共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The aim of this short article is to stress the importance of using only positive-definite functions as models for covariance functions and variograms.The two examples presented show that a negative variance can easily be obtained when a nonadmissible function is chosen for the variogram model. 相似文献
2.
古代陶范原料配方含有草木灰的化学判断方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过模拟试验,烧制一批添加不同含量草木灰的陶范,应用其特征元素指标Ca/Al、K/Al、Mg/Al、P/Al、Mn/Al等5对元素含量比值分析古代陶范原料中草木灰的添加情况。模拟陶范成分分析表明,草木灰添加量越多,Ca/Al、K/Al、Mg/Al、P/Al、Mn/Al等5对元素含量比值增加。陶器烧制不需要添加草木灰,其成分可视为古代陶范的黏土原料成分,通过统计分析古代陶器和陶范,可以判断古代陶范含有较多的草木灰。对比不同遗址不同时代的陶器和陶范中5对元素含量比值,可以认为草木灰是古代陶范原料配方的重要组成部分。 相似文献
3.
This paper covers the detailed version of the potential raw material deposits at Darukhula and the adjacent areas of Nizampur,
the manufacturing of high-strength Portland cement samples from the same material and comparison of the physical and chemical
parameters for resulting cement with British and Pakistan standard specifications, which include compressive strength, setting
time, consistency, lechatelier expansion, Blaine and insoluble residue. It was found that the raw material available in the
study area meets the standard specifications and the area is feasible for the cement plant installation. The area can provide
raw material which is quite sufficient for the running of a cement plant. 相似文献
4.
G. Bourgault 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(3):315-334
Parametric geostatistical simulations such as LU decomposition and sequential algorithms do not need Gaussian distributions.
It is shown that variogram model reproduction is obtained when Uniform or Dipole distributions are used instead of Gaussian
distributions for drawing i. i.d. random values in LU simulation, or for modeling the local conditional probability distributions
in sequential simulation. Both algorithms yield simulated values with a marginal normal distribution no matter if Gaussian,
Uniform, or Dipole distributions are used. The range of simulated values decreases as the entropy of the probability distribution
decreases. Using Gaussian distributions provides a larger range of simulated normal score values than using Uniform or Dipole
distributions. This feature has a negligible effect for reproduction of the normal scores variogram model but have a larger
impact on the reproduction of the original values variogram. The Uniform or Dipole distributions also produce lesser fluctuations
among the variograms of the simulated realizations. 相似文献
5.
Although there are multiple methods for modeling matrix covariance functions and matrix variograms in the geostatistical literature, the linear coregionalization model is still widely used. In particular it is easy to check to ensure whether the matrix covariance function is positive definite or that the matrix variogram is conditionally negative definite. One of the difficulties in using a linear coregionalization model is in determining the number of basic structures and the corresponding covariance functions or variograms. In this paper, a new procedure is given for identifying the basic structures of the space–time linear coregionalization model and modeling the matrix variogram. This procedure is based on the near simultaneous diagonalization of the sample matrix variograms computed for a set of spatiotemporal lags. A case study using a multivariate spatiotemporal data set provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy, Italy, illustrates how nearly simultaneous diagonalization of the empirical matrix variograms simplifies modeling of the matrix variograms. The new methodology is compared with a previous one by analyzing various indices and statistics. 相似文献
6.
Production of conditional simulations via the LU triangular decomposition of the covariance matrix 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Michael W. Davis 《Mathematical Geology》1987,19(2):91-98
This paper reviews the turning band method and fast Fourier transform method of producing a nonconditional simulation of a multinormal random function with a given covariance structure. A review of the two common methods of conditioning the simulation to honor the data shows that they are formally equivalent. Another method for directly pondering a conditional simulation based on the LU triangular decomposition of the covariance matrix is presented. Computational and implementation difficulties are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Peter K. Kitanidis 《Mathematical Geology》1985,17(2):195-208
The parameters of covariance functions (or variograms) of regionalized variables must be determined before linear unbiased estimation can be applied. This work examines the problem of minimum-variance unbiased quadratic estimation of the parameters of ordinary or generalized covariance functions of regionalized variables. Attention is limited to covariance functions that are linear in the parameters and the normality assumption is invoked when fourth moments of the data need to be calculated. The main contributions of this work are (1) it shows when and in what sense minimum-variance unbiased quadratic estimation can be achieved, and (2) it yields a well-founded, practicable, and easy-to-automate methodology for the estimation of parameters of covariance functions. Results of simulation studies are very encouraging. 相似文献
8.
Roussos Dimitrakopoulos 《Mathematical Geology》1990,22(3):361-380
Conditional simulation of intrinsic random functions of orderk is a stochastic method that generates realizations which mimic the spatial fluctuation of nonstationary phenomena, reproduce their generalized covariance and honor the available data at sampled locations. The technique proposed here requires the following steps: (i) on-line simulation of Wiener-Levy processes and of their integrations; (ii) use of the turning-bands method to generate realizations in Rn; (iii) conditioning to available data; and (iv) verification of the reproduced generalized covariance using generalized variograms. The applicational aspects of the technique are demonstrated in two and three dimensions. Examples include the conditional simulation of geological variates of the Crystal Viking petroleum reservoir, Alberta, Canada. 相似文献
9.
Roussos Dimitrakopoulos 《Mathematical Geosciences》1990,22(3):361-380
Conditional simulation of intrinsic random functions of orderk is a stochastic method that generates realizations which mimic the spatial fluctuation of nonstationary phenomena, reproduce their generalized covariance and honor the available data at sampled locations. The technique proposed here requires the following steps: (i) on-line simulation of Wiener-Levy processes and of their integrations; (ii) use of the turning-bands method to generate realizations in Rn; (iii) conditioning to available data; and (iv) verification of the reproduced generalized covariance using generalized variograms. The applicational aspects of the technique are demonstrated in two and three dimensions. Examples include the conditional simulation of geological variates of the Crystal Viking petroleum reservoir, Alberta, Canada. 相似文献
10.
采用正交试验确定水泥熟料最佳组成配比：石灰饱和系数为0.92、硅率为2.5、铝率为1.5;水泥熟料最佳煅烧温度为1 350 ℃。按上述条件,利用工业原料配制水泥熟料,根据其XRD结果可知,矿物组成与吉林亚泰水泥厂的熟料相似。将油页岩灰渣作为混合材,直接掺加到水泥厂熟料中。实验结果表明：随着油页岩灰渣掺量的增加,3 d强度下降明显;但后期补强作用较高,28 d强度较为稳定;在水泥强度满足PC32.5标准的前提下灰渣的最大掺加量以35%～40 %为宜。 相似文献
11.
《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2005,76(4):217-224
The aim of the present research work was to investigate the possibility of adding a jarosite–alunite chemical precipitate, a waste product of a new hydrometallurgical process developed to treat economically low grade nickel oxides ores, in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker. The precipitate was also tested in the production of non-expansive, sulfoaluminate-based cement clinker, as a substitute for gypsum because of its high sulfate content. For the Portland clinker, two samples of raw meals prepared, one with ordinary raw materials (reference sample) and another with 1% jarosite–alunite precipitate. Both raw meals were sintered at 1450 °C. For the sulfoaluminate-based clinker, one raw meal contained 20% gypsum (reference sample) whereas the other contained 11% of the precipitate. Both raw meals were sintered at 1300 °C. The results of chemical and mineralogical analyses as well as the microscopic examination showed that the use of the jarosite–alunite precipitate did not affect the mineralogical characteristics of the so produced Portland cement clinker. In the case of sulfoaluminate-based cement clinker, there was confirmed the formation of the sulfoaluminate phase (C4A3S¯), the most typical phase of this cement type. 相似文献
12.
Positive definiteness is not enough 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Armstrong 《Mathematical Geology》1992,24(1):135-143
Geostatisticians know that the mathematical functions chosen to represent spatial covariances and variograms must have the appropriate type of positive definiteness, but they may not realize that there are restrictions on the types of covariances and variograms that are compatible with particular distributions. This paper gives some examples showing that (1) the spherical model is not compatible with the multivariate lognormal distribution if the coefficient of variation is 2.0 or more (even in 1-D), and (2) the Gaussian covariance and several other models are not compatible with indicator random functions. As these examples concern quite different types of random functions, it is clear that there is a general problem of compatibility between spatial covariance models (or variograms) and a specified multivariate distribution. The problem arises with all distributions except the multivariate normal, and not just the two cited here. The need for a general theorem giving the necessary and sufficient conditions for a covariance or a variogram to be compatible with a particular distribution is stressed. 相似文献
13.
针对探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,GPR)信号信噪比低、背景杂波强,事先对探测目标的信息所知甚少,近乎处于“盲”状态,因而实际处理难度大等实际问题,提出了将独立分量分析(In-dependent Component Analysis,ICA)这种盲信号处理技术应用于GPR信号处理,并利用ICA中的Fast-ICA算法,对ICA法在GPR信号处理中的应用进行了初步探索,实现了GPR信号中弱目标信号和强背景杂波的有效分离,并初步解决了对所分离目标信号的正确排序,以及由ICA方法本身带来的所分离目标独立分量信号符号的不确定性等问题,使GPR信号信噪比大幅提高,从而使GPR的目标检测性能也得以显著改善。在对诸如地雷、地下管线等局部目标的时域有限差分法(Finite-dif-ference Time-domain,FDTD)、仿真GPR数据和室外试验观测GPR数据进行ICA处理后,都取得了理想的结果。 相似文献
14.
Non-stationary Geostatistical Modeling Based on Distance Weighted Statistics and Distributions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A common assumption in geostatistics is that the underlying joint distribution of possible values of a geological attribute at different locations is stationary within a homogeneous domain. This joint distribution is commonly modeled as multi-Gaussian, with correlations defined by a stationary covariance function. This results in attribute maps that fail to reproduce local changes in the mean, in the variance and, particularly, in the spatial continuity. The proposed alternative is to build local distributions, variograms, and correlograms. These are inferred by weighting the samples depending on their distance to selected locations. The local distributions are locally transformed into Gaussian distributions embedding information on the local histogram. The distance weighted experimental variograms and correlograms are able to adapt to local changes in the direction and range of spatial continuity. The automatically fitted local variogram models and the local Gaussian transformation parameters are used in spatial estimation algorithms assuming local stationarity. The resulting maps are rich in nonstationary spatial features. The proposed process implies a higher computational effort than traditional stationary techniques, but if data availability allows for a reliable inference of the local distributions and statistics, a higher accuracy of estimates can be achieved. 相似文献
15.
黄土的化学改良是黄土工程地基处理研究领域中的重要课题之一,开展这方面的研究对于治理黄土地基基础工程,从根本上解决黄土危害具有重要的理论价值和较好的工程应用前景。在我国西北、华北地区,经常要碰到填筑路基、渠道和边坡等黄土工程,由于黄土及重塑黄土具有许多特殊的物理力学性能,必须经过改良处理后才可应用。为了探讨化学材料对黄土特性的影响,本文以山西太原黄土为对象,通过掺加新型高分子土固化材料SH和水泥进行化学改良,就改良土试样进行抗压强度、直接剪切和渗透试验等分析研究。研究结果表明:SH和水泥均能改变黄土的工程性质。黄土加固后强度指标,抗渗性优于黄土本身。固化黄土的强度特性和渗透性能受固化材料掺量、密度和龄期的影响明显。随着掺量增加,密度增大和养护时间的延长,抗压强度提高,抗剪强度增强,渗透系数减小。考虑到大掺量会超过经济限度,建议两者较适宜掺量控制在10%左右。SH 为水溶性液体固化材料,固含量较少,成本较低,但固化后强度较大,渗透性小,浸水不崩解,化学改良效果优于水泥,实际应用时可根据具体情况考虑优先选用SH改良黄土。 相似文献
16.
导致钻孔灌注桩桩身缺陷,主要与护壁泥浆、成孔钻速、组成砼的三大材料(水泥、砂、石子)、在灌注时水下砼控制的水灰比及搅拌质量、灌注导管的自身缺陷、以及提升导管的操作方式等有关,根据一些工程实例,分析了形成桩身缺陷的具体原因,并提出了防范措施。 相似文献
17.
Nonstationarity of the Mean and Unbiased Variogram Estimation: Extension of the Weighted Least-Squares Method 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
When concerned with spatial data, it is not unusual to observe a nonstationarity of the mean. This nonstationarity may be modeled through linear models and the fitting of variograms or covariance functions performed on residuals. Although it usually is accepted by authors that a bias is present if residuals are used, its importance is rarely assessed. In this paper, an expression of the variogram and the covariance function is developed to determine the expected bias. It is shown that the magnitude of the bias depends on the sampling configuration, the importance of the dependence between observations, the number of parameters used to model the mean, and the number of data. The applications of the expression are twofold. The first one is to evaluate a priori the importance of the bias which is expected when a residuals-based variogram model is used for a given configuration and a hypothetical data dependence. The second one is to extend the weighted least-squares method to fit the variogram and to obtain an unbiased estimate of the variogram. Two case studies show that the bias can be negligible or larger than 20%. The residual-based sample variogram underestimates the total variance of the process but the nugget variance may be overestimated. 相似文献
18.
Adding Local Accuracy to Direct Sequential Simulation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Jef Caers 《Mathematical Geology》2000,32(7):815-850
Geostatistical simulations are globally accurate in the sense that they reproduce global statistics such as variograms and histograms. Kriging is locally accurate in the minimum local error variance sense. Building on the concept of direct sequential simulation, we propose a fast simulation method that can share these opposing objectives. It is shown that the multiple-point entropy of the resulting simulation is related to the univariate entropy of the local conditional distributions used to draw simulated values. Adding local accuracy to conditional simulations does not detract much from variogram reproduction and can be used to increase multiple-point entropy. The methods developed are illustrated using a case study. 相似文献
19.
Tingting Yao 《Mathematical Geology》2004,36(4):487-506
The application of spectral simulation is gaining acceptance because it honors the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties, such as reservoir porosity and shale volume. While it has been widely assumed that spectral simulation will reproduce the mean and variance of the important properties such as the observed net/gross ratio or global average of porosity, this paper shows the traditional way of implementing spectral simulation yields a mean and variance that deviates from the observed mean and variance. Some corrections (shift and rescale) could be applied to generate geologic models yielding the observed mean and variance; however, this correction implicitly rescales the input variogram model, so the variogram resulting from the generated cases has a higher sill than the input variogram model. Therefore, the spectral simulation algorithm cannot build geologic models honoring the desired mean, variance, and variogram model simultaneously, which is contrary to the widely accepted assumption that spectral simulation can reproduce all the target statistics. However, by using Fourier transform just once to generate values at all the cells instead of visiting each cell sequentially, spectral simulation does reproduce the observed variogram better than sequential Gaussian simulation. That is, the variograms calculated from the generated geologic models show smaller fluctuations around the target variogram. The larger the generated model size relative to the variogram range, the smaller the observed fluctuations. 相似文献
20.
江苏泥炭大多数为低有机质分解较强的低位泥炭，适于制作肥料或制成腐肥使用；江苏硅质原料丰富，一种以硅为主的化肥——硅肥正日益显示其重要性；湖泊淤泥具有颗粒微细、含砂量少、可塑性高、结合力强、干燥敏感性好和收缩率较大等特点，是生产空心砖的最佳原料；高家边组泥页岩和坟头组底部细粉砂质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩是良好的陶粒原料、砖瓦、陶瓷建材以及水泥用粘土质原料；利用矿泉水与茶的结合能够生产出高、中、低多效应的复合型新产品。上述尚未被利用或利用程度不够的矿产资源有着广泛的开发利用前景。 相似文献