首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
Lai  Qiyi  Zhao  Jianjun  Huang  Runqiu  Wang  Dujiang  Ju  Nengpan  Li  Qingmiao  Wang  Yunsheng  Xu  Qiang  Zhao  Weihua 《Landslides》2022,19(2):331-349

The Chada rock avalanche is a prehistoric high-elevation giant rock landslide located in the Boshula Mountains, Lhorong County, Southeast Tibet. It is composed of conglomerates with a volume of 6.62?×?106 m3 and has a height difference of 1450 m and a transport distance of 3155 m. The accumulational landform shows characteristics indicating rock avalanches. With a unique red conglomerate as the marker of landslide movement, we combined the results of geological surveys, aerial surveys, and engineering geological drilling to determine the entrainment and geomorphic features of the rock avalanche. The rock avalanche was divided into the main scarp, entrainment zone (residual deposit, mixed deposit, and impact fragmentation areas), transport zone (compressed, local landslide, and longitudinal ridge areas), and deposit zone. The sequence of deposits in the valley indicates that the rock avalanche formed before the first-stage terrace and after the second-stage terrace. Combined with 3D numerical simulation, four movement stages were obtained: (1) the rock mass was broken and disintegrated due to progressive failure, initiating high-speed sliding; (2) the sliding mass scraped the thick previous slope material and formed oblique ridges by forward extrusion and lateral friction; (3) the 4.95?×?106 m3 sliding mass was compressed and decelerated to form bending ridges, and the 1.67?×?106 m3 sliding mass continued to move through the channel; and (4) the sliding mass extended to form longitudinal ridges in the channel and hummocks in the valley. The rock avalanche accelerated three times and decelerated three times during its motion.

  相似文献   

2.
The mass movement process of a debris avalanche is a complex dynamic system and is influenced by topographic conditions, material composition, sliding-bed surface conditions and other factors. A discrete element method is used to simulate the mass movement process of debris avalanches and is validated by laboratory flume tests. Sensitivity analyses for the model parameters show that a low bond strength indicates that a small impact force can lead to slope failure. The friction coefficient has a little effect on the mass movement process. However, high particle stiffness and bond strength causes the sliding material to behave like a rigid block of rock; therefore low bond strength and particle stiffness are selected to simulate the laboratory flume tests. The velocity of the sliding material increases with the increasing slope of the flume. If the sliding material hits a barrier, the travel direction will change and energy dissipation will occur, resulting in the sudden decrease in velocity. With an increase in landslide volume, the model parameters particle stiffness and parallel bond strength should be increased to ensure the reasonableness of the simulated results. When the landslide volume is not large enough, the selection of those model parameters has no significant effect on the movement process. The proper selection of model parameters is very important for the reasonableness of the simulated results.  相似文献   

3.
We performed seismic waveform inversions and numerical landslide simulations of deep-seated landslides in Japan to understand the dynamic evolution of friction of the landslides. By comparing the forces obtained from a numerical simulation to those resolved from seismic waveform inversion, the coefficient of friction during sliding was well-constrained between 0.3 and 0.4 for landslides with volumes of 2–8 ×106 m3. We obtained similar coefficients of friction for landslides with similar scale and geology, and they are consistent with the empirical relationship between the volume and dynamic coefficient of friction obtained from the past studies. This hybrid method of the numerical simulation and seismic waveform inversion shows the possibility of reproducing or predicting the movement of a large-scale landslide. Our numerical simulation allows us to estimate the velocity distribution for each time step. The maximum velocity at the center of mass is 12–36 m/s and is proportional to the square root of the elevation change at the center of mass of the landslide body, which suggests that they can be estimated from the initial DEMs. About 20% of the total potential energy is transferred to the kinetic energy in our volume range. The combination of the seismic waveform inversion and the numerical simulation helps to obtain the well-constrained dynamic coefficients of friction and velocity distribution during sliding, which will be used in numerical models to estimate the hazard of potential landslides.  相似文献   

4.
At 6:10 p.m. on September 23, 1991, a catastrophic rock avalanche occurred in Zhaotong, Yunnan, southwestern China. Over 216 people were killed when the Touzhai village was overwhelmed directly in the path of the landslide. The landslide involved the failure of about 12 Mm3 of jointed basaltic rock mass from the source area. The displaced materials ran out a horizontal distance of 3650 m over a vertical distance of 960 m, equivalent to a Fahrböschung of 14.7°, and covered an area of 1.38 km2. To provide information for hazard zonation of similar type of potential landslides in the same area, we used a dynamic model (DAN-W) with three alternative rheological models to simulate the runout behaviour of the displaced landslide materials and found that a combination of the frictional model and Voellmy model could provide the best performance in simulating this landslide. The simulated results indicated that the duration of the movement is estimated at about 175 s for a mean velocity 21 m/s.  相似文献   

5.
An extremely large rock avalanche occurred on April 9, 2000 at Yigong, Tibet, China. It started with an initial volume of material of 90?×?106 m3 comprising mainly of loose material lying on the channel bed. The rock avalanche travelled around 10 km in horizontal distance and formed a 2.5-km-long by 2.5-km-wide depositional fan with a final volume of approximately 300?×?106 m3. An energy-based debris flow runout model is used to simulate the movement process with a new entrainment model. The entrainment model considers both rolling and sliding motions in calculating the volume of eroded material. Entrainment calculation is governed by a second order partial differential equation which is solved using the finite difference method. During entrainment, it is considered that the total mass is changed due to basal erosion. Also the profile of the channel bed is adjusted accordingly due to erosion at the end of each calculation time step. For Yigong, the profile used in the simulation was extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 m?×?30 m. Measurements obtained from site investigation, including deposition depth and flow height at specific location, are used to verify the model. Ground elevation-based DEM before and after the event is also used to verify the simulation results where access was difficult. It is found that the calculated runout distance and the modified deposition height agree with the field observations. Moreover, the back-calculated flow characteristics based on field observations, such as flow velocity, are also used for model verifications. The results indicate that the new entrainment model is able to capture the entrainment volume and depth, runout distance, and deposition height for this case.  相似文献   

6.
The Guantan landslide, with a total displaced mass of about 468 × 104 m3, was triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and succeeding rainfall in Jushui Town, Sichuan Province, China. The landslide occurred on an anti-dip hard rock slope with a weak rock founding stratum of 200 m in thickness. To investigate the failure mechanism of the Guantan landslide, dynamic behaviors of hard and soft rock slopes were investigated by means of large scale shaking table tests. The laboratory models attempted to simulate the field geological conditions of the Guantan landslide. Sinusoidal waves and actual seismic waves measured from the Wenchuan Earthquake were applied on the slope models under 37 loading configurations. The experimental results indicated that deformation mainly developed at a shallow depth in the upper part of the hard rock slope and in the upper (near the crest) and lower (near the toe) parts of the soft rock slope. An equation for predicting the depth of sliding plane was proposed based on the location of the maximum horizontal acceleration. Finally, it was concluded that the failure process of the Guantan landslide occurred in three stages: (1) toppling failure caused by compression of the underlying soft rock strata, (2) formation of crushed hard rock and sliding surface in soft rock as the result of seismic shocks, particularly in the horizontal direction, and (3) aftershock rainfall accelerates the process of mass movement along the sliding plane.  相似文献   

7.
为了了解青藏高原察达高速远程滑坡的运动过程与形成机理,运用遥感测绘、无人机地形测绘和现场勘查资料对滑坡进行分区,对滑坡形成机理进行研究,并利用PFC2D数值模拟对地震工况下滑坡运动过程进行模拟.将察达高速远程滑坡分为源区,流通区和堆积区;数值模拟结果得到滑坡平均运动速度为15~20 m/s,运动时间150 s,最大运动距离为2 800 m.察达滑坡为地震条件下诱发的高速远程滑坡,源区砾岩对上部堆积体后缘铲刮推移,使得上部堆积体产生整体变形,其运动过程可分为崩滑→铲刮→滑移→堆积4个阶段.   相似文献   

8.
Landslide deposits dam Lake Oeschinen (Oeschinensee), located above Kandersteg, Switzerland. However, past confusion differentiating deposits of multiple landslide events has confounded efforts to quantify the volume, age, and failure dynamics of the Oeschinensee rock avalanche. Here we combine field and remote mapping, topographic reconstruction, cosmogenic surface exposure dating, and numerical runout modeling to quantify salient parameters of the event. Differences in boulder lithology and deposit morphology reveal that the landslide body damming Oeschinensee consists of debris from both an older rock avalanche, possibly Kandertal, as well as the Oeschinensee rock avalanche. We distinguish a source volume for the Oeschinensee event of 37 Mm3, resulting in an estimated deposit volume of 46 Mm3, smaller than previous estimates that included portions of the Kandertal mass. Runout modeling revealed peak and average rock avalanche velocities of 65 and 45 m/s, respectively, and support a single-event failure scenario. 36Cl surface exposure dating of deposited boulders indicates a mean age for the rock avalanche of 2.3 ± 0.2 kyr. This age coincides with the timing of a paleo-seismic event identified from lacustrine sediments in Swiss lakes, suggesting an earthquake trigger. Our results help clarify the hazard and geomorphic effects of rare, large rock avalanches in alpine settings.  相似文献   

9.
我国西南岩溶山区位于上扬子地台,经过多期构造运动,形成了特有的强烈褶皱地貌形态,特大型滑坡灾害频发。通过资料收集、现场调查以及统计分析,讨论了岩溶山区典型滑坡后破坏的成灾模式和形成条件,并得出以下结论:（1）我国西南岩溶山区普遍呈现上陡下缓的地形地貌特征和上硬下软的地层结构特征,岩溶地貌和溶蚀岩体结构加剧了滑坡后破坏的成灾规模;（2）研究区的滑坡成灾模式主要分为岩质崩塌、高位远程滑坡-碎屑流和高位远程滑坡-泥石流三种类型;（3）岩质崩塌灾害类型剪出口高差通常小于50 m,等效摩擦系数通常大于0.6,堆积体破碎比在5～20之间;高位远程滑坡-碎屑流灾害类型剪出口高差通常在50～200 m之间,等效摩擦系数通常在0.33～0.60之间,堆积体破碎比在20～100 之间;高位远程滑坡-泥石流灾害类型剪出口高差通常大于200 m,等效摩擦系数通常小于0.33,堆积体破碎比区间大于100;（4）西南岩溶山区的“高位滑坡”剪出口高差通常大于50 m,具有高速远程运动特征,运动过程中具有冲击铲刮、破碎解体、气垫和流化四种动力学效应。滑坡后破坏成灾模式的提出,可以为滑坡运动动力学机理和成灾反演预测研究提供重要分析模型。  相似文献   

10.
The Daguangbao landslide is the largest co-seismic landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) occurred on 12 May 2008. The landslide, which is 4.6 km long and 3.7 km wide, involves a volume of approximately 1.2 × 109 m3. An exposed slip surface, situated at the southern flank of its source area, was observed with a length of 1.8 km along the main sliding direction and an area of 0.3 km2. To study the geological and tectonic characteristics of the source area and their contributions to the landslide formation during the earthquake, detailed geological investigations were firstly conducted. And it is reached that the landslide occurred on the northwestern limb of the Dashuizha anticline with its scarp showing several geological structures, including joint sets, local faults, and folds. These tectonic-related structures potentially influenced the failure of the landslide. Secondly, further investigations were focused on the inclined planar sliding surface using 12 exploratory trenches, nine boreholes, a tunnel, borehole sonic data, and micro-images. These data reveal that the rock mass along the sliding surface was the fragmented rock of a bedding fault. A pulverized zone was observed on the sliding surface, which was the zone of shear localization during the landslide. This suggests that the shear failure of the Daguangbao landslide developed within the bedding fault. The rapid failure of the landslide was associated with the degradation of the rock mass strength of the bedding fault both before and during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. With this study, we propose that a pre-existing large discontinuity within a slope may be the basis for initiating a large landslide during earthquake.  相似文献   

11.
A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake.  相似文献   

12.
2004年3月12日,云南省丽江市玉龙雪山南坡发生了较大规模的冰-岩碎屑流型高速远程滑坡。位于斜坡顶部（高程为4 337~5 350 m）的岩体和冰川块体沿着高陡岩壁向下滑动,在峡谷地形控制下于干河坝内形成体积约11.2×106 m3的滑坡堆积体。本文通过遥感影像分析和现场调查,对干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌与堆积特征进行了详细研究,初步阐释了干河坝冰-岩碎屑流发生的成因机制和运动过程。研究结果表明,节理裂隙发育、源区冻融作用加剧和历史地震效应是此次地震的诱发因素。地形的坡度变化特征、滑体表面“乘船石”结构及内部岩屑的定向排列表明滑坡的运动过程可分为碰撞破碎阶段和扩散堆积阶段。滑坡堆积区广泛分布的“冰川乳坑”和冰水沉积物暗示堆积体底部松散沉积物减阻或是干河坝冰-岩碎屑流具有远程效应的有利因素。深入理解干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌特征及运动学过程,对揭示高速远程滑坡的超强运动机理具有重要的理论意义,同时对我国西部高寒山区大型滑坡灾害的预测预警亦具有现实意义。  相似文献   

13.
Zhang  Shi-lin  Yin  Yue-ping  Li  Hai-bo  Wang  Wen-pei  Zhou  Jia-wen 《Landslides》2022,19(8):1987-2004

The Hongshiyan rock avalanche is a remarkable landslide disaster with approximately volume of 12?×?106 m3, triggered by the 2014 Ms. 6.5 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis by the model based on discrete element (DEM-based) numerical simulation to understand the transport process and mechanism for this rock avalanche. The simulation results showed that the transport process of the rock avalanche depends on the input seismic duration and motion. The average velocity of the rock avalanche sharply increases to peak value of 27 m/s and then gradually decreases to zero, and 64% and 36% of the total energy are dissipated by collision and friction, respectively. In this process, the progressions from simple disintegration along pre-existing discontinuities to fragmentation that creates new fracture surface are documented, and gradual increase of the fragmentation degree over time results in the decrease of fragment size and the formation of well-graded and narrower-interval gradation. This fragmentation evolution creates a conductive condition to the development of internal shear, and is closely associated with the dense flow regime that dominates the main body of the rock avalanche but presents discontinuous distribution along the flow thickness direction. In addition, further analyzing the simulated results indicates that more likely effects of fragmentation on mobility of rock avalanches depend on fragmentation-induced special flow structure, which makes a rock avalanche in a flow state with lower friction and lower energy consumption.

  相似文献   

14.
高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动速度、堆积特征和能量转化是研究其致灾机制的重要因素,而模型试验、野外调查并不能全面揭示其成灾机理。文章以三溪村滑坡为例,采用PFC3D离散元模拟方法,揭示滑坡运动过程中的前部、中部和后部岩土体的速度演化分布、堆积特征和能量转化关系。研究结果表明:三溪村滑坡的残余摩擦系数为0.2时,模拟结果与实际堆积特征一致。前部、中部、后部岩土体到峰值速度存在差异,前部岩土体速度分布表现为显著的单峰型特征,而后部岩土体速度分布为双峰型特征。滑坡不同部位的岩土体堆积呈现层序分布;滑坡重力势能的转化中,摩擦耗能占总能量的52%,动能峰值时刻仅有15%的重力势能转化为动能。研究结果可为高速远程滑坡的运动机理分析和防灾减灾治理工程提供重要参考。   相似文献   

15.
Haivan Station is an important station on the North-South railway line in central Vietnam. Field investigation has identified a precursor stage of a landslide that would threaten this railway. Therefore, a landslide susceptibility assessment for Haivan Station was urgently needed to protect passenger safety and the national railway. Conducted investigations included air-photo interpretation, drilling, ground water and inclinometer monitoring, laboratory testing, and landslide simulation. This research applied the undrained dynamic loading ring shear apparatus ICL-2 to drill-core samples from the precursor landslide. Samples for ring shear tests were taken from sandy soil layers found at depths of ~21, ~31, and ~50 m in the cores. Each of these was believed to be a possible sliding surface of a landslide, and all were tested to shear failure in the ICL-2 apparatus. The boundary between highly weathered granitic rock and weathered granitic rock was identified at about 50 m depth. The inclinometer monitoring detected slight movement at this depth. Therefore, the present day risk of a landslide forming at 50 m is higher than for one forming at either 21 or 31 m. The landslide dynamic parameters obtained from the ring shear test of the 50-m-deep sample were used in an integrated numerical simulation model LS-RAPID. The simulation result gave the critical pore-pressure ratio for landslide occurrence, and landslide’s likely maximum speed, total volume, and depth of landslide debris that could cover the railway. These estimates serve to raise awareness of the vulnerability of the Vietnam national railway sector to landslide impact.  相似文献   

16.
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered more than 100 rock avalanches with volumes greater than 10 million cubic metres. The rock avalanche with the longest runout amongst these destructive landslides occurred in the Wenjia valley, Mianzhu, Sichuan, China. The landslide involved the failure of about 27.5 million cubic metres of sandstone from the source area. The displaced material travelled about 4,170 m with an elevation descent of about 1,360 m, equivalent to a fahrböschung of 16.9° and covered an area of 1.5 million square metres, with the final deposited volume of approximately 49 million cubic metres. The catastrophic event destroyed the village of Yanjing, killed 48 people and buried some houses at the mouth of the Wenjia valley. On the basis of a detailed field investigation, we introduce basic characteristics of the rock avalanche and find that the rock avalanche resulted in two run-ups and a superelevation along the runout path, and downslope enlargement due to the entrainment of path materials. A numerical model (DAN3D) is used to simulate the post-failure behaviour of the rock avalanche. By means of trial and error, a combination of the frictional model and Voellmy model is found to provide the best performance in simulating this rock avalanche. The simulation results reveal that the rock avalanche had a duration of about 240 s and an average velocity of 17.4 m/s.  相似文献   

17.
On 9 October 1963, a rock mass of about 250 millions m3, with a front width of 1,850 m, a mean thickness of about 200 m and a length of 350–400 m, detached from Mt Toc, on the left side of the Vajont valley, NE Italy, and collapsed into the reservoir created by a 261 m high dam. About 40 millions m3 of water was displaced, climbed up 200 m on the opposite side and then destroyed the little town of Longarone causing more than 2,000 casualties. This event is well known and was the object of numerous technical and scientific studies, especially in the two decades following the disaster. This work proposes a re-examination of the matter, focusing on the numerical modelling of the landslide, and is carried out by using a 1D numerical code based on a Lagrangian approach. The model is properly conceived for cases with slide length prevailing on width. When the slide width is comparable or prevailing on length, as is the case of the Vajont slide, the mass is first partitioned into a number of longitudinal long and narrow sub-slides. The Vajont mass was subdivided into six strips and the motion of each sub-slide was computed. The knowledge of the final deposit position allowed us to constrain the value of some relevant parameters characterizing the slide motion, the most interesting being the friction coefficient μ, that we varied in order to obtain the best-fit between calculated and observed deposits. Taking into account the additional constraint that all sub-slides move with the same or at least with similar speed, and introducing a global misfit based on deposit and velocity misfits, we were able to show that solutions minimizing the global misfit exhibit a relevant difference between the basal friction coefficients of the western and of the eastern sides of the sliding surface, with the former being significantly smaller (0.14–0.16) than the latter (0.32–0.34).  相似文献   

18.
2008年汶川发生MS8.0级地震,此次地震触发了大约20万处滑坡,其中大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模的滑坡,其复杂的高速远程运动机理引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。本文结合热分解及动态结晶将地震中断层间摩擦弱化机制(闪速加热导致热分解及粉末润滑)运用于大光包滑坡高速远程运动的模拟。本文通过修改非连续变形分析(DDA)程序中强度参数的输入方式,以基于速度变化的强度参数取代原DDA程序中的常数强度参数,进而实现了摩擦系数随接触两侧相对速度变化的动态调整。运用修改后的DDA对大光包滑坡的运动过程进行模拟。模拟结果表明滑床摩擦弱化是导致大光包滑坡高速远程运动特征的重要原因,修改后的DDA由于考虑了滑床摩擦弱化能够更加合理地模拟滑坡的高速远程运动特征,本文模拟的大光包滑坡在地震作用下失稳后,由于滑床摩擦弱化,更多的能量转化为动能,高速滑体掠过黄洞子沟后,爬上对面的平梁子,最终由于平梁子的“急刹车”作用,滑体停止运动。与修改前DDA相比,修改后的DDA对大光包滑坡运动过程和最终堆积形态的模拟结果与已有文献记载和野外调查结果相吻合。这也间接证明了大光包滑坡滑动过程中由于白云岩间摩擦闪速加热导致热分解及粉末润滑造成的摩擦系数降低,可能是造成大光包滑坡高速远程运动的重要原因。  相似文献   

19.
Subaerial landslides falling into confined water bodies often generate impulsive waves. Damaging landslide tsunamis in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, have struck several times in the last 15 years. On June 24, 2015, a 23?×?104 m3 slope failure occurred on the east bank of the Daning River opposite Wushan Town. The sliding mass intruded into the Three Gorges Reservoir and initiated a reservoir tsunami that resulted in two deaths and significant damage to shipping facilities. A post-event survey revealed the landslide geometry and wave run-up distribution, while an eyewitness video captured most of the landslide motion. Employing these firm constraints, we applied the Tsunami Squares method to simulate the 2015 Hongyanzi landslide and tsunami. The simulation revealed that the landslide experienced a progressive failure in the first few seconds and impacted the water with a maximum velocity of ~?16 m/s. The initial wave propagated to the opposite shore in an arch shape, and the water surface reached a maximum amplitude of ~?11 m near the landslide. Wave amplitude-time curves at four points on the river cross section show that the initial wave reached Wushan town in about 50 s with an average wave velocity of ~?30 m/s. The maximum wave run-ups on the shoreline opposite the landslide are around 6 m and attenuate to less than 1 m beyond 2-km distance. The landslide simulation matches the observed geological profile and the eyewitness video, and the numerical results coincide with the observed wave run-up heights. Nearly 80% of landslide energy is lost due to frictional resistances, but the remaining fraction imparted to the tsunami carried catastrophic consequences to a large region. The numerical results emphasize the efficiency and accuracy of Tsunami Squares method for a “Quick Look” simulation of a potential landslide.  相似文献   

20.
高速远程滑坡的演化机制与运动过程受控于岩体结构.以重庆市武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例,采用地面激光扫描技术,获取岩体结构面几何信息,基于离散元数值模拟方法,考虑岩体结构特征,分析高速远程滑坡演化过程及其致灾范围.研究结果表明:(1) 岩体结构特征由岩体内部发育的结构面所决定,针对点云数据开展空间几何计算与聚类分析,可以快速精细地获取岩体结构面产状信息,从而进行岩体结构面识别与组别划分;(2) 将岩体结构特征评价结果导入离散元模型中,能够实现高速远程滑坡致灾范围的快速评价目的,并且取得了与实际滑动距离较为吻合的结果.   相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号