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1.
Carbon and Sr-isotope profiles in Upper Cambrian platformal carbonate Formations in the Precordillera, western Argentina (Zonda, La Flecha and La Silla Formations), were constructed for three representative sections: (a) Quebrada de la Flecha, Eastern Precordillera, (b) Cerro La Silla, Central Precordillera and (c) Quebrada de La Angostura, northern part of the Central Precordillera. At Quebrada de La Angostura, upper part of the La Flecha Formation, δ13Ccarb varies continuously up-section from − 2.0 to + 5.6‰ (PDB) and records the SPICE anomaly (+ 5‰) reported for the first time in South America. The peak of this excursion is characterized by intercalated 2 m thick beds of black shale with marl and limestone that record the onset of a sea-level change. The Steptoean Zonda Formation dolomites at the Quebrada de la Flecha exhibit a total δ13C range from − 2.7 to + 0.6‰ with discrete positive anomaly about 200 m from the transition to the overlying Sunwaptan La Flecha Formation. Pronounced C-isotope anomaly (− 5.6‰) is observed in the La Flecha Formation at about 300 m below the transition to the La Silla Formation. At the Cerro La Silla section, the Zonda Formation exhibit δ13C values of − 1‰, increasing slightly at the transition to the La Flecha Formation (− 1 to 0‰). The transition of the La Flecha to the La Silla Formations is characterized by alternation of black shales and dolomitic limestone with a discrete positive C-isotope excursion, probably corresponding to the SPICE. At the Quebrada de La Flecha, 87Sr/86Sr for the Zonda Formation varies from 0.70924 to 0.70955 and for the La Flecha Formation from 0.70908 to 0.70942. At Cerro La Silla this ratio varies from 0.70914 to 0.70923 for the La Flecha Formation, and from 0.70898 to 0.70980 for the La Silla Formation. At the Quebrada de La Angostura, ratios for the La Flecha carbonates range from 0.70918 to 0.70993. The overall variation of 87Sr/86Sr is consistent with globally reported Upper Cambrian seawater values at ca. 500 Ma. The unambiguous record of SPICE in the La Flecha Formation at the Quebrada de La Angostura supports a Steptoean age for its deposition and allows precise local, regional, and global stratigraphic correlation. The pronounced negative C-isotope excursion recorded in the La Flecha Formation carbonates at the Quebrada de La Flecha is likely equivalent to that registered in Sunwaptan carbonates of North America and Australia, and might be tied to a global event, as a valuable tool in stratigraphic correlation (SNICE, acronym for Sunwaptan negative isotope carbon excursion). 相似文献
2.
We investigated the isotope composition (O, C, Sr, Nd, Pb) in mineral separates of the two Precambrian carbonatite complexes Tiksheozero (1.98 Ga) and Siilinjärvi (2.61 Ga) from the Karelian–Kola region in order to obtain information on Precambrian mantle heterogeneity. All isotope systems yield a large range of variations. The combination of cathodoluminescence imaging with stable and radiogenic isotopes on the same samples and mineral separates indicates various processes that caused shifts in isotope systems. Primary isotope signatures are preserved in most calcites (O, C, Sr, Pb), apatites (O, Sr, Nd), amphiboles (O), magnetites (O), and whole rocks (Sr, Nd). The primary igneous C and O isotope composition is different for both complexes (Tiksheozero: δ13C = − 5.0‰, δ18O = 6.9‰; Siilinjärvi: δ13C = − 3.7‰, δ18O = 7.4‰) but very uniform and requires homogenization of both carbon and oxygen in the carbonatite melt. The lowest Sr isotope ratios of our carbonates and apatites from the Archaean Siilinjärvi (0.70137) and the Palaeoproterozoic Tiksheozero (0.70228) complexes are in the range of bulk silicate earth (BSE). Positive εNd values of the two carbonatites point to very early Archaean enrichment of Sm/Nd in the Fennoscandian mantle. No HIMU components could be detected in the two complexes, whereas Tiksheozero carbonatites give the first indication of Palaeoproterozoic U depletion for Fennoscandia. Sub-solidus exchange processes with water during emplacement and cooling of carbonatites caused an increase in the oxygen isotope composition of some carbonates and probably also an increase of their 87Sr/86Sr ratio. A larger increase of initial Sr isotope ratios was found in carbonatized silicic rocks compared to carbonatite bodies. The Svecofennian metamorphic overprint (1.9–1.7 Ga) caused reset of Rb/Sr (mainly mica) and Pb/Pb (mainly apatite) isochron systems. 相似文献
3.
The significance of isotopic data on constraining the physical conditions of fluid-rock interaction and mineralization processes in carbonate rocks is discussed, based on the example of barite-tetrahedrite mineralization in Lower Devonian platform carbonates of the Western Greywacke Zone (Tyrol, Austria). Available strontium, oxygen, carbon and sulfur isotopic data are complemented with oxygen isotopic data for barite. Barites are homogeneous in δ 18O V-SMOW and δ 34S CDT with values of + 15.4 and + 23.5‰, respectively. Their 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios vary between 0.7128 and 0.7113 for the first generation and between 0.7117 and 0.7123 for younger remobilization. The dolomitic host rock shows a significant variation in Sr, O and C isotopic composition between non-mineralized and mineralized zones: 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios vary between 0.7076 and 0.7133, δ 18O V-SMOW-values between +28.11 and +20.65‰, and δ 13C PDB-values between −1.15 and + 3.06‰. Fluid/rock volume ratios on the order of 1.3–3.2 are calculated for open-system behaviour by modelling Sr, O and C isotopic shifting capacities. The isotope data combined with other geological evidence support the following genetic model: Subsequent to synsedimentary sulfide mineralization during an Early Devonian rifting stage, collision tectonics in Carboniferous time led to the expulsion of Ba- and Sr-rich orogenic brines, which evolved from metamorphic fluids consisting essentially of H 2O and some CH 4, into an external sedimentary fold-and-thrust belt. The brines remobilized the synsedimentary sulfides, mixed with meteoric waters in the platform carbonates, reacted with evaporitic horizons and finally caused the recrystallization of dolomite and the precipitation of Sr-rich barite in structurally weak zones at 70–130°C. During the later Alpine orogeny supergene oxidation products were formed, and sulfates, sulfides and carbonates were further remobilized into late faults and fractures. 相似文献
4.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and between − 5.4 and + 0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios are the same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma. 相似文献
5.
Three types of chemically and isotopically distinct pore fluids from the southern San Joaquin basin previously recognized by J.B. Fisher and J.R. Boles also have distinctive 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios and Sr concentrations. Meteoric fluids have stable isotopic compositions which lie on or near the meteoric water line and low chlorinities. Sr concentrations are between 0.01 and 2.6 mg l −1, and 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios range from 0.7061 to 0.7078. Diagenetically modified connate marine fluids have δD-and δ 18O-values more positive than −35‰ and 0‰, respectively, and have chlorinities generally comparable to seawater. Sr concentration are much higher than the meteoric group (16–198 mg l −1), although the 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7070–0.7081) are not distinctive. Mixed meteoric-modified connate fluids have δD, δ 18O and chlorinity intermediate between the meteoric and modified connate groups. Sr concentrations are also intermediate, between 16 and 22 mg l −1, but 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7080–0.7087) are generally more radiogenic than either the meteoric or modified connate groups. All of the fluids have 87Sr/86Sr ratios comparable to or lower than Tertiary seawater. Alteration of detrital plagioclase is the probable origin of the low isotopic ratios. Mass-balance calculations based on the Sr data suggest that essentially no transport of Sr occurred during diagenesis of sandstones containing modified connate pore fluids, while large amounts of Sr have been transported out of meteoric reservoirs by fluid flow. The chemically anomalous mixed meteoric-modified connate fluids contain the most radiogenic strontium in the basin. These fluids are spatially associated with major faults, and may represent clay mineral dehydration waters which have been transported upward from greater depth. These results suggest that the three types of fluids identified by Fisher and Boles represent three distinct mass transport regimes: a largely stagnant deep-basin system containing modified connate pore fluids; an actively recharging meteoric system along the basin flanks; and a third system restricted to the southern basin which may be characterized by largescale cross-formational fluid flow, rather than dilution by meteoric waters. 相似文献
6.
The Korosten complex is a Paleoproterozoic gabbro–anorthosite–rapakivi granite intrusion which was emplaced over a protracted time interval — 1800–1737 Ma. The complex occupies an area of about 12 000 km 2 in the north-western region of the Ukrainian shield. About 18% of this area is occupied by various mafic rocks (gabbro, leucogabbro, anorthosite) that comprise five rock suites: early anorthositic A 1 (1800–1780 Ma), main anorthositic A 2 (1760 Ma), early gabbroic G 3 (between 1760 and 1758 Ma), late gabbroic G 4 (1758 Ma), and a suite of dykes D 5 (before 1737 Ma). In order to examine the relationships between the various intrusions and to assess possible magmatic sources, Nd and Sr isotopic composition in mafic whole-rock samples were measured. New Sr and Nd isotope measurements combined with literature data for the mafic rocks of the Korosten complex are consistent and enable construction of Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isochronous regressions that yield the following ages: 1870 ± 310 Ma (Rb–Sr) and 1721 ± 90 Ma (Sm–Nd). These ages are in agreement with those obtained by the U–Pb method on zircons and indicate that both Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd systems have remained closed since the time of crystallisation. In detail, however, measurable differences in isotopic composition of the Korosten mafic rock depending on their suite affiliation were revealed. The oldest, A 1 rocks have lower Sr ( 87Sr/ 86Sr (1760) = 0.70233–0.70288) and higher Nd ( εNd (1760) = 1.6–0.9) isotopic composition. The most widespread A 2 anorthosite and leucogabbro display higher Sr and lower Nd isotopic composition: 87Sr/ 86Sr (1760) = 0.70362, εNd (1760) varies from 0.2 to − 0.7. The G 3 gabbro–norite has slightly lower εNd (1760) varying from − 0.7 to − 0.9. Finally, G 4 gabbroic rocks show relatively high initial 87Sr/ 86Sr (0.70334–0.70336) and the lowest Nd isotopic composition ( εNd (1760) varies from − 0.8 to − 1.4) of any of the mafic rocks of the Korosten complex studied to date. On the basis of Sr and Nd isotopic composition we conclude that Korosten initial melts may have inherited their Nd and Sr isotopic characteristics from the lower crust created during the 2.05–1.95 Ga Osnitsk orogeny and 2.0 Ga continental flood basalt event. Indeed, εNd (1760) values in Osnitsk rocks vary from 0.0 to − 1.9 and from 0.2 to 3.4 in flood basalts. We suggest that these rocks being drawn into the upper mantle might melt and give rise to the Korosten initial melts. 87Sr/ 86Sr (1760) values also support this interpretation. We suggest that the Sr and Nd isotopic data currently available on mafic rocks of the Korosten complex are consistent with an origin of its primary melts by partial melting of lower crustal material due to downthrusting of the lower crust into upper mantle forced by Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of Sarmatia and Fennoscandia. 相似文献
7.
The overwhelming part of the continental crust in the high-grade part of the Damara orogen of Namibia consists of S-type granites, metasedimentary rocks and migmatites. At Oetmoed (central Damara orogen) two different S-type granites occur. Their negative εNd values (− 3.3 to − 5.9), moderately high initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.714–0.731), moderately high 206Pb/ 204Pb (18.21–18.70) and 208Pb/ 204Pb (37.74–37.89) isotope ratios suggest that they originated by melting of mainly mid-Proterozoic metasedimentary material. Metasedimentary country rocks have initial εNd of − 4.2 to − 5.6, initial 87Sr/ 86Sr of 0.718–0.725, 206Pb/ 204Pb ratios of 18.32–18.69 and 208Pb/ 204Pb ratios of 37.91–38.45 compatible with their variation in Rb/Sr, U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios. Some migmatites and residual metasedimentary xenoliths tend to have more variable εNd values (initial εNd: − 4.2 to − 7.1), initial Sr isotope ratios ( 87Sr/ 86Sr: 0.708–0.735) and less radiogenic 206Pb/ 204Pb (18.22–18.53) and 208Pb/ 204Pb (37.78–38.10) isotope compositions than the metasedimentary rocks. On a Rb–Sr isochron plot the metasedimentary rocks and various migmatites plot on a straight line that corresponds to an age of c. 550 Ma which is interpreted to indicate major fractionation of the Rb–Sr system at that time. However, initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of the melanosomes of the stromatic migmatites (calculated for their U–Pb monazite and Sm–Nd garnet ages of c. 510 Ma) are more radiogenic ( 87Sr/ 86Sr: 0.725) than those obtained on their corresponding leucosomes ( 87Sr/ 86Sr: 0.718) implying disequilibrium conditions during migmatization that have not lead to complete homogenization of the Rb–Sr system. However, the leucosomes have similar Nd isotope characteristics than the inferred residues (melanosomes) indicating the robustness of the Sm–Nd isotope system during high-grade metamorphism and melting. On a Rb–Sr isochron plot residual metasedimentary xenoliths show residual slopes of c. 66 Ma (calculated for an U–Pb monazite age of 470 Ma) again indicating major fractionation of Rb/Sr at c. 540 Ma. However, at 540 Ma, these xenoliths have unradiogenic Sr isotope compositions of c. 0.7052, indicating depleted metasedimentary sources at depth. Based on the distinct Pb isotope composition of the metasedimentary rocks and S-type granites, metasedimentary rocks similar to the country rocks are unlikely sources for the S-type granites. Moreover, a combination of Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotopes favours a three-component mixing model (metasedimentary rocks, altered volcanogenic material, meta-igneous crust) that may explain the isotopic variabilty of the granites. The mid-crustal origin of the different types of granite emphasises the importance of recycling and reprocessing of pre-existing differentiated material and precludes a direct mantle contribution during the petrogenesis of the orogenic granites in the central Damara orogen of Namibia. 相似文献
8.
Sr isotope and Ca/Mg/Sr chemical compositions of freshwater ostracode tests separated from a sediment core represent the last 16 ka of sedimentation in Lake Constance, Central Europe. The chemical evolution of the paleowater's dissolved load of Lake Constance was estimated by correcting the ostracode data for Ca/Mg/Sr fractionation due to biogenic calcification. Since the Late Pleistocene deglaciation, the Ca/Sr molar ratios of paleowaters increased systematically from about 100 (a near marine signature) to about 200. Ca/Mg molar ratios varied in the range of 1–25. The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios indicate Late Pleistocene paleowater compositions of 0.7086–0.7091, significantly more radiogenic than present day waters (0.7085). Sr isotopes and Ca/Mg/Sr chemical data together show that weathering of Mesozoic evaporites consistently dominated the dissolved Sr load (80–90%). Carbonate and silicate weathering were less important (1–10%). Trends of Sr dissolved loads were therefore not related to Mg which was mainly mobilized by carbonate weathering. Biotite weathering was an important source of radiogenic Sr in the paleowaters. The short-term release (duration about 600–800 years) of radiogenic Sr during glacier retreat started 15.2 ka ago and was due to enhanced biotite weathering at the glacier base. Long-term release of radiogenic Sr was due to biotite weathering in glacial soils and silicate rocks, and has gradually declined since the Late Pleistocene/Holocene transition. 相似文献
9.
Major element, trace element and Nd–Sr–Pb–O isotope data for a suite of Neo-Proterozic, pre-orogenic, rift-related syenites from the Northern Damara orogen (Namibia) constrain their sources and petrogenesis. New U–Pb ages obtained on euhdreal titanite of inferred magmatic origin constrain the age of intrusion of the Lofdal and Oas syenites to ca. 750 Ma compatible with previous high-precision zircon analyses from the Oas complex. Major rock types from Lofdal and Oas are mildly sodic nepheline-normative and quartz-normative syenites and were primarily generated by fractional crystallization from a mantle-derived alkaline magma. Primitive samples from Lofdal and Oas show depletion of Rb, K and Th relative to Ba and Nb together with variable negative anomalies of P and Ti on a primitive mantle-normalized diagram. Evolved samples from Oas develop significant negative Ba, Sr, P and Ti anomalies and positive U and Th anomalies mainly as a function of crystal fractionation processes. The lack of a pronounced negative Nb anomaly in samples from Lofdal suggests that involvement of a crustal component is negligible. For the nepheline-normative samples from Lofdal, the unradiogenic Sr and radiogenic Nd isotope composition and low δ 18O values suggest derivation of these samples from a moderately depleted lithospheric upper mantle with crustal-like U/Pb ratios ( 87Sr/ 86Sr: 0.7031–0.7035, ε Nd: ca. + 1, δ 18O: 7‰, 206Pb/ 204Pb: ca.18.00, 207Pb/ 204Pb: 15.58–15.60). Primitive samples of the Oas quartz-normative syenites have identical isotope characteristics ( 87Sr/ 86Sr: 0.7034, ε Nd: ca. + 1, δ 18O: 6.5‰, 206Pb/ 204Pb: ca.18.00, 207Pb/ 204Pb: 15.59) whereas more differentiated samples have higher 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.709–0.714), slightly higher δ 18O values (7.0–7.1‰), less radiogenic ε Nd values (− 1.1 to − 1.4) and more radiogenic 206Pb/ 204Pb ratios up to 18.27. These features together with model calculations using Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes suggest modification of a primary syenite magma by combined AFC processes involving ancient continental crust. In this case, high Nb abundances of the parental syenite liquid prevent the development of significant negative Nb anomalies that may be expected due to interaction with continental crust. 相似文献
10.
Mixed marine, brackish-water and terrestrial vertebrate skeletal apatite is found in the late Paleocene-early Eocene Tuscahoma and Bashi Formations of Mississippi. The co-Occurrence in these near-coastal marine deposits of skeletal apatite with different provenances offers a unique opportunity for unraveling the effects of diagenesis on apatite 87Sr/ 86Sr composition, with bearings on the use of this isotope pair as paleosalinity indicator. The results show that the Sr isotopes of all originally poorly ordered phases of skeletal apatite have extensively re-equilibrated with pore water with significantly lower 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios than late Paleocene-early Eocene seawater. For example, marine shark and ray teeth from the Bashi Formation all have clearly nonmarine 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios, 0.7073-0.7075, compared with a coeval seawater ratio in the range 0.7077-0.7078. However, separated shark tooth enamel, with a high original crystallinity, appears to have retained all or most of its in vivo Sr isotopic signature until the present. Here we also show that 87Sr/ 86Sr results on recent vertebrate skeletal material from different environments are in good agreement with expected values for respective habitat. Earlier analyses of calcite material from the Bashi Formation indicated the existence of a shift in seawater 87Sr/86Sr to a lower value at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. The strong influence of pore water with low, nonmarine 87Sr/86Sr on the apatite in the Bashi Formation suggests that the proposed isotopic shift may be an artifact related to diagenetic processes. 相似文献
11.
Late Triassic granitoids in the Songpan-Garzê Fold Belt (SGFB), on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, formed at 230 to 220 Ma and can be divided into two groups. Group 1 are high-K calc-alkaline rocks with adakitic affinities (K-adakites), with Sr > 400 ppm, Y < 11 ppm, strongly fractionated REE patterns ((La/Yb) N = 32–105) and high K 2O/Na 2O (≈ 1). Group 2 are ordinary high-K calc-alkaline I-types with lower Sr (< 400 ppm), higher Y (> 18 ppm) and weakly fractionated REE patterns ((La/Yb) N < 20). Rocks of both groups have similar negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 0.50 to 0.94) and initial 87Sr/ 86Sr (0.70528 to 0.71086), but group 1 rocks have higher εNd( t) (− 1.01 to − 4.84) than group 2 (− 3.11 to − 6.71). Calculated initial Pb isotope ratios for both groups are: 206Pb/ 204Pb = 18.343 to 18.627, 207Pb/ 204Pb = 15.610 to 15.705 and 208Pb/ 204Pb = 38.269 to 3759. Group 1 magmas were derived through partial melting of thickened and then delaminated TTG-type, eclogitic lower crust, with some contribution from juvenile enriched mantle melts. Group 2 magmas were generated by partial melting of shallower lower crustal rocks. The inferred magma sources of both groups suggest that the basement of the SGFB was similar to the exposed Kangding Complex, and that the SGFB was formed in a similar manner to the South China basement. Here, passive margin crust was greatly thickened and then delaminated, all within a very short time interval ( 20 Myr). Such post-collisional crustal thickening could be the tectonic setting for the generation of many adakitic magmas, especially where there is no spatial and temporal association with subduction. 相似文献
12.
Volumetrically minor microsyenites, alkali microgranite and related trachytic dykes intrude early Pliocene OIB-like alkali basaltic and basanitic flows of the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires in Central Patagonia (47°S–71°30′W), and occur together with scarce trachytic lava flows. Whole-rock K–Ar ages between 3.98 and 3.08 Ma indicate that the emplacement of these felsic rocks occurred more or less synchronously with that of the post-plateau basaltic sequence that they intrude, during a bimodal mafic–felsic magmatic episode devoid of intermediate compositions. Chemically, these rocks have A 1-type granitoid affinities and are characterized by high silica and alkali contents (60–68 wt.% SiO 2; 8.7–10.8 wt.% Na 2O + K 2O), major and trace elements patterns evidencing evolution by low-pressure fractional crystallization, and Sr and Nd isotopic signatures similar to those of coeval basalts (( 87Sr/ 86Sr) o = 0.70488–0.70571; ( 143Nd/ 144Nd) o = 0.512603–0.512645). Nevertheless, some of them have the most radiogenic Sr values ever reported for a magmatic rock in the Meseta and even in the whole Neogene Patagonian Plateau Lavas province (( 87Sr/ 86Sr) o = 0.70556–0.70571; ( 143Nd/ 144Nd) o = 0.512603–0.512608). In addition, very high contents of strongly incompatible elements in the most evolved rocks, together with Sr isotopic ratios higher than those of coeval basalts, suggest the occurrence of open-system magmatic processes. Continuous fractional crystallization from a primitive basaltic source, similar to post-plateau coeval basalts, towards alkali granites combined with small rates of assimilation of host Jurassic tuffs (AFC) in a shallow magmatic reservoir, best explains the geochemical and petrographic features of the felsic rocks. Therefore, A 1-type magmatic rocks can be generated by open-system crystallization of deep asthenospheric melts in back-arc tectonic settings. In Central Patagonia, these 3–4 Ma old alkaline intrusions occur aligned along a N160–170 trending lineament, the Zeballos Fault Zone, stacking the morphotectonic front of one segment of the Patagonian Cordillera. Intrusion along this fault zone occurred during the onset of a new transtensional or extensional event in the area, related to major regional tectonics occurring in possible relation with the collision of one segment of the Chile Spreading Ridge with the trench. 相似文献
13.
海相碳酸盐的沉淀方式被认为与水体氧化还原条件密切相关,即太古宙至古元古代缺氧的铁化海水中碳酸盐沉淀抑制剂Fe 2+和Mn 2+强力抑制灰泥在水柱中成核,但允许文石直接在海底生长,从而导致大量文石以海底沉淀方式产出,而新元古代适度的氧化海水则有利于灰泥以水柱沉淀方式形成。然而,碳酸盐沉淀方式的长期变化还可能受控于其他因素,其与海水氧化还原条件之间的关系还需要通过大量具体实例来验证。针对上述科学问题,笔者选择碳酸盐沉淀方式尚处于过渡时期的华北中元古界碳酸盐岩为研究对象,开展碳酸盐沉淀方式及与之对应的氧化还原条件研究。结果表明,华北高于庄组三段(约1.56 Ga)、雾迷山组四段下部(约1.48 Ga)和铁岭组二段(约1.44 Ga)发育大量灰泥水柱沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值较高(普遍大于0.5 μmol/mol)、Ce负异常(低至0.8),指示适度氧化的条件;而高于庄组四段下部(约1.55 Ga)和雾迷山组二段中部(约1.50 Ga)则发育大量纤维状文石海底沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值约为0,指示次氧化至缺氧的环境。因此,本研究首次用大量实例证实了前寒武纪海水氧化还原条件对碳酸盐沉淀方式的重要调控作用,并且后者可作为海水氧化还原条件分析的重要指标,适用于高效开展长序列、多剖面的低氧背景下前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层的氧化还原条件分析。 相似文献
14.
The Paleozoic minima of 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios and δ 34S values in seawater are observed in anhydrite layers of the Stassfurt (A-2) and Aller (A-4) cycles of evaporation of Late Permian age in Germany. These minima were probably caused by extremely low rates of continental runoff and bacterial sulfate reduction. Thereafter conditions changed suddenly, with a steeply increasing supply of radiogenic Sr and of nutrients into seawater. The latter induced a large growth in the production of organic material, in bacterial activity in sediments, and in the flow of isotopically heavy sulfur back into the oceans. This large change in the cycles of S and Sr (as well as of C and O) within the relatively short Zechstein period (2–5 Ma) reflects a considerable modification of the plate tectonic and environmental conditions shortly before the beginning of the Mesozoic era. The Ochoan deposition in the USA is probably of the same age as the Stassfurt-Leine evaporation in W Europe. 相似文献
15.
Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios of alkaline mafic intra-plate magmatism constrain the isotopic compositions of the lithospheric mantle along what is now the eastern foreland or back arc of the Cenozoic Central Andes (17–34°S). Most small-volume basanite volcanic rocks and alkaline intrusive rocks of Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) age were derived from a depleted lithospheric mantle source with rather uniform initial 143Nd/ 144Nd ( 0.5127–0.5128) and 87Sr/ 86Sr ( 0.7032–0.7040). The initial 206Pb/ 204Pb ratios are variable (18.5–19.7) at uniform 207Pb/ 204Pb ratios (15.60 ± 0.05). A variety of the Cretaceous depleted mantle source of the magmatic rocks shows elevated Sr isotope ratios up to 0.707 at constant high Nd isotope ratios. The variable Sr and Pb isotope ratios are probably due to radiogenic growth in a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, which represents the former sub-arc mantle beneath the early Palaeozoic active continental margin. Sr–Nd–Pb isotope signatures of a second mantle type reflected in the composition of Cretaceous (one late Palaeozoic age) intra-plate magmatic rocks ( 143Nd/ 144Nd 0.5123, 87Sr/ 86Sr 0.704, 206Pb/ 204Pb 17.5–18.5, and 207Pb/ 204Pb 15.45–15.50) are similar to the isotopic composition of old sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Brazilian Shield. Published Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc-related magmatic rocks (18–40°S) represent the composition of the convective sub-arc mantle in the Central Andes and are similar to those of the Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) intra-plate magmatic rocks. The dominant convective and lithospheric mantle type beneath this old continental margin is depleted mantle, which is compositionally different from average MORB-type depleted mantle. The old sub-continental lithospheric mantle did not contribute to Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc magmatism. 相似文献
16.
Lamprophyres consisting mainly of diopside, phlogopite and K-feldspar formed in the early Tertiary around 60 Ma in the Beiya area and are characterized by low SiO 2 ± 46–50 wt.%), Rb (31–45 ppm) and Sr (225–262 ppm), high Al 2O 3, (11.2–13.1 wt.%), CaO (8.0–8.7 wt.%), MgO (11.5–12.1 wt.%), K 2O(4.9–5.5 wt.%), TiO 2 (2.9–3.3 wt.%) and REE (174–177 ppm), and compatible elements (e.g. Sc, Cr and Ni) and HSF elements (e.g. Th, U, Zr, Nb, Ta, Ti and Y), and low 143Nd/ 144Nd 0.512372–0.512536, middle 87Sr/ 86Sr 0.707322–0.707395, middle 206Pb/ 204Pb 18.50–18.59, 207Pb/ 204Pb 15.60–15.65 and 208Pb/ 204Pb 38.75–38.8. These rocks developed peculiar quartz megacrysts with poly-layer reaction zones, melt inclusions, and partial melted K-feldspar and plagioclase inclusions, and plastic shapes. Important features of these rocks include: (1) hybrid composition of elements, (2) abrupt increase of SiO 2 content of the melt, recorded by zoned diopside, (3) development of sanidine and aegirine-augite reaction zones, (4) alkaline melt and partial melted K-feldspar and plagioclase inclusions, (5) deformed quartz inclusions associated with quartz megacrysts, (6) the presence of quartz megacrysts in plastic shape with their parent melts, (7) the occurrence of olivine, high-MgO ilmenite and spinel inclusions within earlier formed diopside, phlogopite and magnetite. Median 87Sr/ 86Sr values between Tertiary alkaline porphyries in the Beiya area and the western Yunnan and Tertiary basalt in the western Yunnan indicate that the Beiya lamprophyre melts were derivative and resulted from the mixing between basic melts that were related to the partial melting of phenocrysts of spinel iherzolite from a mantle source. The alkaline melts originated from partial melting along the Jinshajiang subduction ductile shear zone at the contact between the buried Palaeo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and the upper mantle lithosphere. The alkaline melts are composed of 65% sanidine (Or 70Ab 28An 2) and 35% SiO 2. The melt mixing occurred in magma chambers in the middle-shallow crust at 8–10 km before the derivative lamprophyre melts intruded into the shallow cover in Beiya area. This mixing of basic and alkaline melts might represent a general process for the formation of lamprophyre in the western Yunnan. 相似文献
17.
以详细的岩石学研究为基础,综合利用碳、氧、锶同位素等地球化学资料,深入分析了塔里木盆地中央隆起区上寒武统—下奥陶统白云石化流体演化规律以及白云岩成因机制。结果表明,上寒武统白云岩主要由泥晶—粉晶白云岩、微生物白云岩和(残余)颗粒白云岩等原始结构保留较好的白云岩构成,其C、Sr同位素与同期海水相近,O同位素值偏正,属于同生/准同生期与轻微蒸发海水有关的白云石化的产物;下奥陶统白云岩以细晶自形—半自形白云石为主,原始结构保留差,其C、Sr同位素与同期海水近似,但O同位素值略微偏负,主要为浅埋藏期白云石化的产物。部分早期白云岩在中—深埋藏过程中受埋藏重结晶和构造—热液白云石化的影响,形成细晶—粗晶他形白云岩和缝洞鞍形白云石充填物,该阶段白云石化流体主要来自于地层内封存的海源流体、深部热液以及蒸发岩层间热卤水,多期多源流体的共同作用导致该类白云岩具有较宽的Sr同位素组成和明显负偏的O同位素值。总体上,研究区白云岩具有早期形成(近地表到浅埋藏期大规模交代)、中期加强(中—深埋藏期部分重结晶)、晚期改造(热液局部调整)的整体演化趋势。 相似文献
18.
The Tabar–Lihir–Tanga–Feni (TLTF) volcanic island chain occurs in a zone of lithospheric extension superimposed on a post-collisonal tectonic setting along the Pacific and Indo-Australian plates northeast of Papua New Guinea. We present geochemical and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for volcanic rocks from these islands and three recently discovered seamounts located at Lihir island. Major element data document an alkalic affinity of the sample suite and trachybasalts as the predominant rock type. Negative Nb-anomalies in extended trace element patterns, enrichment of the light rare earth elements, and Ce/Pb ratios of about 4 are typical of the values in calc alkaline island arc volcanics and support an origin from subduction-modified mantle. 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of 0.7037 to 0.7044 and Nd values of +5.6 to +6.8 indicate that the upper mantle evolved with a time-integrated depletion in LREE, however, not as severe as that recorded in basalts from the East Pacific Rise. Variable 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios at less variable 143Nd/ 144Nd ratios suggest that 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of the melts were modified by secondary processes, such as assimilation of seawater Sr from crustal rocks. The Pb isotope ratios are uniform, moderately radiogenic ( 206Pb/ 204Pb ca. 18.7 to 18.8), and similar to those reported for the active Mariana arc. Elevated 207Pb/ 204Pb ratios relative to Pacific MORB suggest melting of small amounts of subducted sediments (ca. 1–2 wt.%). An important control of subducted sediment on the chemistry of the melts can also be inferred from the ratios of highly incompatible trace elements (e.g., Th, U, Pb, La, and Nb). Additional mantle enrichment by subduction derived fluids is reflected in high values of highly incompatible trace element ratios between fluid mobile (e.g., Ba) and fluid immobile elements (e.g., Th, Nb). The results of this study document that the chemical composition of igneous rocks from post-collisional tectonic settings are strongly influenced by previous plate tectonics. This conclusion implies that the information conveyed by tectonic discrimination diagrams for these rocks must be interpreted with care. 相似文献
19.
The Bandombaai Complex (southern Kaoko Belt, Namibia) consists of three main intrusive rock types including metaluminous hornblende- and sphene-bearing quartz diorites, allanite-bearing granodiorites and granites, and peraluminous garnet- and muscovite-bearing leucogranites. Intrusion of the quartz diorites is constrained by a U–Pb zircon age of 540±3 Ma. Quartz diorites, granodiorites and granites display heterogeneous initial Nd- and O isotope compositions (Nd (540 Ma)=−6.3 to −19.8; δ18O=9.0–11.6‰) but rather low and uniform initial Sr isotope compositions (87Sr/86Srinitial=0.70794–0.70982). Two leucogranites and one aplite have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70828–0.71559), but similar initial Nd (−11.9 to −15.8) and oxygen isotope values (10.5–12.9‰). The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Bandombaai Complex are distinct from other granitoids of the Kaoko Belt and the Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Our study suggests that the quartz diorites of the Bandombaai Complex are generated by melting of heterogeneous mafic lower crust. Based on a comparison with results from amphibolite-dehydration melting experiments, a lower crustal garnet- and amphibole-bearing metabasalt, probably enriched in K2O, is a likely source rock for the quartz diorites. The granodiorites/granites show low Rb/Sr (<0.6) ratios and are probably generated by partial melting of meta-igneous (intermediate) lower crustal sources by amphibole-dehydration melting. Most of the leucogranites display higher Rb/Sr ratios (>1) and are most likely generated by biotite-dehydration melting of heterogeneous felsic lower crust. All segments of the lower crust underwent partial melting during the Pan-African orogeny at a time (540 Ma) when the middle crust of the central Damara orogen also underwent high T, medium P regional metamorphism and melting. Geochemical and isotope data from the Bandombaai Complex suggest that the Pan-African orogeny in this part of the orogen was not a major crust-forming episode. Instead, even the most primitive rock types of the region, the quartz diorites, represent recycled lower crustal material. 相似文献
20.
This paper reports the integrated application of petrographic and Sm–Nd isotopic analyses for studying the provenance of the Neoproterozoic Maricá Formation, southern Brazil. This unit encompasses sedimentary rocks of fluvial and marine affiliations. In the lower fluvial succession, sandstones plot in the “craton interior” and “transitional continental” fields of the QFL diagram. Chemical weathering probably caused the decrease of the 147Sm/ 144Nd ratios to 0.0826 and 0.0960, consequently lowering originally > 2.0 Ga TDM ages to 1.76 and 1.81 Ga. 143Nd/ 144Nd ratios are also low (0.511521 to 0.511633), corresponding to negative εNd present-day values (− 21.8 and − 19.6). In the intermediate marine succession, sandstones plot in the “dissected arc” field, reflecting the input of andesitic clasts. Siltstones and shales reveal low 143Nd/ 144Nd ratios (0.511429 to 0.511710), εNd values of − 18.1 and − 23.6, and TDM ages of 2.16 and 2.37 Ga. Sandstones of the upper fluvial succession have “dissected arc” and “recycled orogen” provenance. 143Nd/ 144Nd isotopic ratios are also relatively low, from 0.511487 to 0.511560, corresponding to εNd values of − 22.4 and − 21.0 and TDM of 2.07 Ga. A uniform granite–gneissic basement block of Paleoproterozoic age, with subordinate volcanic rocks, is suggested as the main sediment source of the Maricá Formation. 相似文献
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