共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
含流体相条件下白云岩的低温流动变形--破裂与溶解-结晶的耦合过程 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
应用光学显微分析、阴极发光显微分析和TEM亚微分析．对于取自阿尔卑斯逆冲断层系底部的变形白云岩开展了详细的显微构造与岩石流动机制分析．光学显微构造和阴极发光分析表明岩石具有典型的类碎裂结构．微角砾常常是白云石颗粒的集合体组成,常常呈浑圆的形态和不规则的边界。基质颗粒中以新生结晶颗粒集合体为主．部分具有溶蚀特点的残余微角砾．而且它们经常具有新生结晶边。对于碎裂岩中变形残斑的透射电镜分析揭示出岩石的脆性特点．主要表现为各种不规则和缠结位错亚微构造特点的出现．而变形基质颗粒却很少具有或仅有微弱发育的位错亚结构。阴极发光显微结构分析进一步证实基质颗粒与微角砾之间在微量元素成分及形成时代上的差异。提出破裂(碎裂)及随后发生的溶解-迁移-结晶过程是断层带岩石细粒化与岩石应变的重要机制．认为破裂与溶解-结晶的耦合以及由此所致的岩石弱化为阿尔卑斯逆冲断层带巨大位移的形成做出了重要的贡献。 相似文献
2.
岩石流动性和变形显微构造的发育直接受温度、压力、应变速率和流体相等制约 ,致使在不同地壳层次岩石的流动性表现出很大的差异。对上部地壳环境条件下天然和实验变形岩石的显微构造分析揭示出一系列具有不同特点以及由不同的成核、扩展和联合方式形成的破裂与微破裂型式的存在。讨论了在上部地壳环境中 ,温度与围压的变化对岩石破裂的影响 ,并阐述了高压破裂与低压破裂及其力学、流变学和显微构造特点 ,提出高压破裂对应于天然变形环境下出现的剪切 (挤压 )破裂 ,而碎裂岩带是典型的天然低压破裂 ,其低压环境的出现可以是浅部低围压或深部高流体压力所致。流体相的存在不仅可以引起石英 ,也可以引起方解石类碳酸盐岩矿物的水解弱化 ,并进而导致岩石流动机制的转变。岩石变形及流体等因素所致的岩石粒度变化 ,则从另一个方面影响着上部地壳岩石流动性的变化。从变形环境考虑 ,随着深度的加大 ,温度和压力升高 ,导致岩石由脆性向韧性转变 ;转变域内岩石的变形是一个复杂过程 ,是多种不同脆性和晶质塑性机制的综合。 相似文献
3.
在中澳Woodroffe逆冲糜棱岩带内,斜长石及钾长石的重结晶作用涉及到亚颗粒的旋转和相关的颗粒边界或扭折带边界的膨胀,而与主颗粒至新颗粒之间的化学成分变化无关。亚颗粒和新颗粒的粒度沿糜棱岩带横向变化,明显是岩石应变速率和岩石含水量的函数。糜棱岩化过程中,渐进剪切作用和渐进缩短作用带内的变形分异控制了长石恢复和重结晶的位置。在发育完好的糜棱岩中,长石残斑的粒度受糜棱岩化早期阶段,也就是在大量能调节渐进剪切变形组分的细粒基质形成之前,就受到变形分异程度的控制。由于格子状双晶的长石新颗粒通常靠近格子状双晶的长石主颗粒,重结晶作用就发生在微斜长石中,明显地没有涉及到向单斜结构的转变。由XRD轨道计算出来的钾长石三针度从糜棱岩带边缘向内部增加,与变形强度相对应。斜长石主颗粒局部具有正长石或不具双晶的微斜长石核,核周围环绕具双晶的微斜长石慢,说明了格子状双晶的存在与钾长石三斜度之间的关系。 相似文献
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本文以乌拉山金矿为例,对剪切带中应变石英脉的形成机制进行了研究,认为剪切带中流体相和其流动驱动机制是应变石英脉形成的必备条件。在整个剪切带的形成和演化过程中,流体参与岩石间的相互作用,反应结果释放大量SiO_2,SiO_2或以石英形式或以流体形式存在于剪切带中。石英脉是在同一渐进变形过程中形成及定位的,是变形、变质共同作用的结果。一个发育完全的应变石英脉,一般经过乳白色石英、微砂糖粒状石英、网脉和重结晶石英三个形成阶段。石英可以作为变质产物、矿物和流体反应产物,有时,可作为含钾或钠的残留相在晚期上升,贯入。 相似文献
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应变影是中、浅变质-变形区常见的,研究变形体制与变形历史的理想构造现象之一.贵州雷公山地区早古生代变形带发育于低绿片岩相绢云板岩、(含)粉砂质绢云板岩、(含)凝灰质绢云板岩为主的岩石中,带内发育大量黄铁矿应变影构造.详细的显微镜下观察鉴别出三种原始应变影类型:位移控制型,边界控制型,以及混合型.这三种应变影形成后均经较强变形改造,形成不同形状的应变影残片.黄铁矿应变影的形成与改造表明该变形带具有复杂的变形历史,变形岩石具有较高的含水量,在变形过程中存在明显的流体活动.应变影的发现为进一步开展变形特点、流体活动及与成矿关系等方面的研究提供了基本素材. 相似文献
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剪切带作为大陆岩石圈中的局部高应变带,是岩石变质变形作用和流体活动的重要场所。沿着哀牢山-红河走滑剪切带内发育的点苍山深变质杂岩,保存了新生代以来极其丰富的构造热演化信息。在点苍山杂岩体内出露有一系列具有不同构造特征的石英脉,我们选取了遭受剪切变形的石英脉作为主要研究对象,在野外构造观测和室内显微构造特征分析的基础上,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、激光拉曼显微光谱(LRM)以及流体包裹体技术(FI)对其开展了进一步的精细研究。研究结果表明：(1)变形石英脉在显微镜下具有不同类型的塑性变形特征,其中以强烈细粒化和动态重结晶为主要特征的石英颗粒中包裹体类型主要为CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2流体包裹体,包裹体多沿颗粒边界分布;在以条带状和细粒化为主要特征且具有典型核幔构造的石英颗粒中,重结晶颗粒基本不含流体包裹体,石英条带中含有大量水溶液包裹体;在定向拉长的粗颗粒石英中其变形行为主要表现为波状消光和局部应变导致的塑性流动构造,在该类型石英颗粒中只含有水溶液包裹体且无明显分布特征。(2)根据各类流体包裹体测温数据估算出包裹体捕获温压为500~550 ℃、260~290 MPa,深度约为10 km,其流体来源主要为变质流体,剥露过程中的快速降压使得流体发生相分离及变形作用并导致的水丢失,这是CO2-H2O包裹体与水溶液包裹体出现的主要原因。(3)石英脉中的石英颗粒除含有一定量的包裹体水之外还含有少量的结构水,水在颗粒内部的分布为非均匀状态,通常边部水含量高于核部,同时水的分布特征和含量可随包裹体的变化而改变。(4)重结晶石英颗粒中的包裹体常在颗粒边界富集,认为其边界局部流体压力和流体的渗透或释放能弱化晶体平面,促进晶格位错滑移和溶解蠕变。 相似文献
7.
韧性剪切带向剪破裂的转化与成岩成矿作用 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
岩石应力-应变实验表明,在中等载荷(等于或大于岩石蠕变极限)作用下,岩石蠕变最终可导致破裂;三轴差应力实验后的试件中,多见极小的韧性剪切带中存在剪破裂;研究发现,糜棱岩并不一定有利于后来断层的叠加,然而二者共存一处的现象却十分普遍;牵引褶皱和剪切断层的应变速率差别极大,只能先牵后断。由此可见,韧性剪切带在同一构造层次情况下,可在变形较强的部位产生剪破裂;此时温度较高和压力骤降,导致部分熔融和流体卸载,这一转化过程产生的温度、压力和流体浓度等梯度变化,促使流体(物质)运移与富集导致成岩成矿。这一认识对解释动力成岩成矿、断层双层结构模式等诸多问题有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
贵州雷公山地区早古生代变形带内的黄铁矿应变影及其构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应变影是中、浅变质．变形区常见的，研究变形体制与变形历史的理想构造现象之一。贵州雷公山地区早古生代变形带发育于低绿片岩相绢云板岩、（含）粉砂质绢云板岩、（含）凝灰质绢云板岩为主的岩石中，带内发育大量黄铁矿应变影构造。详细的显微镜下观察鉴别出三种原始应变影类型：位移控制型，边界控制型，以及混合型。这三种应变影形成后均经较强变形改造，形成不同形状的应变影残片。黄铁矿应变影的形成与改造表明该变形带具有复杂的变形历史，变形岩石具有较高的含水量，在变形过程中存在明显的流体活动。应变影的发现为进一步开展变形特点、流体活动及与成矿关系等方面的研究提供了基本素材。 相似文献
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10.
地壳中岩石的变形模式受构造应力、流体压力和上覆岩层重力共同作用的影响。岩石组成和构造应力的大小、方向决定着岩石的变形过程,同时岩石的破裂还受先存断裂构造的影响。流体压力增大,岩石可以发生水力破裂,而引起水力引张破裂的条件是σ1-σ3<4T和Pf=σ3+T。随着深度的增加,受地温梯度的影响,岩石由脆性变形向韧性变形转变。在无流体超压影响的情况下,脆韧性转换的温度在300~450℃之间,大约在地壳15km处。当流体压力和应变速率增大时,韧性条件下的岩石变形行为由韧性向脆性变化,脆韧性转变的深度随之增大。从构造角度探讨热液成矿作用,热液矿床形成的深度与流体压力、应变速率、裂隙的发育、介质的渗透率、温度变化等相关。岩石断裂的类型和方向影响岩石的渗透率,提供流体运移的通道和聚集场所,控制矿床形成的深度、位置和矿体产状。 相似文献
11.
Klaus WEBER 《《地质学报》英文版》2002,76(3):292-299
Optical, cathodoluminescence and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses were conducted on four groups of calcite fault rocks, a cataclastic limestone, cataclastic coarse-grained marbles from two fault zones, and a fractured mylonite. These fault rocks show similar microstructural characteristics and give clues to similar processes of rock deformation. They are characterized by the structural contrast between macroscopic cataclastic (brittle) and microscopic mylonitic (ductile) microstructures. Intragranular deformation microstructures (i.e. deformation twins, kink bands and microfractures) are well preserved in the deformed grains in clasts or in primary rocks. The matrix materials are of extremely fine grains with diffusive features. Dislocation microstructures for co-existing brittle deformation and crystalline plasticity were revealed using TEM. Tangled dislocations are often preserved at the cores of highly deformed clasts, while dislocation walls form in the transitions to the fine-grained 相似文献
12.
以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
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Charles M. Onasch William M. Dunne Jennie E. Cook Allyson O'Kane 《Journal of Structural Geology》2009,31(9):960
Previous studies [O'Kane, A., Onasch, C.M., Farver, J., 2007. The role of fluids in low-temperature, fault-related deformation of quartz arenite. Journal of Structural Geology 29, 819--836; Cook, J., Dunne, W.M., Onasch, C.M., 2006. Development of a dilatant damage zone along a thrust relay in a low-porosity quartz arenite, Journal of Structural Geology 28, 776–792] found that quartz arenite within two fault zones in the Appalachian foreland thrust belt displays very different structural styles and histories despite deforming at similar pressures and temperatures during the Alleghanian orogeny. A comparison of the grain-scale deformation and fluid histories using transmitted and cathodoluminescence microscopy and fluid inclusion microthermometry, shows that fluid composition was a controlling factor for causing these differences. The Cove fault zone deformed in the presence of aqueous fluids, first a CaCl2 brine and then an iron-rich fluid. The precipitation of quartz cement from the brine kept pace with brittle deformation, maintaining overall rock cohesion in the fault zone. The introduction of iron-rich fluids caused a switch from precipitation to dissolution of quartz, along with precipitation of goethite. In a damage zone along a backthrust in the Cave Mountain anticline, early deformation occurred in the presence of an aqueous fluid from which quartz was precipitated. The latest deformation, however, occurred in the presence of a methane-rich fluid, which inhibited the precipitation of quartz cement producing porous breccias and open fractures despite deformation at 6 km depth. Fluid composition not only affected cementation in the fault zones, but also the selection of grain-scale deformation mechanisms. Therefore, it is a controlling factor in determining the behavior and strength of these fault zones. 相似文献
14.
Jean-Philippe Bellot Laurent Bailly Catherine Lerouge Vincent Bouchot 《Mineralium Deposita》2004,39(5-6):576-582
The natural deformation of stibnite in relation to the kinematic history of a regional fault is resolved using microstructural analysis of massive stibnite along the Biards Fault in the Massif Central (France). Stibnite underwent intra-crystalline deformation associated with a strong linear and planar anisotropy. Lepidoblastic textures, undulatory extinction of oriented grains, growth of antimony between these grains, and a colour change of stibnite from white to black, result from dynamic recrystallisation. A range of asymmetric microstructures indicate non-coaxial deformation and a left-lateral sense of shear, related to the movement of the fault zone. The computed displacement corresponds to the geological offsets measured along the fault. We conclude that stibnite has microstructurally recorded the bulk kinematics of its host fault zone.Editorial Handling: F. Tornos 相似文献
15.
通过对湿度和压力分别达300℃和3GPa干条件下实验变形的一系列花岗岩样品的系统光学和扫描电镜显微构造分析,识别出了几种具有不同特点及不同变形机制的显微破裂型式:a.微破碎带;b.微透镜带;c.短程破裂;d.扭折带破裂;e.粒内破裂;f.颗粒边界破裂。评价了它们与高压型和低压型破裂的显微构造对应性,认为a和f是低压破裂的特征性构造型式;b、c和d在高压破裂中最为典型;而e则可以出现在两种破裂型式中。本文阐述了破裂作用的微观机制,包括破裂的成核、扩展、生长和连接。破裂作用、由破裂诱发的脆性破裂和碎裂流动在目前实验变形条件下占主导地位,而在相对较高温条件下晶质塑性也起着一定的作用。破裂作用的成核可以始于颗粒边界,而引起摩擦颗粒边界滑移,也可以始于相邻颗粒或晶内包体颗粒的一些端点,或始于晶内双晶和解理面。破裂的生长和扩展一般是由于一些破裂的侧向延伸、相近破裂系统的联合和不同破裂系统的转变。低压样品的最终破裂一般归咎于一些贯穿性微断层的出现及主断层附近微破裂群的产生,微破碎角砾岩是其主要构造岩类型,类似于天然张性断层带构造;而沿主高压破裂附近却从未见到这种微破裂群的出现,主要表现为主破裂面及一些均匀分布的短程破裂构造, 典型构造岩为构造透镜体, 类似于天然压性与压扭性断层构造。两种破裂在成核、扩展与位移发育诸方面表现出的差别有助理解它们在声发射方面的差异。 相似文献
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塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
主要依据塔中地区40多口钻井的奥陶系岩心裂缝观察、深浅侧向测井和FM I成像测井的响应特征等综合识别裂缝和获得裂缝特征参数。研究认为塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层构造裂缝大量发育,以高角度缝和微裂隙最为发育,大、中缝较少,有近一半裂缝为未被充填的有效缝;平面上沿断裂带由西向东裂缝线密度变大,有效性增强;纵向上发育上奥陶统裂缝段、中—下奥陶统顶部100 m内裂缝段和深部裂缝段,中—下奥陶统顶部100 m内为裂缝集中发育段;裂缝发育程度与断裂构造和岩性关系密切,在断层发育密集区或多组断裂交汇处裂缝最发育,距离主断层或次级断层越近裂缝越发育,白云岩裂缝发育程度好于灰岩;好的裂缝发育区位于塔中地区东部多组断裂带交汇的部位。 相似文献
17.
Fault zones control the locations of many ore deposits, but the ore-forming processes in such fault zones are poorly understood. We have studied the deformation and ore textures associated with fault zones that controlled the lead–zinc mineralization of the Dongmozhazhua deposit, central Tibet, ∼100 km southwest of Yushu City. Geological mapping shows that the structural framework of the Dongmozhazhua area is defined by NW–SE-trending reverse faults and superposed folds that indicate at least two stages of deformation. The first stage is characterized by tight nearly E–W-striking folds that formed during the closure of the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethyan Ocean in the Triassic. The second stage of deformation produced NW–SE-trending reverse faults and related structures of the Fenghuoshan–Nangqian fold-and-thrust belt associated with India–Asia collision in the late Eocene to Oligocene. Scanline surveys along the ore-controlling fault zones show an internal structure that comprises a damage zone, a breccia zone with clasts that have become rounded, and a breccia zone with lenticular clasts, and this complex architecture was formed during at least two compressional substages of deformation. The Pb–Zn mineralization in the Dongmozhazhua area occurs exclusively close to NW–SE-trending reverse fault zones. Microtextural observations reveal that mineralization occurred as veinlets and disseminated blebs in limestone clasts, and as continuous bands and cements in fractured rocks. Cataclastic sulfide grains also can be seen in the matrix of some fault zones. The types of mineralization differ with structural position. The fillings of the ore-bearing veinlets typify the products of hydraulic fracture and both types of mineralization took place concurrently with regional contraction. We consider, therefore, that the ore-bearing fluids in the Dongmozhazhua deposit were concentrated in fault zones during regional compression and that the ore minerals were precipitated during hydraulic fracturing of host rocks. Subsequent fault activity pulverized some pre-existing sulfide material into cataclastic grains in the matrix of a tectonic breccia that developed in the same faults. 相似文献
18.
Fault zone structure and lithology affect permeability of Triassic Muschelkalk limestone-marl-alternations in Southwest Germany, a region characterized by a complex tectonic history. Field studies of eight fault zones provide insights into fracture system parameters (orientation, density, aperture, connectivity, vertical extension) within fault zone units (fault core, damage zone). Results show decreasing fracture lengths with distances to the fault cores in well-developed damage zones. Fracture connectivity at fracture tips is enhanced in proximity to the slip surfaces, particularly caused by shorter fractures. Different mechanical properties of limestone and marl layers obviously affect fracture propagation and thus fracture system connectivity and permeability. Fracture apertures are largest parallel and subparallel to fault zones and prominent regional structures (e.g., Upper Rhine Graben) leading to enhanced fracture-induced permeabilities. Mineralized fractures and mineralizations in fault cores indicate past fluid flow. Permeability is increased by the development of hydraulically active pathways across several beds (non-stratabound fractures) to a higher degree than by the formation of fractures interconnected at fracture tips. We conclude that there is an increase of interconnected fractures and fracture densities in proximity to the fault cores. This is particularly clear in more homogenous rocks. The results help to better understand permeability in Muschelkalk rocks. 相似文献