治工作。  相似文献   

14.
Simulating the temporal-spatial distribution of areas suitable for crops is an important part of analyzing the effects of climate change on crop growth, reducing the vulnerability of crop growth, and assessing the adaptability of crop growth to climate change. This study selected climate factors that affect the growth of wheat, maize and rice, and it combined surface soil and ground elevation factors as environment variables, as well as data from agricultural observation stations as species variables. The MaxEnt ecological model was used to identify suitable areas for these three crops during the period of 1953-2012. The areas suitable for the three crops were analyzed to determine the temporal-spatial distribution of major food crops and to estimate the difference in crop growth adaptability under climate change. The results showed the following: The response to climate change of the areas suitable for food crops could be ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: wheat, rice, and maize. On the same space-time scale, for the growth of wheat and rice, the southern agricultural regions, mountainous areas and plateaus were relatively unsuitable for a wider variety of crops than the northern agricultural regions, plains and basins. The adaptability of wheat increased in the major agricultural regions slightly. The adaptability of maize increased in the northern agricultural regions and decreased in the southern agricultural regions, respectively. The adaptability of rice was stable in the southern agricultural regions, and it decreased in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and increased in the northeastern region. Over 60 years, the ability of the major food crops to adapt to climate change increased in the northeast region, Gansu-Xinjiang region, Southwest region and Loess Plateau region, but the adaptability of major food crops decreased in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Mid-and-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. The suitable areas of maize and rice were significantly correlated with planting areas and yields, respectively, which provided feasibility for simulating the distribution of suitable areas on maize and rice in different climate scenarios in the future. The suitable area of wheat is not significantly related to the planting area and yield. In the future, we will take more factors to model the suitable area of wheat accurately.  相似文献   

15.
全球气候增暖对甘肃农作物生长影响的研究进展   总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14  
系统总结了甘肃省科技攻关重大项目“甘肃干旱生态环境对全球气候变暖的响应研究”等3个课题的主要成果和研究进展。在揭示甘肃省现代气候变化基本特征是冬暖夏干的基础上,比较系统地综述了越冬作物(冬小麦、冬油菜)、喜凉作物(春小麦、马铃薯、胡麻)和喜温作物(玉米、棉花、酿酒葡萄)等8种主要农作物的生长发育、适生种植区高度和种植面积、产量和品质等对现代气候变化的响应特征。现代气候变化对甘肃农作物生长的影响非常突出,已对农作物安全生产与农业可持续发展构成了严重威胁。其研究结果为建立现代农业发展模式,旱作农业生产机制,农作物安全生产提供科学的指导意见。  相似文献   

16.
冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。  相似文献   

17.
通过选取甘肃省80个气象站点1961—2010年的气象要素值计算和分析,结果表明,暖干化是甘肃现代气候变化的基本特征。甘肃年平均气温气候倾向率均为正值,年平均气温每10年增温0.29℃;年降水量自1961年以来呈持续下降趋势,降水距平百分率以每10年1.7%的速率递减。揭示了气候变化对马铃薯晩疫病、麦蚜虫、小麦条锈病、玉米棉铃虫、红蜘蛛等5种主要农作物病虫害的影响。总结气候暖干化对主要农作物病虫害的主要危害特征:病虫种类增多、地域范围扩大;越冬界线北移、时间提早发生、受害程度加重;害虫生长季节延长、繁殖代数增加、种群增长加快;病毒病增多,易发大流行;寄主、害虫、天敌种群的生态系统发生了变化,使害虫得到迅速繁殖。提出完善农作物病虫害监测评估预警体系建设,提高精准优质预报服务;建立防治农作物病虫害管理生产新模式和配套技术适应气候变化;根据未来气候预测和针对不同气候类型以及不同气候年型调整作物种植结构和比例;制定精细化农作物病虫害综合农业自然资源区划,确定精准的高危病区范围重点防治等4个方面的措施和技术应对气候暖干化。  相似文献   

18.
Persistent extreme weather is of high disaster causing capability, represents a great threat to the safety of both people and property and results in substantial economic losses. However, the underlying mechanism of such high impact weather remains unclear, and related forecasting methods are quite under studied currently. Based on the comprehensive reviews of the relevant studies about persistent extreme weather, the prediction of such events within the period during 1~2 weeks in advance is believed to be a significant scientific issue. For this scientific problem, the studies of atmospheric low frequency process, the interaction between multi scale systems, the forcing of complicated underlying surface and sea land atmosphere interactions are necessary to be performed. These multi perspective studies will favor the final establishment of the corresponding forecasting theory and method based on the combination of dynamical prediction and statistical predication. It is hoped that the deficiencies in systematic studies about persistent extreme weather may be made up through pertinent studies, which will prolong the time length of forecasting and increase the prediction precision of such high impact events.  相似文献   

19.
Weather as a Chronic Hazard for Road Transportation in Canadian Cities   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
Inclement weather creates a chronic hazard for Canadian travellers. Past studies indicate that road collision rates increase during precipitation, although the magnitude of theincrease varies from study to study, partly as a result of variations in weather and driving conditions,but also because of differences in methods. The goal of the current study is to improve ourunderstanding of the links between weather and travel risk in mid-sized Canadian cities by using astandardized method for analyzing data from six cities with different climates: Halifax-Dartmouth,Ottawa, Québec, Hamilton, Waterloo Region, and Regina. The study has four interrelated objectives: (1) Toconduct a sensitivity analysis to determine the extent to which risk estimates vary depending onthe criteria used to define precipitation events and `normal' conditions; (2) To compare therelative risk of collision and injury during precipitation relative to `normal' conditions; (3) Todetermine the extent to which weather-related risks vary fordifferent Canadian cities; and (4) To explore any differences in collision characteristics between events and controls, especially as theyvary from city to city. Results are based on a matched-pair analysis, using six-hour time blocks over afour-year period, 1995 to 1998. Results indicate only modest sensitivity to the criteria used to define precipitation events and `normal' conditions. On average, precipitation is associated with a 75 percentincrease in traffic collisions and a 45 percent increase in related injuries, as compared to `normal'seasonal conditions, but risk levels vary depending on the characteristics of the weather event.Both sensitivity to specific weather conditions and weather-related accident profiles vary from city tocity in ways that are not easily explained.  相似文献   

20.
We investigated the effects on phosphorus (P) release of the addition of potato, wheat, and sunflower residues and fruit compost to five calcareous soils. Residue was added at the rate of 20 g kg−1. After 2 months of incubation, P values in control and amended soils were used for kinetic studies and fractionated by a sequential extraction procedure. The relative contribution of available P fraction (KCl-P) increased from 1.4% in control soils to 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.2%, and 2.3% in soils amended by fruit, wheat, potato, and sunflower residue addition, respectively, indicating that organic residues increased P in this fraction. In soils amended with different residues, the percentage of Olsen-P released over 86-h successive extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2 ranged from 57.6% for fruit residue addition (average of five soils) to 60.5% for potato residue addition. The ability of residues to release P depended on the soil properties, with 21.9 mg kg−1 (average of all residues) released to soil 2 and 77.4 mg kg−1 released to soil 4. Also residues behaved differently, with 31.5 mg kg−1 (average of five soils) released by fruit residues and 40.0 mg kg−1 released by sunflower residues. Release of P was best described by a parabolic diffusion model. The corresponding rate constant (mg kg−1 h−1/2) for P release for amended soils, defined as the release rate averaged for five soils, was found to decrease in the order: potato (2.73) > sunflower (2.61) > wheat (2.56) > fruit (2.50). The present study demonstrates that addition of residues improves P availability of these calcareous soils by increasing extractable P and the release rate and could be an alternative, indigenous source of P. However, the increase in P availability and the release rate following organic residue application suggests high potential mobility to water sources.  相似文献   

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