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1.
Los Angeles is often described as the epitome of urban fragmentation, a notion which in this context is frequently connected to, or even conflated with urban sprawl. At the same time, the city features integrated water and power networks which have been under public ownership for over 70 years. We thus have an apparent paradox in the context of the debate on ‘splintering urbanism’, between socio-spatial fragmentation and the integration of networks. In discussing the idea that deregulation of infrastructural networks exacerbates urban fragmentation, the authors use the case of Los Angeles in order to highlight the central role of private interests in management decisions concerning infrastructure networks. The authors carry out their analysis in an historical perspective, revealing that network integration and universal access can often serve private interests more than the public good. Urban fragmentation in Los Angeles, they conclude, is the result of a complex process of instrumentalisation of network development and management. 相似文献
2.
The influence of foliation on the fragility of granitic rocks, image analysis and quantitative microscopy 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Urban kesson Jimmy Stigh Jan Erik Lindqvist Mattias G ransson 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):275-288
Fabric-dependent anisotropy is important in understanding the mechanical behaviour of foliated rocks because the foliation creates mechanically weak discontinuities. Using optical microscopy, a foliation index (FIX) was calculated for a group of granitic rocks in southern Sweden that displays a range of textures from foliated to nonfoliated. Image analysis from scanning electron microscope with backscattered detector (SEM/BSE) images was used in order to measure the rock texture of these samples. The analyses were compared with the Los Angeles (LA) test, which measures resistance of rock aggregate to fragmentation. The results demonstrate that the measured grain size, shape and spatial arrangement are important parameters controlling the fragility of the rock. Both the texture and foliation must be taken into account to obtain a significant relationship with the mechanical analyses. We suggest that this alternative method could be a helpful tool for predicting a rock's suitability as an aggregate as it gives a better understanding of the material properties compared to mechanical testing. 相似文献
3.
Variability of unconfined compressive strength in relation to number of test samples 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Unconfined compressive strength is one of the most commonly used properties in rock engineering. Estimation or selection of an appropriate value of unconfined compressive strength for a given rock can be difficult as it can vary greatly within the same rock unit. Considering this large variability, unconfined compressive strength obtained by testing just a few samples is questionable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of unconfined compressive strength for a given rock and, based on this information, determine the minimum number of samples required for obtaining a reliable value. Unconfined compressive strength values for approximately 50 NX-size (2.125 in./5.4 cm) core samples were determined for five different rock types. Statistical analyses were performed on subsets of cores to determine the minimum number of samples required to render a reliable estimate of the average strength of the entire set of cores. The results indicate that the minimum number of samples needed for strength determination depends on the statistical method used, the chosen confidence interval, and the acceptable deviation from the mean. For a 95% confidence interval and a 20% acceptable strength deviation from the mean, either 9 or 10 samples are needed to test for strength, depending on the statistical analysis used. 相似文献
4.
大理岩冲击加载试验碎块的分形特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用分形几何的方法对冲击加载试验中大理岩破碎块度分布进行统计分析。结果表明,大理岩的冲击破碎块度分布具有分形特征,采用破碎分形维数对岩石破碎过程进行定量描述,可以合理地反映大理岩冲击破碎的程度;大理岩的平均破碎块度与冲击加载速率有着较强的相关性,随着加载速率的提高迅速减小;建立了能量吸收与破碎分维的关系,从能量吸收的角度可以较好地解释破碎分维的变化规律。破碎分维是评价岩石冲击破碎块度分布的理想指标,可较为全面地反映岩石冲击破碎的全过程。 相似文献
5.
为探讨颗粒形状对粒状材料的颗粒破碎演化规律及强度特征的影响,提出了一个新的粒状材料颗粒形状量化参数,设计了一种考虑三维颗粒形状的人工试样制备方法,随即进行了常规三轴压缩试验,并分析了颗粒破碎和强度特征,最终建立了一个二元介质强度准则,具体的研究成果为：建立颗粒形状量化参数——球形模量GM,在此基础上制备了5种不同形状的可破碎粒状材料三轴试样,并发现球形模量影响着粒状材料的三轴压缩强度特征;通过筛分确定试样的颗粒破碎情况,对试样的颗粒破碎演化规律和临界状态进行探讨,发现颗粒形状通过影响颗粒破碎规律而控制着宏观强度的非线性演化特征;以二元介质理论为基础,建立了考虑颗粒形状的可破碎粒状材料强度准则,并通过试验对其适用性进行了验证。 相似文献
6.
Strength,fragmentation and fractal properties of mixed flaws 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Experiments on Portland cement samples containing mixed flaws are conducted to investigate the strength, fragmentation and fractal properties. Flaw geometry is a new combination of two edge-notched flaws and an imbedded flaw, which is different from those in the previous studies, where parallel or coplanar flaws are used. The physical implications of the shear-box test applied to result to rock slopes are studied. The physical and analytical fragmentation characteristics of preflawed samples are analyzed through the sieve test and fractal theory, respectively. Three different patterns of tensile cracks and shear cracks are observed. A sliding crack model is presented to elucidate the brittle failure flaws. In all of the cases of the shear-box tests, the coalescence is produced by the linkage of shear cracks, and two types of coalescence (Type C1 and Type C2) have been classified, which tend to confirm the observations from the numerical model and field of jointed rock slopes. The shear strength is a function of the flaw geometry and the shear–normal stress ratio. The result of sieve tests indicates that the fragment size distribution of fragments has the fractal property, providing a physical understanding of the fragmentation mechanism. The fragments under the shear-box test have fractal dimensions between 2.2 and 2.6, which are larger than those under the compression test but similar to those in the fault cores. The fragmentation in the case of Type C2 has a smaller fractal dimension, corresponding to a larger shear strength. 相似文献
7.
岩体不连续面迹长、产状、空间组合形态等的不确定性和复杂性,使结构面整体几何形态研究存在困难。利用岩体内大量随机展布的不连续面所具有的统计相似性,结合具有统计意义的数学方法进行结构面参数描述,是岩体随机不连续面三维网络模拟的基础,也为岩体稳定性评价提供可靠依据。本文基于数字近景摄影测量技术对长春市净月开发区东升采石场坡面进行调查研究,获取高精度的大量岩体结构面迹长、产状、间距、张开度等几何参数。利用Matlab编制Kolmogorov-Smirnov（K-S）检验程序,实现结构面参数的K-S法概率分布检验,分析了结构面参数所服从的概率分布类型;同时用SPSS软件检验程序正确性,并引入最优拟合度,选取符合多种概率分布参数的最优拟合概率模型。结果表明：研究区内结构面迹长、间距服从对数正态分布规律,产状服从伽马分布规律。 相似文献
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9.
G.T Philippi 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(10):1353-1373
In recent surface sediments there is no indication of any of the saturated C3–C7 gasolinerange hydrocarbons which are so common in petroleum. Appreciable gasoline-range hydrocarbon generation (85–180°C) of 80 ppm by weight of dry rock, or more, occurs only with increased temperature due to deeper burial, below about 8000 ft in the Los Angeles basin and below 12,500 ft in the Ventura basin. Because of the lower temperature gradient in the Ventura basin, the zone of substantial gasoline generation is considerably deeper there than in the Los Angeles basin. However, the subsurface temperature range over which substantial gasoline generation occurs is practically the same in the two basins. This demonstrates that the subsurface temperature, not depth, is the controlling factor in gasoline generation in source rocks. For appreciable gasoline generation somewhat higher subsurface temperatures are required than for equivalent generation of heavy hydrocarbons boiling above 325°C. Appreciable generation of the C1–C4 wet gas components of 75 ppm by weight of dry rock, or more, takes place quite deep also; in the Los Angeles basin it occurs below 10,000 ft.The composition of the gasoline-range hydrocarbons generated changes gradually with increasing depth, temperature and age of the shales. In deep strata the gasolines from shale cannot be distinguished from the gasolines of waxy crude oils in the same basin. The gasoline-range hydrocarbons mature with depth, temperature and age of the sediments, very much like the heavy hydrocarbons investigated earlier.Based on the similarity of analyses of heavy as well as of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from crude oils and from certain deep shales, a secure identification has been made of mature oil source beds in the Los Angeles and San Joaquin Valley oil basins of California. The combined results of these studies provide strong evidence for the origin of petroleum from the organic matter of sediments. 相似文献
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11.
Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material. 相似文献
12.
岩石失稳破裂的综合刚度和综合能量准则 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Cook刚度准则考虑了试验机内弹性应变能释放对岩石试样失稳破裂的影响,基于弹性能指数和冲击能指数的剩余能量法考虑了岩石内贮存的弹性能对岩样失稳破裂的影响。鉴于岩样失稳破裂时试验机和岩石内都有弹性能释放,建议将两者结合,综合考虑试验机和岩石内贮存的弹性能释放对岩样失稳破裂的效应,称之为岩石失稳破裂的综合刚度和综合能量准则,可以更为合理地确定岩石失稳破裂起始点、终止点位置、给出岩石失稳破裂时试验机-岩样系统（或一般岩体系统）的弹性能释放量计算关系,并可以用几何形式表示这些关系。 相似文献
13.
提出了一种新的无网格数值模拟计算方法--广义粒子动力学法(GPD),并在GPD算法中引入了粒子损伤理论。运用GPD方法,建立了TBM单滚刀、双滚刀作用下的完整岩体破岩模型,成功模拟了TBM滚刀破岩过程。通过与数值模拟结果及室内试验结果的对比分析,验证了GPD法模拟TBM滚刀破岩过程的有效性。同时,运用GPD方法建立了含节理岩体及高围压条件下岩体的TBM滚刀破岩模型,研究了节理及围压条件下TBM滚动破岩过程。得到了节理对TBM滚刀破岩效率的影响,既可能是促进作用又可能是抑制作用,高围压对TBM滚刀破岩过程中裂纹的起裂及扩展和破岩深度有较大的影响。 相似文献
14.
基于颗粒流模型的TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
为了研究全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）盘型滚刀的破岩机制及其影响因素,采用颗粒流方法建立了岩石与滚刀的二维数值模型,实现了对TBM滚刀破岩过程的模拟。分析表明,滚刀的破岩过程可分为冲击挤压破碎、大量微裂纹生成、张拉性主裂纹扩展3个阶段,证实了滚刀破岩的挤压-张拉破坏理论。在滚刀侵入深度相同的前提下,随着刀圈刃角以及刃宽的增加,滚刀下的压碎区也相应增大,张拉性主裂纹数目增多,滚刀的破岩能力提高;与平刃刀圈相比,楔刃刀圈的“楔块劈裂”作用更加显著,使径向裂纹扩展得更快且更深入岩石内部。TBM滚刀对强度较高或较低岩石的破坏损伤较小,而对中等强度的岩石破坏损伤最为显著。 相似文献
15.
为了研究含水状态下泥质粉砂岩的动态力学性能,进行了不同冲击速度下的分离式霍普金森压杆动载试验,重点研究泥质粉砂岩动力冲击过程中的能量耗散特征。结果表明:加载速率及含水率的变化将对岩样破坏均产生较大的影响。含水率的变化对岩样能量耗散特征产生较大影响,冲击速率越高时,试件的应变率越高,含水率越大时,比能量值及破碎程度也越高,平均破碎块度d越小;含水率的变化是导致断裂韧度变化的重要影响因素,含水率增加将导致试件的断裂韧度降低,在相同的冲击荷载下更容易断裂成碎块。 相似文献
16.
黏土颗粒水化膜厚度问题是泥质膨胀性岩土膨胀机制研究的理论基础。关于黏土颗粒水化膜厚度测试资料较为丰富,但通过原子力显微镜测试黏土颗粒水化膜厚度的研究成果还较为少见,且在测试方法方面尚不完善。基于3层水化膜结构模型和原子力显微镜测试技术,通过对蒙脱石粉末、泥岩粉末、泥岩岩片3种样品的测试研究,提出了水化膜厚度刺入式测试方法、粉末样和岩石样的制样方法、试验数据的统计处理方法。总结了水化膜厚度测试曲线自由水段、弱结合水段、强结合水段、黏土颗粒段的变化规律。通过和既有研究成果的对比分析,论证了原子力显微镜刺入测试黏土颗粒水化膜厚度的合理性与可行性。结合工程实践,探讨了定量化获取水化膜厚度在理解泥质膨胀性岩土膨胀机制方面的工程意义和理论价值。 相似文献
17.
为了探究动态载荷下大理岩的断口形貌特征,本文先利用分离式霍普金森压杆对岩样进行不同弹速下的冲击压缩和动态劈裂试验。接着,采用钨丝灯扫描电镜对岩样断口形貌进行细观观察,对比分析了不同试验条件下岩样的断裂模式。最后,引入分形维数定量表征了岩样断口细观形貌及其粗糙程度与冲击弹速间的内在关系。结果表明:在动态载荷下大理岩断口呈脆性特性,其基本断裂模式为沿晶断裂或穿晶断裂;高弹速冲击下,岩样断裂花样变小变密,表面附着岩粉趋多;相对于动态劈裂试验,动态压缩后岩样的破碎程度要高,断口花样中穿晶断裂形式所占的比重较大;随着弹速的增加,动态劈裂和动态压缩断裂模式均由耗能较低的沿晶断裂向耗能较高的穿晶断裂转变,分形维数值相应增大,但动态劈裂试验中分形维数值比动态压缩试验的应变率敏感性更加明显。 相似文献
18.
水对三峡库区碎石土的弱化作用 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
通过筛分试验对三峡库区现场取得的碎石土确定平均级配,然后用代替法设计其试验级配。结合碎石土的特点,采用细粒土含量控制试样的含水量,在同一竖向压力下制样。通过对库区不同含水量和不同含石量碎石土的剪切强度及参数的研究,结果表明,含水量不同,碎石引起强度变化的临界含石量也不同;碎石含量不变时,c值随含水量变化幅度不大,但 值随含水量变化会有较大变化;碎石土从天然状态到饱和状态,内摩擦角依据碎石含量不同,可降3°～10°左右。为估计三峡库区蓄水后旱桥桥基与路基承载力的降低提供了依据。 相似文献
19.
Mohammad Ataei Reza Mikaiel Farhang Sereshki Narges Ghaysari 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(6):1289-1295
Performance prediction of diamond wire saws is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone quarries. An accurate estimation of sawability helps to make the planning of the rock cutting projects more efficient. In this paper, the performance prediction of diamond wire saws in cutting carbonate rocks was studied on 14 different carbonate rocks in stone quarries located in Iran. Rock samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, Schmidt hammer value, and Los Angeles abrasion were determined in the laboratory. Performance prediction was evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses. Finally, a new model was proposed for predicting the production rate of diamond wire saw. It was concluded that the production rate of carbonate rock using diamond wire saw can reliably be estimated using the developed model. 相似文献
20.
A. W. Momber 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2004,37(1):57-82
Summary The erosion of four rock types and two cementitious materials by solid particle impact is investigated. The experimental set-up used to perform the erosion tests is briefly described. The materials are eroded predominantly by intergranular and intercrystalline fracture. For the cementitious materials, the interface between cement matrix and aggregate is of decisive importance. The power exponents for the particle velocity are estimated and found to vary between 2.59 and 3.65. A statistical fracture model is derived to discuss deviations in the particle velocity power exponent. It is further shown that the experimental results of this study confirm the erosion model of Finnie and Oh (1966); an exception is schist which shows features of plastic deformation and radial cracking during the Hertzian indentation test. 相似文献