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1.
The main anatectic granite of the Velay complex is unique among major French Massif Central Hercynian granitoids in that rather than having an entirely lower crustal source, it formed by mixing between partial melts of the meta-igneous lower crust and ‘upper crustal’ country rock schists and orthogneisses. The geochemical variations in the Velay main anatectic granites cannot, however, be explained by mixing alone as their compositions range to lower SiO 2, with higher Al 2O 3, Fe 2O 3 and TiO 2 and lower Na 2O and CaO, than either end member in mixing. The variations are interpreted as being due to the presence of up to 35% restite in minimum melts of country rock compositions. Primary restites form equilibrium assemblages represented by biotite, ilmenite and surmicaceous enclaves which consist of biotite ± apatite, zircon and almandine. The main anatectic granites more rarely contain schist and gneiss enclaves, quartz resisters and plagioclase restites. Secondary restites are mainly represented by cordierite, and possibly K-feldspar, which formed by recrystallisation of primary biotite-rich restites. The unique characteristics of the Velay main anatectic granites are likely to be due, in part, to its late formation close to the end of the Hercynian orogeny. The metasedimentary lower crust may have become too refractory to yield large volumes of melt following partial melting to form the other major Massif Central granitoids. The heat necessary for partial melting at higher crustal levels was transferred from the lower crust by the intrusion of I-type granites and low volume diorites from the mantle. Upper crustal anatexis was mainly controlled by muscovite breakdown reactions (< 830 to 850 °C) and the liberation of water due to the recrystallisation of biotite to cordierite. The temperatures necessary for biotite breakdown were only achieved locally and resulted in the formation of high-LREE granites. 相似文献
2.
The stability fields of analcime and analcime+quartz have been investigated using conventional hydrothermal techniques, over the approximate range of conditions 160–600 °C and 500–5000 bars fluid pressure. The dehydration of analcime (Na 2Al 2Si 3·3O 11·6 · nH 2O) to albite, nepheline and H 2O occurs at temperatures of 492±5 °C at 500 bars, 538±5 °C at 1000 bars, 578±5 °C at 2000 bars and 598±5 °C at 3000 bars. In the presence of quartz, analcine dehydrates to highly disordered albite and H 2O at about 200 °C and 2000 bars, 196°±5 °C and 3000 bars, about 190 °C and 4000 bars, and 183±5 °C at 5000 bars Pfluid. The synthetic phase equilibria appear to be compatible with field observations that primary analcimes occur as phenocrysts or in groundmass in some volcanic and hypabyssal rocks and secondary analcimes in sedimentary, hydrothermally altered and low-grade metamorphic rocks. 相似文献
3.
The Hopen massif, intrusive age 1900 m.y., exposed area 15 km 2, in the Lofoten-Vesterålen granulite facies province has the mineral assemblages: (1) mesoperthite+plagioclase (An 7–20)+quartz+clinopyroxene (Di 20–25)+orthopyroxene En 15–25+opaques±minor amphibole±minor biotite; (2) mesoperthite+plagioclase (An <2)+quartz+clinopyroxene (Di <10)+olivine Fe lt;5)+opaques. By using mineral and whole rock analyses, the crystallization conditions were estimated to be 1000°C, 12 kb load pressure and an oxygen fugacity approximately corresponding to the WM buffer. Rocks with the assemblage of type (2) contain secondary orthoferrosilite (Fe 0.90–0.95Mn 0.04–0.07Mg 0.01Ca 0.01) 2Si 2O 6, generated by reactions involving fayalite, magnetite and quartz at 800°C, 10kb load pressure and at oxygen fugacities approaching QFM buffer conditions. Subsequent to a crustal thickening, the mangeritic rocks in Lofoten-Vesterålen were emplaced in a tensional environment comparable with modern continental rifts. A ‘gabbro pillow’ magma chamber at the crustal base is proposed as parental magma for the mangeritic rocks, of which the Hopen massif represents a late differentiation. 相似文献
4.
Ferric iron solid solution in synthetic orthopyroxene has been studied along the joins MgSiO 3-Al 2O 3 · Fe 2O 3 and MgSiO 3-Fe 2O 3. The partially reduced synthetic orthopyroxenes showed that major incorporation of ferric iron can only occur together with a concomitant incorporation of Al. Maximum solid solution of ferric iron along the join MgSiO 3-Fe 2O 3 was found to be only 0.63 wt% Fe 2O 3 at 1000°C and 2 kb total pressure. From the observed Mössbauer parameters octahedral ferric iron can be assigned to the MI position in orthopyroxene. Incorporation of Fe 3+ and/or Al will increase the disorder of Fe 2+ and Mg between the M1 and M2 sites, which is also observed in a ferric iron-containing aluminous orthopyroxene of metamorphic origin. In the assemblage orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz the ferric iron content of orthopyroxene is directly related to oxygen fugacity. 相似文献
5.
The position of the transition from spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite in a simplified chemical composition has been determined experimentally at high pressures and high temperatures. The univariant reaction MgCr 2O 4+2Mg 2Si 2O 6=Mg 3Cr 2Si 3O 12+Mg 2SiO 4, has a negative slope in P– T space between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The experimental results, combined with assessed thermodynamic data for MgCr 2O 4, MgSiO 3 and Mg 2SiO 4 give the entropy and enthalpy of formation of knorringite garnet (Mg 3Cr 2Si 3O 12). Thermodynamic calculations in simplified chemical compositions indicate that Cr shifts the garnet-in reaction to much higher pressures than previously anticipated. Moreover, in Cr-bearing systems a pressure–temperature field exists where garnet and spinel coexist. The width of this divariant field strongly depends on the Cr/(Cr+Al) of the system. 相似文献
6.
The
and
(1984) excess free energy model (B&B) is extremely convenient to use in modelling multicomponent solutions. However, spinodal calculations reveal that their calibration of this model for CaO-Al 2O 3-SiO 2 produces liquation tielines that do not appear to be in agreement with experimental work. In addition, their calibration contains some strongly negative excess entropy parameters and these permit a most unusual inverted liquation field to start at approximately >2115°C, wt% (SiO 2, Al 2O 3, CaO) = (70, 16, 14). This inverted field expands rapidly to cover most of the ternary for T> 2300° C and continues to expand at all higher temperatures. The Berman and Brown calibration for this system carries these negative excess entropies of mixing because the solution model is very strongly asymmetric as a result of the use of normal oxide mole weights in modelling the configurational entropy of mixing. A suggestion is made for a fairly natural restriction on the relative sizes of empirical models for excess versus configurational entropy. Expressions are presented for the general consolute condition (all solution models) and for the second and third partials of the B&B Gx model. 相似文献
7.
Silicate and oxide mineral inclusions in diamonds from the geologically and historically important De Beers Pool kimberlites in Kimberley, South Africa, are characterised by harzburgitic compositions (>90%), with lesser abundances from eclogitic and websteritic parageneses. The De Beers Pool diamonds contain unusually high numbers of inclusion intergrowths, with garnet+orthopyroxene±chromite±olivine and chromite+olivine assemblages dominant. More unusual intergrowths include garnet+olivine+magnesite and an eclogitic assemblage comprising garnet+clinopyroxene+rutile. The mineral chemistry of the De Beers Pool inclusions overlaps that of most worldwide localities. Peridotitic garnet inclusions exhibit variable CaO (<5.8 wt.%) and Cr 2O 3 contents (3.0–15.0 wt.%), although the majority are harzburgitic with very low calcium concentrations (<2 wt.% CaO). Eclogitic garnet inclusions are characterised by a wide range in CaO (3.3–21.1 wt.%) with low Cr 2O 3 (<1 wt.%). Websteritic garnets exhibit intermediate compositions. Most chromite inclusions contain 63–67 wt.% Cr 2O 3 and <0.5 wt.% TiO 2. Olivine and orthopyroxene inclusions are magnesium-rich with Mg-numbers of 93–97. Olivine inclusions in chromite exhibit the highest Mg-numbers and also contain elevated Cr 2O 3 contents up to 1.0 wt.%. Peridotitic clinopyroxene inclusions are Cr-diopsides with up to 0.8 wt.% K 2O. Eclogitic and websteritic clinopyroxene inclusions exhibit overlapping compositions with a wide range in Mg-numbers (66–86). Calculated temperatures for non-touching inclusion pairs from individual diamonds range from 1082 to 1320 °C (average=1197 °C), whereas pressures vary from 4.6 to 7.7 GPa (average=6.3 GPa). Touching inclusion assemblages are characterised by equilibration temperatures of 995 to 1182 °C (average=1079 °C) and pressures of 4.2–6.8 GPa (average=5.4 GPa). Provided that the non-touching inclusions represent equilibrium assemblages, it is suggested that these inclusions record the conditions at the time of diamond crystallisation (1200 °C; 3.0 Ga). The lower average temperatures for touching inclusions are attributed to re-equilibration in a cooling mantle (1050 °C) prior to kimberlite eruption at 85 Ma. Pressure estimates for touching garnet–orthopyroxene inclusions are also skewed towards lower values than most non-touching inclusions. This apparent difference may be an artefact of the Al-exchange geobarometer and/or the result of sampling bias, due to limited numbers of non-touching garnet–orthopyroxene inclusions. Alternatively pressure differences could be caused by differential uplift in the mantle or possibly variations in thermal compressibility between diamond and silicate inclusions. However, thermodynamic modelling suggests that thermal compressibility differences would cause only minor changes in internal inclusion pressures (<0.2 GPa/100 °C). 相似文献
8.
The quantitative determination of the main compounds Al (OH) 3 (gibbsite) as Al 2O 3 and hydrated Fe-oxides as Fe 2O 3 in natural and beneficiated ferruginous bauxites (low-grade bauxites) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is presented employing the external standard method. The calibration parameters for the analysis by XRD were ascertained by using ten synthetic mixtures of the pure oxides Al 2O 3 and Fe 2O 3 which were calcined at 1200°C. The concentration ranges for Fe 2O 3 were 10–70 wt.% and those for alumina 30–90 wt.%. The standard deviation for the calibrations of the two oxides was 3.33 wt.%. The results obtained by XRD for both oxides were compared with those attained by X-ray fluorescence. The precision of the determinations by XRD was ascertained by analysing a natural sample consecutively 5 times. The accuracy was verified by the analysis of two international standard reference materials with low silica contents. 相似文献
9.
Reaction rims of titanite on ilmenite are described in samples from four terranes of amphibolite-facies metapelites and amphibolites namely the Tamil Nadu area, southern India; the Val Strona area of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, northern Italy, the Bamble Sector, southern Norway, and the northwestern Austroalpine Ötztal Complex. The titanite rims, and hence the stability of titanite (CaTiSiO 4O) and Al–OH titanite, i.e. vuaganatite (hypothetical end-member CaAlSiO 4OH), are discussed in the light of fH 2O- and fO 2-buffered equilibria involving clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, ilmenite, magnetite, and quartz in the systems CaO–FeO/Fe 2O 3–TiO 2–SiO 2–H 2O–O 2 (CFTSH) and CaO–FeO/Fe 2O 3–Al 2O 3–SiO 2–H 2O–O 2 (CFASH) present in each of the examples. Textural evidence suggests that titanite reaction rims on ilmenite in rocks from Tamil Nadu, Val Strona, and the Bamble Sector originated most likely due to hydration reactions such as clinopyroxene + ilmenite + quartz + H 2O = amphibole + titanite and oxidation reactions such as amphibole + ilmenite + O 2 = titanite + magnetite + quartz + H 2O during amphibolite-facies metamorphism, or, as in the case of the Ötztal Complex, during a subsequent greenschist-facies overprint. Overstepping of these reactions requires fH 2O and fO 2 to be high for titanite formation, which is also in accordance with equilibria involving Al–OH titanite. This study shows that, in addition to P, T, bulk–rock composition and composition of the coexisting fluid, fO 2 and fH 2O also play an important role in the formation of Al-bearing titanite during amphibolite- and greenschist-facies metamorphism. 相似文献
10.
The migmatites from Punta Sirenella (NE Sardinia) are layered rocks containing 3–5 vol.% of centimeter-sized stromatic leucosomes which are mainly trondhjemitic and only rarely granitic in composition. They underwent three deformation phases, from D 1 to D 3. The D 1 deformation shows a top to the NW shear component followed by a top to the NE/SE component along the XZ plane of the S 2 schistosity. Migmatization started early, during the compressional and crustal thickening stage of Variscan orogeny and was still in progress during the following extensional stage of unroofing and exhumation. The trondhjemitic leucosomes, mainly consisting of quartz, plagioclase, biotite ± garnet ± kyanite ± fibrolite, retrograde muscovite and rare K-feldspar, are locally bordered by millimeter-sized biotite-rich melanosomes. The rare granitic leucosomes differ from trondhjemitic ones only in the increase in modal content of K-feldspar, up to 25%. Partial melting started in the kyanite field at about 700–720 °C and 0.8–0.9 GPa, and was followed by re-equilibration at 650–670 °C and 0.4–0.6 GPa, producing fibrolite–biotite intergrowth and coarse-grained muscovite. The leucosomes have higher SiO2, CaO, Na2O, Sr and lower Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, K2O, P2O5, Rb, Ba, Cr, V, Zr, Nb, Zn and REE content with respect to proximal hosts and pelitic metagreywackes. Sporadic anomalous high content of calcium and ferromagnesian elements in some leucosomes is due to entrainment of significant amounts of restitic plagioclase, biotite and accessory phases. The rare granitic leucosomes reveal peritectic K-feldspar produced by muscovite-dehydration melting. Most leucosomes show low REE content, moderately fractionated REE patterns and marked positive Eu anomaly. Proximal hosts and pelitic metagraywackes are characterized by higher REE content, more fractionated REE patterns and slightly negative Eu anomaly. The trondhjemitic leucosomes were generated by H2O-fluxed melting at 700 °C of a greywacke to pelitic–greywacke metasedimentary source-rock. The disequilibrium melting process is the most reliable melting model for Punta Sirenella leucosomes. 相似文献
11.
Experimental research on K-rich phases and observations from diamond inclusions, UHP metamorphic rocks, and xenoliths provide insights about the hosts for potassium at mantle conditions. K-rich clinopyroxene (Kcpx–KM 3+Si 2O 6) can be an important component in clinopyroxenes at P>4 GPa, dependent upon coexisting K-bearing phases (solid or liquid) but not, apparently, upon temperature. Maximum Kcpx content can reach 25 mol%, with 17 mol% the highest reported in nature. Partitioning (K)D(cpx/liquid) above 7 GPa=0.1–0.2 require ultrapotassic liquids to form highly potassic cpx or critical solid reactions, e.g., between Kspar and Di. Phlogopite can be stable to about 8 GPa at 1250 °C where either amphibole or liquid forms. When fluorine is present, it generally increases in Phl upon increasing P (and probably T) to about 6 GPa, but reactions forming amphibole and/or KMgF 3 limit F content between 6 and 8 GPa. The perovskite KMgF 3 is stable up to 10 GPa and 1400 °C as subsolidus breakdown products of phlogopite upon increasing P. (M4)K-substituted potassic richterite (ideally K(KCa)Mg 5Si 8O 22(OH,F) 2) is produced in K-rich peridotites above 6 GPa and in Di+Phl from 6 to 13 GPa. K content of amphibole is positively correlated with P; Al and F content decrease with P. In the system 1Kspar+1H 2O K-cymrite (hydrous hexasanidine–KAlSi 3O 8· nH 2O–Kcym) is stable from 2.5 GPa at 400 to 1200 °C and 9 GPa; Kcym can be a supersolidus phase. Formation of Kcym is sensitive to water content, not forming within experiments with H 2O 2O>Kspar. Phase X, a potassium di-magnesium acid disilicate ((K1−x−n)2(Mg1−nMn3+)2Si2O7H2x), forms in mafic compositions at T=1150–1400 °C and P=9–17 GPa and is a potential host for K and H2O at mantle conditions with a low-T geotherm or in subducting slabs. The composition of phase-X is not fixed but actually represents a solid solution in the stoichiometries □2Mg2Si2O7H2–(K□)Mg2Si2O7H–K2Mg2Si2O7 (□=vacancy), apparently stable only near the central composition. K-hollandite, KAlSi3O8, is possibly the most important K-rich phase at very high pressure, as it appears to be stable to conditions near the core–mantle boundary, 95 GPa and 2300 °C. Other K-rich phases are considered. 相似文献
12.
The aim of this experimental study was to determine the solubility of cassiterite in natural topaz- and cassiterite-bearing granite melts at temperatures close to the solidus. Profiles of Sn concentrations at glass–crystal (SnO 2) interface were determined following the method of (Harrison, T.M., Watson, E.B., 1983. Kinetics of zircon dissolution and zirconium diffusion in granitic melts of variable water content. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 84, 66–72). The cassiterite concentration calculated at the SnO 2–glass interface is the SnO 2 solubility. Experiments were performed at 700–850 °C and 2 kbar using a natural F-bearing peraluminous granitic melt with 2.8 wt.% normative corundum. Slightly H 2O-undersaturated to H 2O-saturated melt compositions were chosen in order to minimize the loss of Sn to the noble element capsule walls. At the nickel–nickel oxide assemblage (Ni–NiO) oxygen fugacity buffer, the solubility of cassiterite in melts containing 1.12 wt.% F increases from 0.32 to 1.20 wt.% SnO 2 with an increasing temperature from 700 to 850 °C. At the Ni–NiO buffer and a given corundum content, SnO 2 solubility increases by 10% to 20% relative to an increase of F from 0 to 1.12 wt.%. SnO 2 solubility increases by 20% relative to increasing Cl content from 0 to 0.37 wt.% in synthetic granitic melts at 850 °C. We show that Cl is at least as important as F in controlling SnO 2 solubility in evolved peraluminous melts at oxygen fugacities close to the Ni–NiO buffer. In addition to the strong effects of temperature and fO 2 on SnO 2 solubility, an additional controlling parameter is the amount of excess Al (corundum content). At Ni–NiO and 850 °C, SnO 2 solubility increases from 0.47 to 1.10 wt.% SnO 2 as the normative corundum content increases from 0.1 to 2.8 wt.%. At oxidizing conditions (Ni–NiO +2 to +3), Sn is mainly incorporated as Sn 4+ and the effect of excess Al seems to be significantly weaker than at reducing conditions. 相似文献
13.
The megacryst suite of the Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk province, Russia) comprises garnet, clinopyroxene, magnesian ilmenite, phlogopite and garnet-clinopyroxene intergrowths. Crystalline inclusions, mainly of clinopyroxene and picroilmenite, occur in garnet megacrysts. Ilmenite is characterized by a wide range in the contents of MgO (10.6–15.5 wt.%) and Cr 2O 3 (0.7–8.3 wt.%). Megacryst garnets show wide variations in Cr 2O 3 (1.3–9.6 wt.%) and CaO (3.6–11.0 wt.%) but relatively constant MgO (15.4–22.3 wt.%) and FeO (5.2–9.9 wt.%). The pyroxenes also show wide variations in such oxides as Cr 2O 3, Al 2O 3 and Na 2O (0.56–2.95; 0.86–3.25; 1.3–3.0 wt.%, respectively). The high magnesium and chromium content of all these minerals puts them together in one paragenetic group. This conclusion was confirmed by studies of the crystalline inclusions in megacrysts, which demonstrate similar variations in composition. Low concentration of hematite in ilmenite suggests reducing conditions during crystallization. P– T estimates based on the clinopyroxene geothermobarometer (Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 139 (2000) 541) show wide variations (624–1208 °C and 28.8–68.0 kbars), corresponding to a 40–45 mW/m 2 conductive geotherm. The majority of Gar-Cpx intergrowths differ from the corresponding monomineralic megacrysts in having higher Mg contents and relatively low TiO 2. The minerals from the megacryst association, as a rule, differ from the minerals of mantle xenoliths, but garnets in ilmenite-bearing peridotite xenoliths are compositionally similar to garnet megacrysts. The common features of trace element composition of megacryst minerals and kimberlite (they are poor in Zr group elements) suggest a genetic relationship. The origin of the megacrysts is proposed to be genetically connected with kimberlite magma-chamber evolution on the one hand and with associated mantle metasomatism on the other. We suggest that, depending on the primary melt composition, different paragenetic associations of macro/megacrysts can be crystallized in kimberlites. They include: (1) Fe–Ti (Mir, Udachnaya pipes); (2) high-Mg, Cr (Zagadochna, Kusova pipes); (3) high-Mg, Cr, Ti (Grib pipe). 相似文献
14.
The igneous rocks of the Katzenbuckel, Southwest Germany, represent a unique and unusual alkaline to peralkaline association within the European Volcanic Province. The magmatic activity can be subdivided into two main phases. Phase I comprises the main rock bodies of phonolite and nepheline syenite, which were later intruded by different peralkaline dyke rocks (tinguaites and alkali feldspar syenite dykes) of phase II. The dyke assemblage was accompanied by magnetite and apatite veins and was followed by a late-stage pneumatolytic activity causing autometasomatic alterations. As is typical for alkaline to peralkaline igneous rocks, early mafic minerals of phase I rocks comprise olivine, augite and Fe–Ti oxides, which are substituted in the course of fractionation by Na-amphibole and Na-pyroxene. For the early magmatic stage, calculated temperatures range between 880 and 780 °C with low silica activities (0.4 to 0.6) but high relative oxygen fugacities between 0.5 and 1.9 log units above the FMQ buffer. Even higher oxygen fugacities (above the HM buffer) are indicated for the autometasomatic alteration, which occurred at temperatures between 585 and 780 °C and resulted in the formation of pseudobrookite and hematite. The unusually high oxygen fugacities (even during the early magmatic stage) are recorded by the major element compositions of the mafic minerals (forsterite content in olivine between 68 and 78 mol%, up to 6.2 wt.% ZrO2 and 8.5 wt.% TiO2 in clinopyroxene), the unusual mineral assemblages (pseudobrookite, freudenbergite) and by the enrichment of Fe3+ in the felsic minerals (up to 2.8 wt.% Fe2O3 in alkali feldspar and up to 2.6 wt.% Fe2O3 in nepheline). These observations point to a metasomatically enriched and highly oxidized lithospheric mantle as a major source for the Katzenbuckel melts. 相似文献
15.
The δ 13C of organic matter bound within the crystal lattice of foraminiferal calcite tests may provide a potential tracer of the isotopic composition of the surface water primary photosynthate. Using δ 13C of the organic matter extracted from the crystal lattice and the calcite test, it is theoretically possible to estimate the paleo-surface water pCO 2. We have tailored this technique initially for the subpolar planktonic foraminifera species Globigerina bulloides. Initial surface water pCO 2 estimates from deep-sea core BOFS 5K (50°41.3′N, 21°51.9′W, water depth 3547 m) indicate that the northeast Atlantic Ocean may have been a greater sink for CO 2 during the last glacial than during the Holocene. Greatly reduced benthic foraminifera abundances, especially phytodetritus feeders, in BOFS 5K during the last glacial indicates low surface productivity. This rules out a productivity-driven CO 2 sink. The enhanced glacial CO 2 sink must, therefore, have results from a southwards shift of the centre of deep water formation. 相似文献
16.
Strongly peraluminous (SP) granites have formed as a result of post-collisional processes in various orogens. In ‘high-pressure' collisions such as the European Alps and Himalayas, post-collisional exhumation of overthickened crust (>50 km), heated by radiogenic decay of K, U and Th during syn-collisional thickening, produced small- to moderate-volume, cool (<875°C) SP granite melts with high Al 2O 3/TiO 2 ratios. In ‘high-temperature' collisions such as the Hercynides and Lachlan Fold Belt (LFB), there was less syn-collisional crustal thickening (≤50 km). Crustal anatexis was related to post-collisional lithospheric delamination and upwelling of hot asthenosphere, forming large-volume, hot (≥875°C) SP granite melts with low Al 2O 3/TiO 2 ratios. Both clay-rich, plagioclase-poor (<5%) pelitic rocks and clay-poor, plagioclase-rich (>25%) psammitic rocks have been partially melted in high-pressure and high-temperature collisional orogens, with the pelite-derived SP granites tending to have lower CaO/Na 2O ratios (<0.3) than their psammite-derived counterparts. The predominance of pelite-derived SP granites in the Himalayas and psammite-derived SP granites in the LFB suggests that mature continental platforms made up more of the accreted crust in the Himalayan collision than in the LFB. 相似文献
17.
Chemical diffusion profiles in molten CaO---Al 2O 3---SiO 2 have been measured over a large range of compositions at 1500°C and l GPa. The diffusion profiles have been inverted for effective binary diffusion coefficients (EBDCs) and for the chemical diffusion matrix. The EBDCs are shown to depend strongly on both composition and direction of diffusion in composition space. The dependence of EBDCs on direction in composition space, which for the system studied here can be as large as a factor of seven, severely limits the applicability of EBDCs to interdiffusion in any direction other than the one used to derive the EBDCs. The chemical diffusion matrix for molten CaO---Al2O3---SiO2 was determined using diffusion profiles from two or three mutually orthogonal diffusion couples in the ternary composition space. All features of the diffusion profiles shown in this work can be reproduced by representing the chemical fluxes in the three-component system as a linear combination of concentration gradients via a 2 × 2 diffusion matrix. Chemical diffusion in molten CaO---Al2O3---SiO2 shows clear evidence of strong diffusive coupling among the components. This can be seen in the uphill diffusion profiles of components that were initially uniform, in the fact that the apparent rate of diffusion of some components is a strong function of direction in composition space, and most quantitatively in the magnitude of off-diagonal elements of the diffusion matrix relative to the magnitude of the diagonal elements. SiO2 for example, is found to be strongly coupled with CaO in relatively silicic melts, whereas Al2O3 is strongly coupled with CaO in less silicic melts. Furthermore, the coupling of CaO with either Al2O3 or Si02 reverses sign between more and less polymerized compositions. Interdiffusion profiles in natural melts have numerous features that suggest similar coupling between Al2O3 and CaO and between SiO2 and CaO. 相似文献
18.
Fugacity and free-energy values have been calculated from p-v-t data for CO 2 in the temperature range from 50 to 1000°C, at pressures from 25 to 1400 bars. 相似文献
19.
In this paper the first fluid-inclusion data are presented from Late Archaean Scourian granulites of the Lewisian complex of mainland northwest Scotland. Pure CO 2 or CO 2-dominated fluid inclusions are moderately abundant in pristine granulites. These inclusions show homogenization temperatures ranging from − 54 to + 10 °C with a very prominent histogram peak at − 16 to − 32 °C. Isochores corresponding to this main histogram peak agree with P-T estimates for granulite-facies recrystallization during the Badcallian (750–800 °C, 7–8 kbar) as well as with Inverian P-T conditions (550–600 °C, 5 kbar). The maximum densities encountered could correspond to fluids trapped during an early, higher P-T phase of the Badcallian metamorphism (900–1000 °C, 11–12 kbar). Homogenization temperatures substantially higher than the main histogram peak may represent Laxfordian reworking (≤ 500 °C, < 4 kbar). In the pristine granulites, aqueous fluid inclusions are of very subordinate importance and occur only along late secondary healed fractures. In rocks which have been retrograded to amphibolite facies from Inverian and/or Laxfordian shear zones, CO 2 inclusions are conspicuously absent; only secondary aqueous inclusions are present, presumably related to post-granulite hydration processes. These data illustrate the importance of CO 2-rich fluids for the petrogenesis of Late Archaean granulites, and demonstrate that early fluid inclusions may survive subsequent metamorphic processes as long as no new fluid is introduced into the system. 相似文献
20.
Experiments in the system K 2O---MgO---Al 2O 3---SiO 2---H 2O (KMASH) were undertaken with the piston-cylinder-apparatus to study the reactions: 1. (1) phengite±quartz+K,Mg-rich siliceous fluid=feldspar+phologopite+H2O 2. (2) phengite+talc+K,Mg-rich siliceous fluid=phlogopite+quartz/coesite+H2O
at temperatures between 400 and 700°C. The ultrapotassic fluid appearing at pressures above 15 kbar on the low-temperature sides of the corresponding reaction curves, which show positive dP/dT slopes, is probably supercritical. The P-T positions of the reactions are compatible with KMASH mineral reactions studied previously and with melting investigations in the KMASH system undertaken at temperatures higher than 700°C. It is possible that natural rocks, chiefly K-rich metasediments subducted as minor portions of the oceanic crust, could give rise to low-temperature ultrapotassic fluids, mainly at temperatures between 300° to 600°C and pressures between 15 and 30 kbar. The ascending K-rich fluids would penetrate the overlying mantle to metasomatize it. After termination of the subduction process, heating of this mantle material, previously cooled by the subducted lithosphere, could lead to the formation of high-temperature K-rich magmas. 相似文献
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