共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 23 毫秒
1.
2.
松辽流域水文设计成果修订研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
受自然和人类活动影响,松辽流域水文成果发生较大变化。原有松辽流域径流系列至2000年,洪水系列仅至1998年,流域现有水文设计成果已经不能反映流域目前的水文情势。松辽水利委员会根据《松辽流域水文设计成果修订任务书》的要求,开展松辽流域水文设计成果修订工作,对松花江和辽河流域总面积78.23×10^4km^2范围内选定的63个水文站和工程点进行水文设计成果复核,将系列延长至2010年(其中黑龙江、松花江、浑河流域延长至2013年),分别进行设计径流及设计洪水成果复核,分析得出10多年来松辽流域水文成果的变化结论,提出推荐采用的水文成果,为流域水资源管理和防洪减灾提供技术依据。 相似文献
3.
A method for flood hazard mapping based on basin morphometry: application in two catchments in Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michalis Diakakis 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(3):803-814
Basin morphometric parameters play an important role in hydrological processes, as they largely control a catchment’s hydrologic
response. Their analysis becomes even more significant when studying runoff reaction to intense rainfall, especially in the
case of ungauged, flash flood prone basins. Unit hydrographs are one of the useful tools for estimating runoff when instrumental
data are inadequate. In this work, instantaneous unit hydrographs based on the time-area method have been compiled along the
drainage networks of two small rural catchments in Greece, situated approximately 25 km northeast of its capital, Athens.
The two catchments drained by ephemeral torrents, namely Rapentosa and Charadros, have been subject to flash flooding during
the last decades, which caused extensive damages at the local small towns of Marathon and Vranas. Hydrograph compilation in
numerous locations along the catchments’ drainage networks directly reflected the runoff conditions across each basin against
a given rainfall. This gave a holistic assessment of their hydrologic response, allowing the detection of areas where peak
flow rates were elevated and therefore, there was higher flood potential. The resulting flood hazard zonation showed good
correlation with locations of damages induced by past flood events, indicating that the method can successfully predict flood
hazard spatial distribution. The whole methodology was based on geographic information software due to its excellent capabilities
on storing and processing spatial data. 相似文献
4.
城市下垫面改变引起水文循环过程发生变异, 导致目前已掌握的天然情况下的产汇流规律和机制难以解释城市化等新形势下的水文现象与过程, 而面临需重新再认识的挑战。本文以长三角地区为典型, 建立了不同城市化水平及空间规模的水文试验流域, 探讨了快速城市化地区暴雨洪水响应规律和机制。结果表明: ①不同量级降水事件下城镇用地土壤水响应程度(表层土壤水涨幅基本超过4%)总体高于其他土地利用类型, 城市化地区下垫面的改变通过影响土壤水动态响应模式直接影响了地表产流过程, 植被覆盖率较低的城镇用地和荒地土壤含水率呈现出陡涨陡落现象, 而植被作用下的土地利用类型则表现出缓慢上升和缓慢消退的土壤水响应过程。②流域洪峰滞时和洪峰流量整体表现为随流域面积增加而呈幂律函数关系形式的增加。③总降水量与主要洪水特征(如洪峰流量、单位面积洪峰流量和径流深)基本呈显著相关(相关系数分别达0.49、0.41和0.78以上)。城市下垫面通过改变土壤水动态响应等产汇流特征而直接影响了洪水过程, 未来长三角地区暴雨洪水在城市化和气候因素双重作用下呈现持续加剧的趋势。 相似文献
5.
当前分布式水文模型的参数确定仍主要依赖率定方式, 在缺资料地区应用受到限制。建立一种基于变动饱和带产流模式和网格水滴汇流方法的分布式产汇流模型, 提出利用下垫面特征来确定模型参数的方法。结合野外入渗试验和参数敏感性分析, 建立地表饱和水力传导度(K0z)和饱和水力传导度随深度衰减系数(f)2个敏感性产流参数与地形参数、土壤类型数据的定量统计关系, 利用野外坡面流观测试验确定坡面汇流参数, 并在多个实际流域进行应用验证。结果表明: ①利用地形参数确定K0z与使用遥感资料确定K0z的模型精度进行对比, 在姜湾实验流域场次洪水模拟的平均确定性系数从0.82提高至0.86, 洪峰与洪量误差的平均绝对值分别降低了2.2%和0.95%, 但峰现时间误差平均绝对值增大了4%(仍控制在2 h内)。②建立姜湾等14个流域参数f率定值与不同深度土壤类型数据的定量关系, 移用至七邻等6个流域进行验证, 表明参数f关系式与模型率定的精度非常接近, 相对误差的平均绝对值为2.8%, 场次洪水模拟的平均确定性系数为0.83, 洪峰与洪量误差的平均绝对值为10.07%和6.86%, 峰现时间误差的平均绝对值为2.61 h。提出的敏感性产流参数确定方法与野外实测、模型率定、遥感资料推求等方式进行对比, 均具有较高的参数估计精度和场次洪水模拟精度, 在缺资料地区具有适用性。 相似文献
6.
水利信息化的不断发展,使得在防汛现场获得实时水文信息成为可能。分析了基于PDA的雨水情查询系统的关键问题,并介绍了系统设计和应用示例。系统以实时雨水情数据库为基础,基于移动网络技术和PDA设备,设计实现了随时随地查询防汛雨水情信息及各类图片文档等信息的功能,为防汛指挥决策提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
7.
以平治河岩溶流域为研究对象,分析其地下退水规律,将其划分为9个子流域,在传统新安江模型基础上,将地下径流划分为慢速和快速地下径流,分别采用两个线性水库进行模拟,构建降雨-径流模拟方案,并选取2011-2015年期间的7场洪水作为率定期洪水,以确定性系数（DC）最大为优化目标,应用遗传算法率定模型参数,而以8场洪水作为验证期洪水进行验证分析,获得率定期合格率为85.71%,平均确定性系数为0.846,验证期合格率为75%,平均确定性系数为0.893,达到乙级精度。其结果表明所构建的模拟方案能够较好地模拟该流域的径流规律。 相似文献
8.
综述了淮河流域概况，淮河干流洪水预报系统物采用的预报方法。１９９１年淮河干流洪水预报采用了降雨径流预报与上，下游站相应流量预防方法相配合，并注重实时水情分析；在行洪区多，行洪后水面宽广而比降又极小的河段的汇流计算，采用了以实测洪水资料绘制的经验蓄曲线为充分发挥的湖泊洪水演算方法。 相似文献
9.
喀斯特流域径流量时序演变特征分析——以贵州省为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以贵阳水文站近45年年径流量序列为例,利用Mo r let 小波变换对喀斯特流域径流量时序演变特性进行了分析预测。结果表明: ( 1)贵阳水文站年径流主要存在4a和25a 两个时间尺度的周期变化,在这两种时间尺度下,径流演变呈现出较明显的丰、枯交替振荡。( 2) 2000年以后的10a左右,年径流量有由丰转为枯、逐步下降的趋势。( 3)年平均径流量的丰、枯周期变化主要受年平均降水量的影响;人类活动对喀斯特流域年径流量有增加和减小两方面的影响,总体上会使径流量略有增加。 相似文献
10.
11.
M. Masoud 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2015,8(5):2587-2606
Flash flood forecasting of catchment systems is one of the challenges especially in the arid ungauged basins. This study is attempted to estimate the relationship between rainfall and runoff and also to provide flash flood hazard warnings for ungauged basins based on the hydrological characteristics using geographic information system (GIS). Morphometric characteristics of drainage basins provide a means for describing the hydrological behavior of a basin. The study examined the morphometric parameters of Wadi Rabigh with emphasis on its implication for hydrologic processes through the integration analysis between morphometric parameters and GIS techniques. Data for this study were obtained from ASTER data for digital elevation model (DEM) with 30-m resolution, topographic map (1:50,000), and geological maps (1,250,000) which were subject to field confirmation. About 36 morphometric parameters were measured and calculated, and interlinked to produce nine effective parameters for the evaluation of the flash flood hazard degree of the study area. Based on nine effective morphometric parameters that directly influence on the hydrologic behavior of the Wadi through time of concentration, the flash flood hazard of the Rabigh basin and its subbasins was identified and classified into three groups (High, medium, and low hazard degree). The present work proved that the physiographic features of drainage basin contribute to the possibility of a flash flood hazard evaluation for any particular drainage area. The study provides details on the flash flood prone subbasins and the mitigation measures. This study also helps to plan rainwater harvesting and watershed management in the flash flood alert zones. Based on two historical data events of rainfall and the corresponding maximum flow rate, morphometric parameters and Stormwater Management and Design Aid software (SMADA 6), it could be to generate the hydrograph of Wadi Rabigh basin. As a result of the model applied to Wadi Rabigh basin, a rainfall event of a total of 22 mm with a duration of 5 h at the station nearby the study area, which has an exceedance probability of 50 % and return period around 2 years, produces a discharge volume of 15.2?×?106 m3 at the delta, outlet of the basin, as 12.5 mm of the rainfall infiltrates (recharge). 相似文献
12.
13.
中国冰冻圈水文未来变化及其对干旱区水安全的影响 总被引：10，自引：9，他引：1
受气候变暖持续影响, 中国冰冻圈水文过程正在发生着显著变化。在梳理已有过去冰冻圈融水变化基础上, 重点分析了冰冻圈融水径流未来变化特点, 尤其是对冰川融水拐点及温升2 ℃阈值情况下, 到2050年和21世纪末, 冰川融水的可能变化进行了辨析, 进而研判了冰冻圈水文变化对流域、 重点是干旱区内陆河流域水安全的影响。研究表明, 中国未来大部分流域冰川融水径流总体呈现减少趋势, 并呈现冰川径流持续减少、 在不久的将来出现峰值和持续增加三种情况; 单条冰川融水可能会出现拐点, 而且拐点是否出现和出现的时间与升温速率和冰川面积大小有关; 在流域尺度上, 冰川覆盖率较大、 大型冰川面积占比较高的流域, 到2050年融水径流持续稳定增加; 冰川规模较小的流域, 冰川径流峰值早已出现; 介于上述两种情况之间的大多数流域, 冰川融水峰值在2020 - 2030年相继出现或变化呈现不显著增加或减少, 相对稳定; RCP情景温升2 ℃阈值下, 到21世纪末, 西北干旱区冰川融水量减少34% ~ 74%。冰冻圈水文变化导致水源涵养能力下降、 径流补给量减少、 对水资源的调节作用减弱、 流域径流变化幅度增加、 发生旱涝的风险增加、 春汛提前进而影响用水制度。 相似文献
14.
15.
江河洪水预报流域水量分析法具有概念明确、分析计算严谨、预报精度较高且仅应用江河水文站实测流量资料等特点,对于水文站数多、流量资料系列长的大江大河尤为适用。初次应用于淮河干流上游,取得了一定的经验。这一方法的应用,将会对我国大江大河防 及水资源利用起到良好的作用。 相似文献
16.
长江源多年冻土区典型小流域水文过程特征研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
基于长江源风火山多年冻土区典型小流域2004-2007年的观测资料,运用回归和统计分析方法,探讨了气温、地温、降水、土壤水分与径流的响应关系.结果表明:5-9月为研究流域的水文过程活跃期,该时段的径流量占全年总径流量的85%;径流过程中存在春汛和夏汛,夏汛洪峰值明显高于春汛.径流过程中不同时段具有不同的影响主导因子,春汛期主要是65 cm以上的土壤温度和水分起主导作用;夏季枯水期40 cm以上土壤水分与径流是负相关,深层地温和土壤水分起主导作用;夏汛期气温、降水起主导作用;秋季枯水期的影响因子依次为土壤温度、水分及气温.多年冻土区降水大部分冻结在土壤中或者用来补充土壤水分的亏缺,不能直接产流,只有在春汛和夏汛期间与径流保持一定的相关关系. 相似文献
17.
Victor R. Baker 《Environmental Geology》1976,1(5):261-281
The “upstream” approach to flood hazard evaluation involves the estimation of hydrologic response in small drainage basins.
This study demonstrates the application of geomorphology to such studies in a region of unusually intense flooding in central
Texas. One approach to flood hazard evaluation in this area is a parametric model relating flood hydrograph characteristics
to quantitative geomorphic properties of the drainage basins. A preliminary model uses multiple regression techniques to predict
potential peak flood discharge from basin magnitude, drainage density, and ruggedness number. After mapping small catchment
networks (4 to 20 km2) from remote sensing imagery, input data for the model are generated by network digitization and analysis by a computer-assisted
routine of watershed analysis.
The study evaluated the network resolution capabilities of the following data formats: (1) large-scale (1:24,000) topographic
maps, employing Strahler's “method of v's”, (2) low altitude black-and-white aerial photography (1:13,000 and 1:20,000 scales),
(3) NASA-generated aerial infrared photography at scales ranging from 1:48,000 to 1:123,000, and (4) Skylab Earth Resources
Experiment Package S-190A and S-190B sensors (1:750,000 and 1:500,000 respectively). Measured as the number of first order
streams or as the total channel length identified in small drainage areas, resolution is strongly dependent on basin relief.
High-density basins on the Edwards Plateau were poorly depicted on orbital imagery. However, the orbital network definition
of low-relief basins on the inner Texas Coastal Plain is nearly as accurate as results from large-scale topographic maps.
Geomorphic methods are also useful for flood hazard zonation in “downstream” flood plain areas. Studies of the Colorado River
valley near Austin, Texas, easily distinguished infrequent (100- to 500-year recurrence interval), intermediate (10- to 30-year),
and frequent (1- to 4-year) hazard zones. These mapping techniques are especially applicable to the rapid regional evaluation
of flood hazards in areas for which there is a lack of time and money to generate more accurate engineering-hydraulic flood
hazard maps. 相似文献
18.
人类活动对于流域水文要素时变过程的影响显著,确定人类活动影响下水文要素时序的显著转折点、选出相对"天然"的序列,对于开展水土保持效益评价研究具有重要意义。以延河流域为例,采用数理统计方法推估获取人类活动影响下汛期径流时序的显著转折点,以显著转折点前的数据建立预测模型,对比分析汛期径流量的实测值与预测值,其差值即为人类活动对汛期径流的影响程度。较之传统研究方法,本文以汛期水文数据取代年均数据,以汛期降水径流综合系数代替年径流系数,从而减弱了黄土高原地区降水、径流变化幅度巨大的干扰影响。结果表明,从20世纪50年代末至80年代末,1970年为人类活动下延河流域径流时序的显著转折点,1970年以后人类活动对流域水文的影响更显著,1981年达到最大值,为72.04%。20世纪70、80年代人类活动对延河汛期径流量的影响一直处于负面减流状态。人为因素是延河径流量演变的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
19.
近年来,概念性水文模型在水文预报中得到了广泛应用,为探讨SIMHYD模型在松花江流域应用的适应性,为其汛期的防洪控制、水库调度提供依据,本文选择嫩江流域上游石灰窑断面和第二松花江流域白山断面汛期(6—9月)的日径流过程进行模拟。计算结果表明,SIMHYD模型在松花江流域的应用中存在区域性差异:在嫩江流域上游石灰窑汇水区,率定期的纳什系数为0.501,验证期的纳什系数为0.158,模型应用的适应性较差;在第二松花江流域白山汇水区,率定期的纳什系数为0.777,验证期的纳什系数为0.729,模型应用的适应性优良。模型对于洪峰处的模拟存在较大误差,主要原因在于该模型没有考虑到产流时空分布不均及河道汇流计算过程。 相似文献