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1.
Persistent alternate abundance states in the coral reef sea urchin Diadema savignyi: evidence of alternate attractors 
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下载免费PDF全文 Xueying Han 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(6):1179-1189
Alternate attractors have been shown to exist in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, e.g. temperate forests, savannas, shallow lakes, wetlands, coral reefs, kelp forests. The shift from one attractor to another, also referred to as a regime shift, is thought to occur when a system passes some critical threshold such that the trajectory of the system changes direction. Alternate attractors in population dynamics can also exist, leading to alternate stable states in the population abundance of a species. This study explored alternate attractors in the population dynamics of the Indo‐Pacific sea urchin Diadema savignyi and the potential underlying mechanisms that promote its bi‐stability. In Moorea, French Polynesia, the local abundance of D. savignyi, a functionally important herbivore in lagoon habitats, occurs in two states: (i) solitary individuals that occupy crevices in low densities and (ii) aggregations of tens to hundreds of individuals. These different states are temporally stable and are not explained by spatial differences in recruitment rates of juveniles. A field experiment revealed that the per capita mortality rate of adult D. savignyi was substantially lower at sites where urchins occurred in aggregations compared with sites at which they were solitary individuals. An additional experiment showed that per capita mortality decreased with increasing aggregation size. Individuals in high‐density aggregations, however, had significantly smaller test diameters than solitary individuals, indicating that individuals in aggregations may be food limited. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the two different local abundance states of D. savignyi result from negative feedback loops where high local density can be maintained by aggregative behavior that greatly reduces per capita risk of predation when the local number of adult sea urchins is sufficiently large; sites with few sea urchins remain at low density because individuals are more susceptible to predation when crevices are occupied but there are not enough individuals to form large aggregations. Thus, there may be alternate attractors in the population dynamics of D. savignyi that can produce either persistently low or high local population densities. 相似文献
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海胆胚胎是研究神经发育生物学的理想生物模型。血清素能神经系统在海胆早期胚胎发育过程中形成最早,主要由血清素能顶端神经节和受体细胞网络构成,对海胆幼虫的游泳行为具有调控功能。本文对海胆幼虫血清素能顶端神经节和受体细胞网络的发育过程,以及血清素能神经系统的功能等方面进行了综述。 相似文献
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Dominique Girard Sabrina Clemente Kilian Toledo-Guedes Alberto Brito José Carlos Hernández 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(3):377-385
An outbreak of bald sea urchin disease was detected affecting intertidal populations of the edible temperate species Paracentrotus lividus at its southernmost geographical limit. The mortality event was detected in three sites (Güímar, Palmar and Alcalá) off Tenerife, Canary Islands (Northeastern Atlantic), in October 2003, coinciding with the highest sea surface temperatures (SST) and the lowest wave heights of the year. The prevalence of infection reached 100% but did not affect equally all studied sites or the different size classes. The disease was more prevalent in large sea urchins (>40 mm). The prevalence appeared to be positively correlated with the environmental variable SST and negatively correlated with wave height. In October 2004, only two infected urchins were found (prevalence 1%) at one of the studied sites. However, during 2004 no such extreme values of temperature and wave height were observed. We conclude that high SSTs and low wave heights such as those observed during 2003 are conditions that may trigger outbreaks of urchin disease. 相似文献
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Ecosystem effects of fishing in kelp forest communities 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
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人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果.为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的.研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据. 相似文献
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Suhas S. Shetye Hema Naik Siby Kurian Damodar Shenoy Nandakumar Kuniyil Michelle Fernandes Afreen Hussain 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(5):e12614
The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in the last few decades has resulted in a decrease in oceanic pH. In this study, we assessed the natural variability of pH in coastal waters off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea. pHT showed large variability (7.6–8.1) with low pH conditions during south-west monsoon (SWM), and the variability is found to be associated with upwelling rather than freshwater runoff. Considering that marine biota inhabiting dynamic coastal waters off Goa are exposed to such wide range of natural fluctuations of pH, an acidification experiment was carried out. We studied the impact of low pH on the local population of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816). Sea urchins were exposed for 210 days to three treatments of pHT: 7.96, 7.76 and 7.46. Our results showed that S. variolaris at pHT 7.96 and 7.76 were not affected, whereas the ones at pHT 7.46 showed adverse effects after 120 days and 50% mortality by 210 days. However, even after exposure to low pH for 210 days, 50% organisms survived. Under low pH conditions (pHT 7.46), the elemental composition of sea urchin spines exhibited deposition of excess Sr2+ as compared to Mg2+ ions. We conclude that although the sea urchins would be affected in future high CO2 waters, at present they are not at risk even during the south-west monsoon when low pH waters reside on the shelf. 相似文献
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采用10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80共8个样本量梯度,随机选择并逐步增加AFIP引物组合,研究了AFLP标记数量及样本量对中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)群体遗传学指标的影响。结果表明:基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon氏指数(I)和多态位点比例(PP)3个遗传学指标对样本量的敏感程度不同,PP指标受样本量影响较大,样本量≥50个时方稳定,H指标在样本量≥30时稳定下来,而I指标在样本量≥20时即不再出现显著差异。共采用6对A FIP引物对80只海胆进行群体遗传学研究。通过每1对、每2对、每3对、每4对、每5对引物组合分别计算各遗传学指标,发现前二者所得各值之间以及其与对照值(6对引物所得值)之间存在显著差异,而每三对引物组合计算的各指标间不存在显著差异。据此推测,对中间球海胆进行AFLP标记研究中,样本数量最好不少于50个;而若样本量足够大(80个个体),则至少需要3对AFLP引物(或不少于100个标记),方能对海胆群体进行准确的遗传学评价。 相似文献
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Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induced forces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Tuya J. Cisneros-Aguirre L. Ortega-Borges R.J. Haroun 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):481-488
We examined whether adults of three species of sea urchins species (Diadema antillarum, Arbacia lixula, and Paracentrotus lividus) exhibit a consistent depth-dependent partitioning pattern on rocky reefs of the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic). Hydrodynamic experiments were carried out to quantify the resistance to flow-induced dislodgement in these three species. We tested the model that different morphology can result in habitat partitioning among these sea urchins. Abundances of D. antillarum increased with depth. In contrast, A. lixula and P. lividus showed the opposite zonation pattern, coexisting in high abundances in the shallowest depths (<5 m), and occurring in low densities in the deepest part of reefs (>7 m). Both A. lixula and P. lividus had greater adhesion-surface to body-height ratios than D. antillarum. Similarly, A. lixula and P. lividus showed a greater ability to resist flow-induced dislodgement compared with D. antillarum. The mean “velocity of dislodgement” was 300% and 50% greater for A. lixula and P. lividus, respectively, relative to D. antillarum, for any particular size. As a result, A. lixula and P. lividus are better fitted to life in high-flow environments than D. antillarum. We conclude that the risk of dislodgement by water motion likely play a relevant role in the vertical distribution patterns of these sea urchins in the eastern Atlantic. 相似文献
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LIN Rongcheng HUANG Dingyong GUO Yuqing CHANG Yu CAO Yinkun WANG Jianjia 《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,33(6):90-94
The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations(depths ranging 46 to 52 m) and five deep sea stations(depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m) during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2010. The results showed that abundance of meiofauna was higher in shallow water sediments(average of 2 445 ind./(10 cm2)) than in deep sea sediments(407.06 ind./(10 cm2)). A UNIANOVA test for difference between the two different regions was highly significant(F=101.15, p0.01). Nematodes were numerically dominant, representing(96.6±4.6)% of the total meiofaunal abundance at the shallow water stations and(98.90±1.42)% at deep sea stations. The number of higher taxonomic groups and abundance of meiofauna were higher at Stas CC1, CC4, and R06 near the Bering Strait and the continent, than at the rest of the shallow water and deep sea stations. The primary factors causing the differences were concentrations of nutrients P and Si of bottom seawater(R=0.831, p0.003), followed by depth(R=-0.655, p0.05) and sand fractions of sediments(R=0.632, p 0.05). The numbers of meiofauna on the 65 μm and 32 μm sieves were significantly higher than those on the rest of the screens. Differences in numbers of meiofauna retained on screens with different mesh openings were highly significant among all sampling stations(F=31.60, p0.01). The highest numbers of individuals on screens with 32 μm mesh openings were found at deep sea stations. The number of meiofauna in the top 0–1, 1–2, and 2–4 cm segments constituted 84.4% of the total and was significantly higher than those in the bottom 4–6 and 6–10 cm segments(F=15, p0.01). 相似文献
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Patterns of Activity of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus in the Bay of Port-Cros (Var, France, Mediterranean) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. Tagged individuals of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus followed in Port Cros Island showed mostly nocturnal movements, with individual peaks of activity which were not coordinated for the population during the night period. The straight line distance travelled in 24 h has a mean value of 49 cm, with a range of 0 to 240 cm. Neither sea urchin size nor depth affect activity. The urchins living on rocky substrate moved significantly more than those on seagrass beds. From one day to another, the distance travelled by the population of urchins varies significantly; this is not related to season. The activity is negatively correlated with the mean wind speed; during a period of turbulence lasting several hours, movement was significantly oriented to the deep. Periods of inactivity of 1 or 2 days were observed; they are not coordinated for the individuals followed, and the relation between feeding and movement is not clear. Urchins seem to stay in a quite small area, at least for some months. 相似文献
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Small macro‐benthic invertebrates influence the survival,growth and behaviour of juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in the laboratory 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Recent settlers of many marine benthic invertebrates are cryptic, which exposes them to a suite of animals that differs from those they may experience as adults, potentially resulting in interactions causing mortality and/or reducing growth. Previous field experiments have indicated that such is the case with small juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis but which taxa are responsible for the mortality and reduced growth was not determined. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of small macro‐benthic invertebrates, specifically chitons, scaleworms and larger juvenile conspecifics, as well as the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms, on the mortality, growth and behaviour of small (<3 mm) juvenile sea urchins. The likelihood of survival of small juvenile sea urchins was lower in the presence of larger juvenile sea urchins or with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms than in the absence of animals. The small juvenile sea urchins survived and grew the best when they were with chitons and scaleworms. The behaviour of small sea urchins with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms was more cryptic than the behaviour of urchins with scaleworms. This study indicates that interactions with the suite of small organisms living amongst cobbles can affect survival, growth and behaviour of small juvenile sea urchins, and that larger juvenile sea urchins can be a source of mortality for smaller conspecifics. 相似文献
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Juan José Alvarado Jorge Cortés Hector Guzman Héctor Reyes‐Bonilla 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(5):1088-1102
Bioerosion is a natural process in coral reefs. It is fundamental to the health of these ecosystems. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reefs, the most important bioeroders are sponges, bivalves, sea urchins and the fish Arothron meleagris. In the 1980s, El Niño caused high coral mortality and an increase in macroalgal growth. As a result, greater sea urchin bioerosion occurred. This weakened the reef framework. Considering the high vulnerability of the ETP coral reefs, the goal of this study was to determine the current bioerosion impact of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum along the western coasts of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panamá. The balance between coral bioaccretion and sea urchin bioerosion was also calculated. Between 2009 and 2010, in 12 coral reefs localities, D. mexicanum density, bottom cover and rugosity were quantified along band transects. The daily bioerosion rate was obtained from the amount of carbonates evacuated by sea urchins per unit time. The rate of coral accretion was calculated by multiplying the coral growth rate of the dominant genus by the density of their skeleton and by their specific coral cover. The localities were dissimilar (R = 0.765, P < 0.001) in terms of live coral cover, crustose calcareous algae, turf cover, rugosity index, and density and size of D. mexicanum. At all sites, with the exception of Bahía Culebra (Costa Rica), coral bioerosion was less than coral bioaccretion. Diadema mexicanum plays a dominant role in the balance of carbonates in the ETP, but this depends on reef condition (protection, overfishing, eutrophication) and so the impacts can be either positive or negative. 相似文献
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为进一步了解游泳动物群落结构,探究群落结构变动的生态过程,本研究利用生态位优先模型（NPM）、分割线段模型（BSM）、生态位重叠模型（ONM）、优势优先模型（DPM）和随机分配模型（RAM）共5种多度格局模型分析闽南海域游泳动物的群落结构特征。结果显示:闽南海域游泳动物共192种,其中鱼类132种,蟹类31种,虾类13种,头足类10种,口足类6种;NPM拟合游泳动物多度分布的效果较好,ONM的拟合效果较差,闽南海域游泳动物群落结构具有优势种占较大优势、物种生态位之间不重叠的特点;由外海到近岸的渔区,游泳动物多度分布格局由DPM向NPM 转变,NPM的拟合效果渐差,BSM的拟合效果越来越好,群落结构呈现优势种的地位下降、物种数增多、个体数目分配趋均匀的趋势;从低纬度到高纬度,在水深较深的渔区,DPM拟合游泳动物多度分布的效果渐好,优势种的优势地位逐渐升高,种类数变少,物种多度分布越来越不均匀。而在水深较浅的渔区,DPM的拟合效果渐差,优势种的优势地位逐渐下降,种类数变多,物种多度分布越来越均匀。因此,生态位优先模型比较适合闽南海域游泳动物多度分布格局的研究。 相似文献
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S. M. Freeman 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,58(4):703-713
Little is known about the ecology and behaviour of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina, particularly in relation to changes in its surrounding environment. In Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong Island, urchins ranged from a high abundance of 16 ind m−2 on steeply inclined rocky outcrops, which were exposed to strong onshore waves surges, to a complete absence on gravel and sandy substrata. Using a generalized additive model (GAM) the abundance and spatial extent of A. crassispina was predicted within the Bay. Predictions were strongly associated with the surface complexity of the habitat. On steep rocky slopes A. crassispina exhibited a size-dependent gradient where the mean test diameter increased in a down-shore direction as water depth increased. Since the mechanisms for maintaining this size-dependent distribution are unknown, a translocation experiment was conducted on two different size-classes of urchins. Following translocation, both large and small size-classes of A. crassispina were able to re-establish their original size-gradient within 3–5 days. Size-dependent distribution in A. crassispina may indicate resource partitioning, although the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on test size may also mediate this segregation. Anthocidaris crassispina was predominately nocturnal with almost 100% of the population moving between dusk and dawn. Locomotory activity patterns of urchins were strongly correlated with changes in seawater depth and changes in the direction of water-flow during tidal cycles. Anthocidaris crassispina exhibited an endogenously controlled locomotory activity pattern that was synchronized with changes in the tidal cycle, and which remained free-running for 13 h under constant laboratory conditions. 相似文献
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The effect of harvesting on the diversity and structure of benthic assemblages is nowadays a relevant component of fishery management. Invertebrate harvesting is increasing worldwide and sea urchins are one of the main invertebrate target species. However, current knowledge about the effects of sea urchin harvesting on benthic assemblages is still poor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) harvesting on tide pool assemblages from intertidal rocky shores. To achieve this objective, a field removal experiment was done for 10 months. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that P. lividus harvesting had a significant effect on the number of taxa and structure of the benthic assemblage. Assemblages from pools where P. lividus were removed showed significant differences against controls; namely, where P. lividus were eliminated, pools showed higher number of taxa than control pools. This result contrasts with previous studies assessing effects of invertebrate harvesting that generally have found a biodiversity reduction in the exploited habitat. Despite this apparently positive effect of P. lividus harvesting, we should be cautious because effects of P. lividus harvesting on higher trophic levels or during long periods of time remain unexplored. 相似文献
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The dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis produces palytoxin-like compounds (PLTXs) and the genus Gambierdiscus produces ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxin (MTX). Human illness has been recorded following the consumption of CTX-contaminated finfish. Their effects on the flora and fauna in the environment are largely unexplored. Toxin profiles of extracts of Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus isolates from the Pacific region were characterised using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sea urchin (Evechinus chloriticus) fertilisation was unaffected by any algal extracts, but extracts containing maitotoxin-3 (MTX-3, but not MTX or CTXs), or with high concentrations of PLTXs, were toxic to urchin larval development. Gambierdiscus extracts containing CTXs elicited toxic responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity assays; extracts containing only MTX-3 elicited a limited response. Ostreopsis extracts containing PLTXs caused no response. The results demonstrate potential impacts of toxic dinoflagellates on larval organisms and the potential of embryonic assays as toxicity screening tools. 相似文献
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南黄海鳀鱼产卵场小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
20 0 0年 6月在南黄海鱼产卵场 18个站位的调查结果表明 ,小型底栖生物的平均丰度为 0 .81× 10 6ind· m-2 (± 0 .4 1× 10 6ind· m-2 ) ,平均生物量为 1.2 2 g dwt· m-2 ,小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量的水平分布图型大体相似 ,即高的数量值分布在等深线 5 0 m以浅的与海岸线平行的74 94、7994、85 94、11394等站。小型底栖生物数量与 10种环境因子的 Pearson相关分析表明 ,丰度与水深呈负相关 (r,- 0 .5 5 5 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,与 Chl- a呈正相关 (r,0 .4 86 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;生物量与水深、沉积物中的粘土含量 (% )和水含量 (% )均呈负相关 (r,0 .4 84～ 0 .5 0 0 ,P<0 .0 5 )。共鉴定出 18个小型生物类群 ,线虫是数量占优势的类群 ,平均丰度 0 .6 0× 10 6ind· m-2 (± 0 .36× 10 6ind· m-2 ) ,占总丰度的 73.8% ,其他的重要类群依次为底栖桡足类 (18.7% )、多毛类 (3.1% )、动吻类 (1.6 % )和介形类 (1.1% )。按生物量 ,优势类群依次为多毛类 (占 2 9% )、桡足类 (2 3% )和线虫 (2 0 % ) 相似文献