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1.
自１９８８年１１月至１９８９年３月，对南极长城湾（６２°１３′Ｓ，５８°５７′Ｗ）中５个站位的水温、ｐＨ值、海水透明度、水下照度、水中和海冰中叶绿素含量、磷酸盐含量、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量等理化要素，每月进行１至２次不定期的常规测定。在整个调查期间，海水温度变化范围在－１．６～２．２°Ｃ之间，ｐＨ值变化范围在８．０～９．１之间，海水中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在０．３０～１．４８ｍｇ／ｍ３之间，叶绿素ａ的最大值出现在１１月２６日５号站的表层水中，海冰中叶绿素ａ的含量远远高于海水中的含量，海冰中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在２．５５～５６．８４ｍｇ／ｍ３之间。磷酸盐含量变化范围在１．０２３～２．１８７μｇＰ／Ｌ，亚硝酸盐含量变化范围在０．０９３～０．１８６μｇＮ／Ｌ之间，硝酸盐含量变化范围在１３．３０８～２６．５８４μｇＮ／Ｌ之间。本文对以上结果作了初步探讨 相似文献
2.
晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化 总被引：171，自引：4，他引：167
青藏地区在第三纪青藏地区经过二次隆升与夷平的旋回,在２５ＭａＢＰ￣１７Ｍａ ＢＰ高原面隆升达到２００００ｍ左右高度,和当时大陆与海洋环境耦合,激发了亚洲季风,替代了先前的行星风系,导致第三纪中期我国环境大变化。此后高原面夷平降低,夏季风减弱,３．４Ｍａ以来高原整体快速隆起,２．５ＭａＢＰ开始中国北部黄土堆积。０．８ＭａＢＰ￣０．５ＭａＢＰ高原面上升至３０００ｍ￣３５００ｍ左右,与地球轨道转型导致的 相似文献
3.
本文将南极海冰分为４个区：ＳＰＩ１（０°－１２０°Ｅ），东南极海冰；ＳＰＩ２（１２０°Ｅ－１２０°Ｗ），以罗斯海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ３（１２０°Ｗ－０°），以威德尔海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ４，全南极海冰区。北极海冰区分为３个区：ＮＰＩ１（９０°Ｅ－１８０°－９０°Ｗ），太平洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ２（９０°Ｗ－０°－９０°Ｅ），大西洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ３，全北极冰区。本文使用了ＷＤＣ－Ａ的ＳＩＧＲＩＤ海冰资料，以分析南极和北极各冰区之间的相互关系。发现两极各冰区之间存在着非常复杂的相互作用。其中最突出的特征是：两极海冰之间相互作用的振源是ＮＰＩ２。ＳＰＩ３是影响南极海冰的正反馈中心。ＳＰＩ２则是南北两极海冰的负反馈中心。ＮＰＩ２，ＳＰＩ３和ＳＰＩ２之间的相互作用最强，形成涛动关系。这种涛动关系不是同时期的，而是有较长的滞后时间差。两极海冰形成周期变化，其周期为５－６年，正与ＮＰＩ２和ＳＰＩ３自身变化周期一致。另外还有更长的循环周期９－１１年 相似文献
4.
青藏高原4月—10月光合有效量子值的气候学计算 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据１９９４年４月～１０月青藏高原太阳分光辐射的实测资料，计算出太阳总辐射中，光合有效辐射（ＰＡＲ）所占比例η＝０．４３９±０．００９，ＰＡＲ每１Ｊ的能量含有４．４３μｍｏｌ的量子。在青藏高原的气候学计算中，可用下式估算旬平均的ＰＡＲ能量日总量ＨＰＡＲ（ＭＪ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）和量子日总量ＵＰＡＲ（ｍｏｌ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）：ＨＰＡＲ＝（０．３９９＋０．０３６ｌｇＥ＊）ＨＵＰＡＲ＝（１．７６８＋０．１５９ｌｇＥ＊）Ｈ式中Ｈ（ＭＪ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）为总辐射旬平均日总量，Ｅ＊＝Ｅ·Ｐ０／Ｐ，Ｐ０（ｈｐａ）为标准大气压，Ｐ（ｈｐａ）为测点大气压，Ｅ（ｈｐａ）为地面水汽压。 相似文献
5.
东南极拉斯曼丘陵区的冰川作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
拉斯曼丘陵在渐新世已被冰盖覆没，晚渐新世冰盖厚度最大，自中新世开始，冰盖逐渐减薄后退，但该丘陵仍为冰盖占据。更新世冰川作用规模不及第三纪。１８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．该丘陵区覆冰厚度超过１７０ｍ，冰盖前缘仅厚３０ｍ左右。冰盖后退出露其岩约在１０．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ前后，自９．４１－６．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ，冰川以２－３ｍ／ａ的速率后退，岛屿区人武部出露，自６．５－５．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ，冰川后退速率砬为１．０－１．５ｍ／ａ，丘陵 相似文献
6.
拉斯曼丘陵在渐新世已被冰盖覆没，晚渐新世冰盖厚度最大，自中新世开始，冰盖逐渐减薄后退，但该丘陵仍为冰盖占据。更新世冰川作用规模不及第三纪。１８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．该丘陵区覆冰厚度超过１７０ｍ，冰盖前缘仅增厚３０ｍ左右。冰盖后退出露基岩约在１０．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．前后，自９．４１～６．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，冰川以２～３ｍ／ａ的速率后退，岛屿区全部出露；自６．５～５．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，冰川后退速率减为１．０～１．５ｍ／ａ，丘陵区裸露５０％以上；约自５．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．开始，丘陵区几乎全部出露，冰川冰盖范围与今基本相同。 相似文献
7.
海冰作为冰雪圈的重要组成部分,对气候变化十分敏感,海冰物理过程研究需要得到精确的海冰厚度。本文介绍一种能够高效探测海冰厚度的电磁感应方法及其在波罗的海(Baltic Sea)的成功应用。该技术方法针对海冰和海水的电特性,利用电磁感应原理精确探测仪器至冰水交界面的距离,以实现海冰厚度的测定。通过电磁感应(EM)仪直接观测的视电导率与同点位钻孔测量数据对比分析,获得视电导率与海冰厚度的转换关系式,并对通过该关系式计算出的海冰厚度进行验证,表明电磁感应技术能够获得可靠的海冰厚度数据,平均相对误差仅为12%。对波西尼亚海湾(Bothnian Bay)海冰厚度探测剖面的统计结果表明,2007年春季该区域平整冰厚度范围在0.4-0.6m之间。 相似文献
8.
塔克拉玛干沙漠的起沙风速 总被引：53，自引：1，他引：53
起沙风速根据观测高度、风速时距以及流体或冲击起动性质分别确定。本文建立了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地肖塘地区不同高度、不同时距的流体起动与冲击起动风速的相关方程。结果表明：该地天然沙的瞬时冲击起动风速（２ｍ高度）５．０ｍ／ｓ，流体起动风速６．０ｍ／ｓ；１分钟平均流体起动与冲击起动风速为５．２ｍ／ｓ和４．３ｍ／ｓ。气象站观测高度（１１．４ｍ）瞬时流体起动和冲击起动风速为７．８ｍ／ｓ和６．６ｍ／ｓ；１０分钟平均值为７．４ｍ／ｓ和５．９７（≈６．０）ｍ／ｓ。 相似文献
9.
10.
中国陆地区域气象要素的空间插值 总被引：181，自引：8，他引：181
在区域农田生态系统生产力模拟模型研究中，空间插值可以提供每个计算栅格的气象要素资料。然而，在众多的气象要素空间插值方法中，并没有一种适合每一个气象要素的普适的最佳插值方法。本文以全国７２５站１９５１～１９９０年整编资料中的旬平均温度和计算得来的６７５站的月乎均光合有效辐射日总量（ＰＡＲ）为数据源，选用了距离平方反比法（ＩＤＳ）、梯度距离平方反比法（ＧＩＤＳ）和普通克立格法（ＯＫ）等３种插值方法，进行了方法选取的探讨。交叉验证结果表明：３种方法中，温度插值的平均绝对误差（ＭＡＥ）的排序为ＩＤＳ＞ＯＫ＞ＧＩＤＳ，其值分别为２．１５℃、１.９０℃和 ｌ．３２℃；在作物生长季节（４－１０月），ＭＡＥ分别 ２０℃、１．９℃和 １.２℃ ，表明ＧＩＤＳ在温度插值方面更具实用价值；对于ＰＡＲ，ＭＡＥ的排序为ＯＫ＞ＧＩＤＳ＞ＩＤＳ，其值分别为 ０．８３ＭＪ／ｍ２、０７１ＭＪ／ ｍ２和 ０．４６ＭＪ／ｍ２，说明复杂的方法并不必然具有更好的效果。对这２个气象要素的空间分布特征分析表明：温度和ＰＡＲ的经、纬向梯度和高度梯度均具有明显的季节性变化特征；温度的纬向梯度有近似正弦曲线的较强的季节变化，表现为夏季高，而冬、春季低；温度的高度梯度年 相似文献
11.
As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m. 相似文献
12.
对NCAR CSIM5 海冰模式中海冰侧边界融化参数化方案进行了详细阐述,并利用CSIM5模式模拟了侧边界融化对北极海冰厚度和海冰面积变化的影响,试验结果表明：（1）侧边界融化热力过程会增大海冰厚度和海冰面积的消融,海冰厚度消融最明显的区域分布在西伯利亚海和格陵兰海,海冰面积消融最明显区域分布海冰边缘地区;（2）侧边界融化过程对夏季海冰厚度影响比冬季更为明显,而对冬季海冰面积的影响要比夏季更为明显;（3）侧边界融化方案能更好地模拟出海冰面积的季节性变化;（4）海水表面温度（SST）是影响海冰侧边界融化过程的重要因子,侧边界融化率的大值区分布在SST零度线附近的狭窄区域。 相似文献
13.
Physical properties, spectral reflectance and thickness development of first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sebastian Gerland Jan-Gunnar Winther Jon Børre Ørbæk Boris V. Ivanov 《Polar research》1999,18(2):275-282
A ground truth study was performed on first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, during spring 1997 and 1998. The survey included sea ice thickness monitoring as well as observation of surface albedo, attenuation of optical radiation in the ice, physical properties and texture of snow and sea ice. The average total sea ice thickness in May was about 0.9 m, including a 0.2 m thick snow layer on top. Within a few weeks in both years, the snow melted almost completely, whereas the ice thickness decreased by not more than 0.05 m. During spring, the lower part of the snow refroze into a solid layer. The sea ice became more porous. Temperatures in the sea ice increased and the measurable salinity of the sea ice decreased with time. Due to snow cover thinning and snow grain growth, maximum surface albedo decreased from 0.96 to 0.74. Texture analysis on cores showed columnar ice with large crystals (max. crystal lenght > 0.1 m) below a 0.11 m thick mixed surface layer of granular ice with smaller crystals. In both years, we observed sea ice algae at the bottom part of the ice. This layer has a significant effect on the radiation transmissivity. 相似文献
14.
利用卫星海冰密集度资料和船基海冰走航观测数据分析了2012年12月至2013年3月南极罗斯海海冰密集度、厚度和浮冰尺寸等参数的时空变化特征。12月下旬罗斯海西侧浮冰区南北向宽约1 000 km,沿雪龙船航线平均密集度在5成以上,平均海冰厚度为100 cm,平均冰上积雪厚度为16 cm,高密集度区域主要为尺寸较小的块浮冰(2—20 m)和小浮冰(20—100 m),低密集度区域主要为大尺寸浮冰(500—2 000 m)。1月和2月罗斯海大部分海域无海冰覆盖,3月海冰迅速冻结,下旬即覆盖整个罗斯海。SSMIS和AMSR2两种卫星遥感数据均能较好反映航线上的真实海冰密集度状况,AMSR2产品与观测符合更好。与1978—2012的气候平均值相比,观测区在2012年夏季冰情偏重。本文的分析结果可帮助我们了解罗斯海海冰的时空特征,为中国后续罗斯海科考提供参考。 相似文献
15.
In this study, three-dimensional structures and the life-time behavior of arctic cyclones are investigated as case studies, using reanalysis data of JRA-25 and JCDAS. In recent years, arctic region has undergone drastic warming in conjunction with the reduced sea ice concentration in summer. The rapid reduction of the sea ice concentration is explained, to some extent, by a pressure dipole of the arctic cyclone and Beaufort high over the Arctic Ocean. This paper presents some case studies for the structure of the arctic cyclone.It is found by the analysis of this study that the arctic cyclone indicates many differences in structure and behavior compared with the mid-latitude cyclone. The arctic cyclones move rather randomly in direction over the Arctic Ocean. The arctic cyclone has a barotropic structure in the vertical from the surface to the stratosphere. The arctic cyclone detected at the sea level pressure is connected with the polar vortex at the 500 hPa level and above. Importantly, the arctic cyclone has a cold core in the troposphere and a warm core around the 200 hPa level. The mechanism of the formation is discussed based on the analyzed structure of the arctic cyclones. 相似文献
16.
A model study is conducted to examine the role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007.The model generally agrees with the observations in showing considerable seasonal and interannual variability of the Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait in response to changes in atmospheric circulation. During summer 2007 anomalously strong southerly winds over the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean strengthen the ocean circulation and bring more Pacific water into the Arctic than the recent(2000-2006) average.The simulated summer(3 months) 2007 mean Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait is 1.2 Sv,which is the highest in the past three decades of the simulation and is 20%higher than the recent average.Particularly ,the Pacific water inflow in September 2007 is about 0.5 Sv or 50%above the 2000-2006 average.The strengthened warm Pacific water inflow carries an additional 1.0×10~(20) Joules of heat into the Arctic,enough to melt an additional 0.5 m of ice over the whole Chukchi Sea.In the model the extra summer oceanic heat brought in by the Pacific water mainly stays in the Chukchi and Beaufort region,contributing to the warming of surface waters in that region.The heat is in constant contact with the ice cover in the region in July through September.Thus the Pacific water plays a role in ice melting in the Chukchi and Beaufort region all summer long in 2007,likely contributing to up to 0.5 m per month additional ice melting in some area of that region . 相似文献
17.
利用1961—2015年中国冬季气温资料、中国气象局逐月北极海冰密集度指数资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NCEP/NCAR)环流资料,采用滑动相关、时滞相关及偏相关等分析方法,探讨了秋季北极海冰对中国冬季气温的影响。结果表明,秋季北极海冰改变了后期冬季西西伯利亚高压和华北高压强弱,导致我国西北地区和长江与黄河之间地区冬季气温异常。进一步分析发现,西北地区冬季气温的异常主要是受西西伯利亚高压影响,而长江与黄河之间冬季气温的异常主要是受华北高压影响。而秋季北极海冰通过改变后期冬季欧亚中高纬度环流,进一步影响高原地区冬季气温。 相似文献
18.
利用2003年8月22日-9月3日中国北极科学考察队在北冰洋78°N浮冰站获得的近地层观测资料,采用整体输送法对北冰洋浮冰近地层特征参数进行了分析研究。结果表明,在考察期间,雪面吸收的净辐射仅为3.6 W/m2,其中以感热和潜热向大气输送的能量分别占52%和31%,向海冰深层传导的热量很少;近中性层结条件下的平均拖曳系数Cdn为1.16×10-3,略小于75°N北冰洋浮冰上近中性层结的Cdn。与1999年75°N附近冰站观测结果的对比表明,当海冰密度及冰站所在浮冰的尺度不同时,海冰与大气相互作用的热力学和动力学过程的差异显著,在研究北冰洋地区海/冰/气相互作用对气候过程影响时,应考虑这一问题。 相似文献
19.
One outstanding feature of the recent Arctic climate is the contrast of the changes of sea ice concentration and thickness between the Beaufort Sea and the Chukchi Sea. Since the Arctic Oscillation (AO) plays a critical role in driving Arctic sea ice changes and the Beaufort and Chukchi seas have been hypothesized as a region in which sea ice anomalies originate, we employed a coupled sea ice-ocean model and carried out simulations forced by the AO signal to examine sea ice changes in these regions, focusing on seasonality. With the AO phase transition from negative to positive, anticyclonic windstress weakens broadly in both winter and summer; however, the surface air temperature response shows remarkable seasonal dependence. Positive temperature anomalies spread over the entire domain in winter, while negative anomalies occur in the shelf seas in summer, although positive anomalies remain in the deep-water portion. The simulated sea ice concentration resembles the observed concentration. The strong seasonality of sea ice concentration changes suggests that accumulation of sea ice concentration in the Beaufort Sea and reduction in the Chukchi Sea are mainly produced in summer. Changes of ice thickness are robust through the seasonal cycle. Generally, sea ice dynamics play a critical role in creating the anomalous sea ice pattern and sea ice thermodynamics partially compensate the dynamically-driven changes. However, considerable seasonal differences occur. 相似文献