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1.
Estimation of land subsidence caused by loss of smectite-interlayer water in shallow aquifer systems
Traditionally, land subsidence that results from groundwater over-pumping has often been described by the theory of consolidation. The mechanism of land subsidence due to the dehydration of clay minerals is not well addressed. A model of the “hydration state of smectite”, and a “solid solution model of smectite dehydration”, incorporating a thermodynamic solid solution model and laboratory results concerning clay-water systems of swelling pressure, hydration state and basal spacing in smectite interlayer, are employed to examine the effect of the release of water from the smectite interlayer on land subsidence in the coastal area of the Chou-Shui River alluvial fan and the Yun Lin offshore industrial infrastructure complex in Taiwan. The results indicate that 9.56–22.80% of the total cumulative land subsidence to a depth of 300 m is consistent with smectite dehydration following the over-pumping of groundwater. This dehydration-related land subsidence occurred to a depth of 0–60 m, with subsidence due to smectite dehydration accounting for 6.20–13.32% of the primary consolidation. Additionally, the total amount of subsidence resulting from both smectite dehydration and primary consolidation is consistent with the subsidence observed in the field. This study reveals that smectite dehydration appears to be important in assessing and predicting land subsidence in shallow aquifer systems. 相似文献
2.
The effect of stratigraphic heterogeneity on areal distribution of land subsidence at Taiyuan, northern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Taiyuan city has experienced serious land subsidence since the 1950s, with the maximum accumulated subsidence of 2,960 mm and a total affected area of 585 km2 by 2003. Tectonic settlement was found to contribute about 1% and the major cause is over-exploitation of groundwater. The spatial–temporal relationship between the areal distribution of land subsidence and that of groundwater drawdown from 1956 to 2000 indicates that although land subsidence centers overall match groundwater depression cones, there are local deviations, and that although the time series curves are similar, land subsidence always lags behind groundwater level decline, with different lag time at different sites. The major findings of this work on the control of stratigraphic heterogeneity on the spatial pattern of land subsidence at Taiyuan include: (1) land subsidence centers shift from the corresponding groundwater depression cones to the sides with thicker accumulated clay layers; (2) under the same pumping rate, land subsidence at places with more clay interlayers and thinner individual interlayers is greater and the lag time shorter; and (3) land subsidence is closely related to the physical properties of clay soils. The Interbed Storage Package-1, a modular subroutine of MODFLOW was employed to simulate the areal distribution of individual layer compression. The modeling results show that compression of different clay layers has different contribution to land subsidence. Pumping groundwater from water-bearing zones close to the most compressible clay layers should therefore be carefully controlled. 相似文献
3.
根据蒙脱石的层间水化状态探讨南京仙林盆地的地面沉降及其趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
引用B rown等和F itts等提出的蒙脱石层间水化状态修正的土壤孔隙率的计算方程,以此建立蒙脱石层间脱水作用所产生的次要地面沉降量的数学表达式,对位于山间沟谷型沉积盆地的南京仙林新市区可能产生的地面沉降量进行了模拟计算。结果表明:该地区由蒙脱石层间水部分释出而产生的次要沉降量为6.85 cm,估计该地区过去曾发生34~46 cm的地面沉降;如果蒙脱石残余层间水全部释出,那么该地区可能还存在96.47 cm的地面沉降。虽然96.47 cm的地面沉降在真实的外界环境下不可能实现,但对下一步地面沉降灾害的防治具有一定的警示作用。蒙脱石层间脱水作用及其对地面沉降影响的研究,对地面沉降趋势的预测具有启示作用。 相似文献
4.
用蒙脱石层间水化状态修正了土壤孔隙率的计算方程,以此建立蒙脱石层间脱水作用所产生的次要地面沉降量的数学表达式,并对无锡石塘湾地面沉降区进行了模拟计算。无锡石塘湾地区因蒙脱石层间释水所产生的次要地面沉降量为39.02 cm,占整个沉降量的19.51%,人工回灌后,次要地面沉降量变为36.04 cm,占整个沉降量的18.02%,表明人工回灌是阻止地面继续沉降的有效措施之一。计算表明,如果蒙脱石残余层间水全部释出,那么无锡石塘湾地区可能有117.39 cm的地面沉降空间。虽然这一结果在真实的外界环境下不可能实现,但对下一步就地面沉降灾害的治理、防治具有一定的警示作用。蒙脱石层间脱水作用及其对地面沉降影响的研究,可能对地面沉降趋势的预测具有启示作用。 相似文献
5.
太原市地层空间异质性对地面沉降分布的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对比1956～2000年太原市地下水位与地面沉降资料发现,该区地面沉降漏斗与地下水位降落漏斗的空间分布基本相近,但不完全吻合,局部地区存在偏移。通过对黏性土层累计厚度分布、黏性土层与粗颗粒土层的组合特征、不同分区各深度处土的力学特征值与上述偏移的对比分析,认为太原市地层的空间异质性对地面沉降分布有如下影响：（1）与地下水位降落漏斗相比,地面沉降漏斗偏向于黏性土层较厚的一侧;（2）地层组合（黏性土的夹层数、单层厚度等）对地面沉降的空间分布影响较大,沉降多发生在黏性土夹层多、单层厚度较小的地区;（3）土的力学性质的差异是影响沉降分布的重要因素。 相似文献
6.
7.
The microscopic characteristics of Shanghai soft clay and its effect on soil body deformation and land subsidence 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Compaction of the 40-m-thick, upper Shanghai soft clay contributes to land subsidence in the Shanghai region. The upper clay,
a marine deposit, continuously subsides at rate of 3 mm/years despite mitigation strategies designed to control land subsidence.
These strategies include the artificial injection of water into the subsurface. Data describing the particle-size distribution,
pore-size distribution, microstructure, mineralogical composition, pore-solution composition, and cation-exchange capacity
indicate that the clay is semidispersed, substable, and susceptible to compaction. An evaluation of soil body deformation
caused by artificial injection of dilute water into a marine clay suggests that depression of the electrostatic double 1ayer
in the marine clays may be responsible for the observed compaction and resulting subsidence. A decrease in the swelling pressure
of the marine clays might result from a reduction in the concentration of dissolved sodium in pore fluids when calcium-bicarbonate
water is injected. Thus, ironically, the strategy designed to mitigate land subsidence could be contributing to it. Increasing
the concentration of dissolved salts in the injection water may prevent the collapse of the clay structure and halt or reverse
the subsidence process. The analysis results indicate the deformation of soft clay by consolidation is subject to its microscopic
physical and chemical features, rather than the fluctuation of groundwater level. This continuous compression contributes
as a major part to the land subsidence in Shanghai.
Supported by Programmer of Excellent Young Scientists of the Ministry of Land and Resources People’s Republic of China, No.2002-18. 相似文献
8.
Richard H. April 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,29(4):283-307
The clay mineralogy of the Newark Supergroup (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) in the Connecticut Valley was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Clay minerals identified in 126 samples are illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, vermiculite, expandable chlorite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, mixed-layer chlorite/smectite, and mixed-layer chlorite/vermiculite. In general, the rocks are illitic with subordinate amounts of chlorite. However, the various lithofacies in the Newark Supergroup are characterized by distinct clay-mineral assemblages. Red beds of floodplain origin contain clays mainly of detrital nature with 2M illite most abundant. Subordinate amounts of chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite are also present. An interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red mudstone underlying basalt flows. Lacustrine gray beds are generally characterized by the clay-mineral assemblage 1Md illite + chlorite with minor amounts of smectite ane expandable chlorite. An interstratified chlorite/smectite predominates in gray mudstone associated with perennial lake cycles in the East Berlin Formation. Black shales of deeper lacustrine origin contain the assemblage 1Md ifillite + trioctahedral smectite and traces of chlorite. Illite and smectite also occur as mixed-layer phases.In many respects, the distribution of clay minerals in the Connecticut Valley can be likened to the general scheme proposed for the Permo-Triassic basins of Europe and Africa. These display both vertical and horizontal variations in clay-mineral assemblages that reflect the chemical and spatiotemporal evolution of intrabasin depositional and diagenetic environments. Chemical data indicate that magnesium, especially, was concentrated in the black muds of large perennial lakes that intermittently occupied the Connecticut rift valley. Pore waters derived from these sediments played an important role in the development of Mg-rich 2 : 1 and interstratified clay minerals during early diagenesis. 相似文献
9.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin I. Gumilar H. Andreas D. Murdohardono Y. Fukuda 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1545-1553
The Bandung Basin is a large intra-montane basin surrounded by volcanic highlands, in western Java, Indonesia, inhabited by more than seven million people. The basin, an area of about 2,300 km2, is a highland plateau at approximately 650–700 m above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2,400 m high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain. Based on the results of nine GPS surveys conducted since 2000 up to 2011, it was shown that several locations in the Bandung Basin have experienced land subsidence, with an average rate of about ?8 cm/year and can go up to about ?23 cm/year in certain locations. A hypothesis has been proposed by several studies that land subsidence observed in several locations in the Bandung Basin has been caused mainly by excessive groundwater extraction. It is found that there is a strong correlation between the rates of groundwater level lowering with the GPS-derived rates of land subsidence in several locations in Bandung Basin. The GPS results in this study detected significant subsidence in the textile industry area, where very large volumes of groundwater are usually extracted. The impact of land subsidence in Bandung can be seen in several forms, mainly in the cracking and damage of houses, buildings and infrastructure. Land subsidence also aggravates the flooding in Bandung Basin, which has brought huge economic losses and deteriorated the quality of life and environment in the affected areas. 相似文献
10.
连云港市位于苏北沿海地区,地面沉降灾害面积较大,多地沉降速率超过20 mm/a,徐圩的沉降现状尤为严重。为了能够对徐圩地区的地面沉降进行精细化观测,文章采用BOTDR分布式光纤感测技术,对徐圩镇127 m深的钻孔地层进行了两年多的全断面精细化监测。结果表明:徐圩镇共有四个承压含水层组,I-1隔水层和I-2隔水层土体沉降量分别占总沉降量的70.29 %、24.59 %,抽水层的土体最大沉降量仅占比1.38 %。I-1隔水层和I-2隔水层的地层岩性包括淤泥质黏土（L2）、亚黏土（L3）、亚砂土夹粉砂（L4）,总厚度为44 m,由于抽水过程中隔水层向含水层失水,导致该隔水层土体固结压缩。同时,工程建设附加荷载对地面沉降的影响也不可忽视。徐圩地区现阶段的沉降仍在继续发生,但沉降速率有减小的趋势。BOTDR技术可有效获取地面沉降钻孔全断面的土层变形分布信息,为地面沉降评价提供了一种精细化的分布式监测手段。 相似文献
11.
B. Gehrke K. S. Lackschewitz H. -J. Wallrabe-Adams 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):525-535
Sediment samples from the Mid-Atlantic Reykjanes Ridge (59°N) were taken to get information about sediment genesis and to
identify different sources during the late Quaternary. Samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction and grain-size analyses.
The clay mineral assemblages in sediments of the Reykjanes Ridge reflect paleoceanographic changes during the late Quaternary.
Holocene sediments are characterized by high contents of smectite, mainly of less developed crystallinity. In the spatial
distribution of clay minerals high smectite concentrations on the eastern flank and slightly decreasing concentrations on
the western flank of the Reykjanes Ridge indicate the action of bottom-water transport. The smectite originates mainly from
the volcanogenous Icelandic shelf and reflects the influence of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW). Stratigraphic variability
in the clay mineral composition reflects predominantly the influence of different sources, resulting from oceanographic and
glacial transport processes. During glacial time sediment transport is due mainly to input by icebergs. Increasing amounts
of illite, chlorite, and kaolinite characterize ice-rafted sediments of the “Heinrich layers”. In these sediments smectite
crystallinity is well developed. In contrast, several other ice-rafted layers contain smectite with low crystallographic order,
similar to smectites of Holocene age. The icelandic source was proved by distinct amounts of basaltic glass in the coarse-grained
sediment. At approximately 55 ka increasing amounts of chlorite and kaolinite suggest an enhanced influx of warm North Atlantic
surface waters. This hypothesis is supported by a high carbonate shell production at this time. Relative low concentrations
and the well-developed crystallinity of smectite minerals characterize the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18–16 ka), indicating
a reduced supply of fine icelandic material. Shortly after the LGM, at the beginning of termination IA, a distinct increase
in fine-grained quartz (<2μm) and smectite are visible, which are proposed to reflect a supply of fine-grained ice-rafted
material. At 13 ka linear increasing smectite concentrations of lower crystallographic order indicate increasing supply of
fine-grained material from Iceland, linked to reinitiation of bottom currents of the ISOW. Full reinitiation is indicated
at around 10 ka, where a strong increase in smectite of low crystallographic order is detected. 相似文献
12.
巴彦淖尔市位于内蒙古自治区西部,区内第四系松散沉积层厚度大,具有发育地面沉降的基础条件。为填补该地区地面沉降研究的空白,利用PS-InSAR和SBAS-InSAR技术分别对巴彦淖尔市2007—2011年（ALOS PALSAR数据,98景）和2015—2016年（Radarsat-2数据,10景）的地面沉降情况进行定量... 相似文献
13.
14.
粘土矿物在油气初次运移中作用的探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文在大量实际分析资料基础上,总结出我国含油气盆地中蒙脱石的转化类型,并讨论了它们在油气初次运移中的作用。在蒙脱石向伊利石连续转化型的盆地中,矿物转化对初次运移有明显作用;在蒙脱石向伊利石不连续转化或少量转化类型盆地中,由于矿物转化与生油期不相匹配或可转化的蒙脱石含量太少,对初次运移的作用不明显;在蒙脱石无转化和缺少蒙脱石的盆地中,基本不存在蒙脱石的转化过程,因而对初次运移不起作用。 相似文献
15.
There is convincing evidence from field data that smectite clay undergoes conversion primarily to illite and chlorite if it is fully water-saturated and heated. The conversion may take place through mixed-layer formation with increasing illite/smectite ratio at higher temperatures and pressures. This process requires dehydration of the interlamellar space, for which either an external pressure or drying are needed. An alternative mechanism that takes place without dehydration, is dissolution of smectite and neoformation of illite. Both processes imply reorganization of the smectite crystal lattice for which the activation energy is fairly high, meaning that the conversion is negligible at temperatures lower than about 60°C. At elevated temperatures the conversion rate is controlled by the access to potassium for either mechanism.
An ongoing detailed investigation of this subject has led to a tentative model for the smectite-to-illite conversion in natural sediments and in canister-embedding clay in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories. 相似文献
16.
地面沉降是苏锡常地区当前面临的最大地质灾害问题。本区的地面沉降具有两个特点:一是在时空上与 地下水开采密切相关;二是其形成主要为含水砂层的压密和顶、底板粘性土层的固结。针对地面沉降的研究多从 其宏观力学特性、水土耦合和建模等方面着手,而对土体在沉降变形过程中的结构变化研究不多,因而对土体在沉 降变形过程中的可逆和不可逆、非线性变形、弱透水层变形等的机理,还存在许多模糊认识。对此文章提出了相关 建议,主要包括:1)应系统地研究苏锡常地区第四纪土体各土层的细观和微观结构,弄清地面沉降区土体结构的演 化规律及其与抽、灌地下水、土体物性指标等之间的关系,建立土体沉降类型与土体结构演化之间的关系;2)应对 第四纪土体中的弱透水层开展系统研究;3)应从土体结构的角度,深入研究土体在排水和回灌过程中的可逆和不 可逆变形。 相似文献
17.
弱透水层或(和)弱透水性夹层中低渗透性黏土体的存在是地面沉降赖以形成的物质基础,其渗透特征是影响地面沉降评价、模拟与预测的最基本参数之一。本文以华北平原衡水沉降中心区的钻孔黏性土样为对象,利用高压三轴渗透试验仪进行了土样的渗透试验。结果表明:黏性土体的渗透系数随土体埋深和渗透压力增加而呈现总体逐渐减小的趋势,在时间上总体表现为开始时迅速减小而后逐渐趋于稳定的特点,但是由于地下水位季节性波动或者地下水大量被抽取,部分地层黏土其渗透系数与总体趋势有所差异。最后文章结合电镜扫描试验及分形技术分析了土体微观结构对其渗透特征的控制作用。 相似文献
18.
Process of slip-surface development and formation of slip-surface clay in landslides in Tertiary volcanic rocks, Japan 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Once landslide movement has been initiated, the sliding mass tends to move toward a more stable position. However, landslides that have occurred in some Tertiary volcanic rocks in Japan show recurrent movement. A possible reason for this behavior is that the mineral composition and properties of slip-surface materials results in better ‘lubrication’ along the slip surface as movement continues. In order to determine the causes, five landslides in Japanese Tertiary volcanics with different movement histories were studied. Based on geological investigation, the results presented in this paper were obtained by studying the development process and formation of slip surfaces and clays in landslides in these volcanics.
For rocks of similar types and mineralogies the clay content of slip-surface materials can be directly related to the displacement and history of slide movement. This study indicates that the type of slip surface ranges from: (1) striation type (showing only striations on bedrock without clay), to (2) brecciated type (clayey breccia), (3) mylonite type (clay with breccia), and to (4) clay type (clay without breccia). If the slip surface occurs in tuff or tuffaceous materials and is subjected to increasing slide movement, the smectite content in the slip-surface clay increases, while the silicate mineral content decreases. Furthermore, the smectite content is observed to increase within the same landslide from the head to the toe portion of the landslide (direction of groundwater flow). The groundwater along the slip surface (above the impervious zone) contains an increased concentration of Ca++ ions. As the concentration of HCO3− ions exceeds 40 mg/l, an environment is created that promotes the formation of smectite. This process indicates that there is an active ion exchange within the groundwater near the slip surface that forms smectite. Thus, the formation of smectite in the slip surface requires the presence of tuff and a sufficient concentration of HCO3− ions in the groundwater.
The study results presented here indicate that frictional resistance decreases as clay content increases. The reason for repeated movement of Japanese landslides in Tertiary tuffs or tuffaceous rocks at or in the immediate vicinity of the slip surface is attributed to: (1) an increase in clay materials along the slip surface as the slide movement is repeated and (2) the presence of groundwater that promotes the formation of smectite. As is commonly known, smectite is one of the clay minerals that has lowest frictional resistance. 相似文献
19.
《矿物学报》2013,(Z1)
The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments. 相似文献
20.
北京平原区地面沉降目前处于快速发展阶段,影响因素十分复杂,其中粘性土体的存在是其赖以形成的物质基础。以北京昌平八仙庄典型地面沉降区为研究对象,采取逐级加荷、逐级卸荷以及反复加卸荷,分析100 m以浅粘性土体在不同加卸载方式下的固结特征。实验结果表明：荷载从25 kPa分级加荷到1 600 kPa,粘土变形量大于粉土,分别为2.822 mm、1.000 mm;荷载从400 kPa分级卸除到50 kPa,粘土的回弹量大于粉土,分别为0.277 mm、0.121 mm;反复加卸荷条件下粉质粘土及粉土较之粘土更容易达到固结状态,蠕变时间效应为粘土>粉质粘土>粉土。建议在制定地面沉降灾害防治措施方案时,应充分考虑沉降区地层土体特征影响。 相似文献