首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 843 毫秒
1.
Abstract

This article describes a series of exercises concerning the future that can be utilized in geographic education. Future studies have the advantages of a relatively high level of student involvement, a strong inducement to thinking in terms of systems, and opportunities to introduce the geographic approach to a problem. Exercises include the design of the human ecology of an island, the investigation of alternative urban futures, the evaluation of the effects of different theories of social change, the design of immediate changes in the man made environment that will improve the future environment, and the evaluation of the effects of advancing technology and retreating technology.  相似文献   

2.
Property valuation studies often use classical statistics techniques. Among these techniques, the Artificial Neural Networks are the most applied, overcoming the inflexibility and the linearity of the hedonic models. Other researchers have used Geostatistics techniques, specifically the Kriging Method, for interpreting spatial-temporal variability and to predict housing unit prices. The innovation of this study is to highlight how the Kriging Method can help to better understand the urban environment, improving the results obtained by classical statistics. This study presents two different methods that share the general objective of extracting information regarding a city’s housing from datasets. The procedures applied are Ordinary Kriging (Geostatistics) and Multi-Layer Perceptron algorithm (Artificial Neural Networks). These methods were used to predict housing unit prices in the municipality of Pozuelo de Alarcon (Madrid). The implementation of both methods provides us with the urban characteristics of the study area and the most significant variables related to price. The main conclusion is that the Ordinary Kriging models and the Neural Networks models, applied to predicting housing unit prices are necessary methodologies to improve the information obtained in classical statistical techniques.

Abbreviations: ANN: Artificial Neural Networks; OK: ordinary Kriging; MLP: multi-layer perceptron  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Global enthusiasm for nature in cities is at high point. Australia is no exception, where there is a great deal of policy momentum and research interest in urban greening. The challenges presented by increasing urban heat associated with climate change, greater awareness of the potential social, physical and psychological benefits of exposure to ecologies for people, and recognition of cities as vital habitats for more-than-humans are central tenants of urban greening enthusiasm. Yet, there is a need for a more critical lens on urban greening in Australia. One that interrogates the purported normative, apolitical and instrumental benefits of greening, to position greening within a trajectory of the power relations, settler-colonialism, socio-ecological processes and capital flows that constitute the urban. This editorial introducing the special issue on urban greening politics explores how different conceptions of urban natures – green space, urban forestry and green infrastructure – have been put to work, before outlining the potential of ‘urban greening’ as the terminology for a more politically sensitive and process-orientated framing. The editorial concludes with a summary of the contributions to the special issue.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Abstract. To achieve high levels of performance in parallel geoprocessing, the underlying spatial structure and relations of spatial models must be accounted for and exploited during decomposition into parallel processes. Spatial models are classified from two perspectives, the domain of modelling and the scope of operations, and a framework of strategies is developed to guide the decomposition of models with different characteristics into parallel processes. Two models are decomposed using these strategies: hill-shading on digital elevation models and the construction of Delaunay Triangulations. Performance statistics are presented for implementations of these algorithms on a MIMD computer.  相似文献   

5.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):220-225
Abstract

Field trips are essential for learning geoscience, but can be logistically challenging for introductory-level courses with large enrollments. Transporting large numbers of undergraduate students to roadway or stream bank exposures can be time consuming, expensive, and unsafe. To address this problem, the author designed three campus-based field exercises for an introductory geoscience course. Students collected and analyzed data from campus features to learn about rock weathering, retaining wall stability, and stream flow. They preferred outdoor campus exercises over indoor exercises, because they were more realistic, interesting, and interactive. The outdoor exercises utilized features common to many college campuses and thus could easily be implemented elsewhere. While the campus exercises do not replace a need for conventional road trips in upper-level courses, they are an effective way to introduce fieldwork in large introductory-level courses.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.  相似文献   

7.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):163-168
Abstract

This paper explores the concept of relevancy in the context of an introductory physical geography course. The concern is with a relevant content and structure. Both are introduced through a problem-orientation. Current societal problems related to the physical environment are used to introduce students to conditions and processes involving environmental elements such as atmosphere, water, soil, vegetation, and topography. Because they are societal problems, the additional element, man, is included. The structure assumes a priori that the student has some prior knowledge of environmental problems. With a relatively high level of individual involvement, the student is asked to utilize this knowledge in learning about environmental processes and physical geographic concepts. Feedback from student to instructors is maximized through greater reliance on discussion groups, exercises, papers, and a problem-solving examination. In transmitting subject matter and environmental problems information, greater reliance is placed on readings and less on lectures.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

In urban geography courses, knowledge of a local area is especially useful for demonstrating geographic principles. These classroom examples are further enhanced when students conduct their own field observations, with direction from the instructor. This paper describes a field study of the metropolitan Atlanta area that is used in an intermediate geography class, in which students compare their observations of Atlanta with urban geography models and theories. I argue that the preparation of the project, and the completion of it by students, represents a valuable firsthand observation experience for both the instructor and the students.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Cellular automata (CA) are effective tools for simulating urban dynamics. Coupling top-down and bottom-up CA models are often used to address macro-scale demand and micro-scale allocation in the simulation of urban dynamics. However, those models typically ignore spatial differences in terms of the coupling process between macro-scale demand and micro-scale allocation. Herein, a novel approach for combining top-down and bottom-up strategies based on simulating urban dynamics is proposed. An optimizing strategy was used to predict the parameter of the inverse S-shaped function of future urban land use pattern and further deduce urban land increment within each concentric ring. The maximum probability transformation rule was incorporated into the CA model to address the micro-scale allocation. Wuhan was selected to test the performance of the proposed approach, and the conventional and the proposed approaches were compared. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach can not only retain the model’s accuracies but also better simulate the macro morphology of urban development dynamics and generate more realistic urban dynamic pattern in the urban sub-center and fringe regions. The proposed coupling approach can also be used to generate different development scenarios. The approach is expected to provide new perspectives for coupling top-down and bottom-up CA models in modeling urban expansion.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Modeling urban growth in Economic development zones (EDZs) can help planners determine appropriate land policies for these regions. However, sometimes EDZs are established in remote areas outside of central cities that have no historical urban areas. Existing models are unable to simulate the emergence of urban areas without historical urban land in EDZs. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model based on fuzzy clustering is developed to address this issue. This model is implemented by coupling an unsupervised classification method and a modified CA model with an urban emergence mechanism based on local maxima. Through an analysis of the planning policies and existing infrastructure, the proposed model can detect the potential start zones and simulate the trajectory of urban growth independent of the historical urban land use. The method is validated in the urban emergence simulation of the Taiping Bay development zone in Dalian, China from 2013 to 2019. The proposed model is applied to future simulation in 2019–2030. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can be used to predict urban emergence and generate the possible future urban form, which will assist planners in determining the urban layout and controlling urban growth in EDZs.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Inquiry-discovery learning of processes involved in determining transportation patterns form the core of this teaching model. To develop the exercise, a generalized model of route network growth is presented, followed by explanatory models of causation and theory formulation. These suggest hypotheses which are then tested against a real-world example, the evolution of the road network in Taiwan. The model promotes understanding of human behavior and geographic change through systematic scientific inquiry and cross-national application. It is sufficiently general for use at several teaching levels.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Cellular automata (CA) models are in growing use for land-use change simulation and future scenario prediction. It is necessary to conduct model assessment that reports the quality of simulation results and how well the models reproduce reliable spatial patterns. Here, we review 347 CA articles published during 1999–2018 identified by a Scholar Google search using ‘cellular automata’, ‘land’ and ‘urban’ as keywords. Our review demonstrates that, during the past two decades, 89% of the publications include model assessment related to dataset, procedure and result using more than ten different methods. Among all methods, cell-by-cell comparison and landscape analysis were most frequently applied in the CA model assessment; specifically, overall accuracy and standard Kappa coefficient respectively rank first and second among all metrics. The end-state assessment is often criticized by modelers because it cannot adequately reflect the modeling ability of CA models. We provide five suggestions to the method selection, aiming to offer a background framework for future method choices as well as urging to focus on the assessment of input data and error propagation, procedure, quantitative and spatial change, and the impact of driving factors.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

Vector-based cellular automata (VCA) models have been applied in land use change simulations at fine scales. However, the neighborhood effects of the driving factors are rarely considered in the exploration of the transition suitability of cells, leading to lower simulation accuracy. This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-VCA model that adopts the CNN to extract the high-level features of the driving factors within a neighborhood of an irregularly shaped cell and discover the relationships between multiple land use changes and driving factors at the neighborhood level. The proposed model was applied to simulate urban land use changes in Shenzhen, China. Compared with several VCA models using other machine learning methods, the proposed CNN-VCA model obtained the highest simulation accuracy (figure-of-merit = 0.361). The results indicated that the CNN-VCA model can effectively uncover the neighborhood effects of multiple driving factors on the developmental potential of land parcels and obtain more details on the morphological characteristics of land parcels. Moreover, the land use patterns of 2020 and 2025 under an ecological control strategy were simulated to provide decision support for urban planning.  相似文献   

14.

The study focuses on residential mobility propensities of Vietnamese immigrants in the city of Brisbane, Australia, as a principal force contributing to the persistence or change of ethnic residential segregation over time. Using 1990 survey data, discrete-time logit models are estimated to assess the effects of locational, contextual, and personal characteristics on the likelihood of changing residence within the city. The results indicate that locational variables operate in such a way that the most dominant Vietnamese neighborhood in Brisbane increases its prominence even further, while secondary Vietnamese clusters are likely to weaken. The results also indicate that initial settlement conditions are important for the first move only, whereas personal attributes contribute to variations in mobility propensities primarily in the second move. This implies that the composition of the immigrant population potentially influences the speed at which changes in ethnic residential patterns will occur in urban areas.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

The 21st century has been called the “century of the city” and compounded concerns that current development pathways were not sustainable. Calls for scholarship on urban sustainability among geographers cites strengths in the human-environment and urban subfields that positioned the discipline to make unique contributions to critical research needs. This special issue reflects on the contributions that geographers have made to urban sustainability scholarship. We observe that that integration across human-environment and urban subfields reflects broader bifurcations between social theory and spatial science traditions in geography. Piggy-backing on the rise of sustainability science, the emergence of urbanization science compels geographers to reflect upon the ways in which we are positioned to make unique contributions to those fields. We argue that those contributions should embrace systems thinking, empirically connect social constructs to biophysical patterns and processes, and use the city as a laboratory to generate new theories.  相似文献   

16.
《Urban geography》2012,33(10):1596-1615
ABSTRACT

Work on cyborg urbanization has unveiled the way in which the city is produced through hybridizations of the human and non-human. However, less attention has been given to the ways by which non-human actors entangle each other without human mediation. On the other hand, literature on urban ruination has explored the agency of the non-human in landscape transformation, however few works have established the link between the processes of ruination and urban transformation. In this article, we bridge these two literatures and argue that it is possible to extend the concept of cyborg urbanization to include urban transformation processes that are conducted by non-human actors, namely vegetation.

We explore these missing links through an exploration of the Matinha Gasworks site, located in the Eastern Zone of the city of Lisbon, Portugal, and deactivated in 2001. It is a vacant land, with several ruined derelict constructions of a gasworks. We draw upon archival work, remote sensing techniques, and post-phenomenological fieldwork to explore the 80-year long process of construction and ruination of the Matinha Gasworks site. Our findings highlight the accumulation of distinct temporalities, scales, matters, and subjectivities in the production of the urban.  相似文献   

17.
《Urban geography》2012,33(10):1399-1421
ABSTRACT

To explain newfound investor interest in rent-regulated multifamily housing in New York City since 2001, this paper analyzes the transformation in ownership and management of the Riverton Houses, a large rent-regulated housing complex in northern Manhattan. The paper finds new dynamics of rent gap formation at work; rather than depressed capitalized rent attracting investment, increasing potential rent provides a new mechanism for opening rent gaps. The Riverton Houses case shows how three factors increase potentials rents: 1) changes in rent control law that provide new avenues to increase rents, 2) new financial actors and institutions that have higher expectations for risk and return, and 3) longer-term processes of uneven development at the urban scale. Altered rent gap dynamics under processes of privatization, financialization, and uneven urban development complicate the geography of reinvestment beyond a reinvested core and gentrifying periphery. Instead, the urban frontier is drawn recursively within urban space.  相似文献   

18.
土地变化模型方法综述   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
土地系统变化长期以来不仅是地理学研究热点,也是资源环境经济学、生态学、城市规划等多学科领域关注的主题。构建模型模拟土地变化能够促进理解人地相互作用机制,模拟结果可为土地资源优化与资源环境政策制定提供依据。不同研究者基于不同学科理论、应用多种方法构建土地变化模型,模型从早期关注自然覆被类型变化发展到对人类决策行为的刻画,从统计方法发展到更突出空间分布的元胞自动机方法,以及更聚焦土地变化过程的经济学方法和多主体方法。未来土地变化模型发展方向为：在多尺度进行多方法耦合,对土地变化过程进行更为明晰地刻画,将土地变化模型与其他地球系统模型耦合等方面,进一步能够促进解释复杂人地系统,并推进模型在决策支持层面的应用。  相似文献   

19.
按照地理学科发展趋势,对城镇化与生态环境耦合的研究将由定量描述转入动态模拟。目前,城镇化与生态环境耦合动态模拟模型呈现多元化。论文系统梳理了其中4类常见的动态模拟模型,包括城镇化与生态环境耦合系统动力学模型、基于人工智能算法的城镇化与生态环境耦合动态模拟模型、基于土地利用变化的城镇化与生态环境耦合动态模拟模型以及基于多模型集成的城镇化与生态环境耦合复合模型。主要结论如下：系统动力学模型被广泛应用于城市复杂系统、城市转型和可持续发展以及城镇化与生态环境单要素耦合的动态模拟之中,但存在空间解释不足以及忽视系统自适应性等问题;人工智能算法(ANN和BN)在自学习、自组织、自适应系统或不确定性系统模拟中具有显著优势,并被应用于城市扩张、环境变化、资源需求以及生态脆弱性的识别之中,但应用面相对狭窄且限制条件偏多;土地利用变化模型(CLUE/CLUE-S、CA和MAS)局限于从土地城镇化视角模拟城镇化与生态环境耦合;基于多模型集成的复合模型实现了各模型之间的优势互补,已成为城镇化与生态环境耦合动态模拟模型的发展趋势。今后,应从技术和理论2个层面实现城镇化与生态环境耦合动态模拟模型的进一步发展,并加强对微观过程的模拟。  相似文献   

20.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):98-101
Abstract

A second look is taken at “The Geography of the U.S. in the Year 2,000.” A new interplay is seen of the countervailing pressures to disperse and to agglomerate. Polynucleated urban regions are seen, organized within and around a global poly center. There are certain imperatives: those of demographic cycles and of the economic long wave. These will interact with information-age technologies to change family structures, life styles, and locational preferences. The unexpected also should be expected: “catastrophes” in which existing arrangements are transformed and new structures put into place to replace them. A key to understanding is to continually probe the second derivatives: change in the nature of change.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号