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1.
The Natuf drainage basin in the western hills of Ramallah district is about 200 km2
. Many springs emerge in the area from perched aquifers and outcrop from limestone and dolomite limestone formations. This study
aims to add more information about hydrochemical parameters and the chemical changes in spring water between dry and wet seasons
and to locate possible sources of pollution and their effect on the water quality of water from the springs for domestic and
agricultural uses. The study involved collection and analysis by conventional and available instrumental methods for the hydrochemical
parameters from 12 springs before and after recharge. Water samples of runoff from two places in eastern and western parts
of the study area were collected and analyzed as well. Most of the springs in the study area are of good water quality for
domestic and agricultural uses. Variations in the chemical composition between dry and wet seasons, and from one spring to
another, were observed. Springs near densely populated areas and agricultural activities show higher values of EC, SSP, SAR
and TH. Also uncountable colonies of faecal- and total coliform were detected. Trace amounts, within World Health Organization
(WHO) and the Palestinian standard limits, of cadmium, chromium, cobalt and lead are found in some springs; while concentrations
of iron and zinc that were detected in springs near populated areas are higher than other springs. Water types of Ein Musbah,
Al Alaq and Ein Arik El Tehta are of earth alkaline with increased portion of alkalis with prevailing bicarbonate and chloride
in wet and dry seasons. Other springs show a variation in water type between earth alkaline with prevailing bicarbonate in
the wet seasons to earth alkaline with prevailing bicarbonate and chloride in the dry seasons.
相似文献
| Marwan Ghanem (Corresponding author)Email: |
2.
The paper discusses the ionic sources and chemical quality of the waters (surface and groundwater) around the Tehri reservoir in Uttarakhand, Garhwal, Himalaya, for drinking and irrigation purposes. The main Bhagirathi river, tributary streams and springs and groundwater are the main sources of water for the reservoir and inhabitant living around it. Fifty-two water samples were collected from springs, handpumps (borewell) and streams and were analysed for major ions. The pH is varying from 6.8 to 8.6 and EC from 28 to 820 μS/cm. The chemical composition of water is dominated by Ca, Mg and HCO3. The high ratio of Ca + Mg/Na + K and low ratio of Na + K/TZ indicate dominance of carbonate dissolution as the main solute acquisition process in this part of Lesser Himalaya. The trilinear and X–Y plots suggest less contribution from silicate weathering and anthropogenic activities. The excess of Na over Cl indicating much of the alkalis in the waters of Tehri area have source other than precipitation possibly from silicate weathering. Recharged by meteoric water, the quality of water in the study area is controlled essentially by chemical processes occurring between water and lithology and locally altered by human activities. Among the trace metals the concentration of Fe at few locations has marginally exceeded the WHO and BIS standards of drinking water. The analytical result computed from various water quality indices indicate fairly good quality of water for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The factor analysis performed on the major ion data indicate two factors are the most important affecting the water quality of the area. 相似文献
3.
在云南蒙自盆地开展了现场调查、采样、抽水试验、动态监测等工作,经与以往研究成果对比分析,揭示出近30年来在人类活动影响下蒙自盆地的地下水环境变化特征:蒙自盆地第四系中20个天然水点断流;盆地内不同地区水位下降5～20 m;地下水中SO42-、Cl-含量显著增多,地下水类型由原来的2种增为10种;地下水水质变差,水质良好及以上者占取样总数的百分比由原来的80%,降至17.4%,其主要原因是城镇扩张、人口膨胀,对地下水资源需求量增大,工业废水、生活污水随意排放,农药化肥使用量增大。 相似文献
4.
The present studies were carried out along the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, where most of the karst springs discharge
from highly karstified carbonate rocks. The case-study was applied in the Kaş-Kalkan karst region, considered one of the most
important touristic Mediterranean provinces in southern Turkey. The purpose of this study is to identify the main water resources
of the karst springs in the inland side and the expected groundwater flow paths that may recharge the coastal springs in the
study area. A comparison of the physiochemical properties and isotopic contents of the karst springs along the Kaş-Kalkan
coastline is also considered an important tool for identifying the hydrogeological characteristics and responses of the different
units in the study area. Relevant studies were carried out also considering the morphological and structural characteristics
of these karst springs and changes in their discharge amounts during the dry and wet periods.
Received: 20 August 1997 · Accepted: 2 December 1997 相似文献
5.
It is important to know the quality of water resources for drinking, domestic and irrigation in the rural area. Because, in recent times, there has been increased demand for water due to population growth and intense agricultural activities, so, hydrogeochemical investigations come into prominence for the groundwater use. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate water quality of Ba?köy springs for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The geochemical processes and quality of springs were followed as seasonal in the study area. In view of geochemical classification, springs are Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type for both seasons. Comparison of geochemical data shows that majority of the spring samples are suitable for drinking water. On the other hand, chemical indexes of springs with various classifications were calculated for irrigation purposes. According to the classifications (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, salinity hazard, percent sodium, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, permeability index, potential salinity, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, and Kelly’s ratio), Ba?köy springs are suitable for irrigation purposes. However, water quality of Çaygözü spring is different the other springs due to the high electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Also, groundwater mineralization processes and rock–water interaction are controlled with bivariate diagrams of major elements. 相似文献
6.
A hydrogeological and geochemical study is presented for the San Severino Lucano region of southern Italy. In this region, groundwater circulation occurs in rocks lithologically different from one another (metaophiolites, carbonate rocks, etc.). Many springs drain this region. The Frido springs are the most important both for their great volume of flow and for their water quality. A water balance estimated for the recharge area of the Frido springs suggests that during the period 1938–1958 the evapotranspiration represents 54.8 percent, runoff 21.2 percent, and infiltration to groundwater 34 percent of rainfall. The springs studied have a meteoric origin and their waters are mostly acid carbonate-alkaline earth type. The reservoir rocks appear to be the only discriminating factors for the chemical composition of the waters analysed. 相似文献
7.
Martin Knez Janja Kogovšek Hong Liu Janez Mulec Metka Petrič Nataša Ravbar Tadej Slabe 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):273-283
In Kunming area (6.8 mio population), two big interventions are in progress: construction of a new airport, the 23 km2 area of which will extend across karst terrain northeast of the city, and extensive uptake of water from karst aquifers for drinking and agricultural use. In the study, an interdisciplinary approach was utilized to demonstrate the need for holistic karstology studies prior to performing extensive interferences in the karst environment. This study included survey of surface karst features and microscopic analyses of rock samples in the area of the new airport location, accompanied by hydrogeological studies and microbiological analyses of two karst drinking water sources in its vicinity (Qinglongdong, Huanglongdong). Results showed the specific characteristics of the subsoil stone forest that indicated a high level of karstification. The direction and characteristics of groundwater flow from the sinking Qiaotou Stream at the margin of the new airport area toward the Huanglongdong Spring were defined with a single tracer test. Additional information about hydrogeological characteristics of the karst aquifer was obtained by individual measurements of physical and chemical parameters of the springs and sinking stream. Selected chemical and bacteriological parameters showed substantial pollution of both springs due to various types of human activities in the catchments. The results of the study pointed to the necessity of taking immediate measures for the springs’ protection and showed the importance of interdisciplinary research when planning anthropogenic activities in the karst. 相似文献
8.
湘西洛塔表层岩溶泉的生态环境类型及水文特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩溶石山区表层岩溶带的调蓄功能可有效控制石漠化的加剧并为严重缺水地区提供饮用水。文章以湖南洛塔为例,在大量的野外调查基础上,通过对洛塔岩溶区表层岩溶系统生态环境与表层岩溶泉水文特征的对比研究,按生态环境属性将表层岩溶泉分为三种主要类型:森林环境表层岩溶泉、石漠化环境表层岩溶泉及石漠化-森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉。详细论述上述三种表层岩溶泉的发育条件与水文特征:森林环境表层岩溶泉具有持续稳定的水文动态与流量;石漠化环境表层岩溶泉流量与降雨量相对应,动态极不稳定;石漠化与森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉流量排泄峰值具有随泉域植被覆盖率增加而缓和的趋势。按照环境类型对表层岩溶泉进行分类,可直观地显示其特殊的水文特征,有助于岩溶泉的合理开发和综合利用。 相似文献
9.
Field data from 25 karst springs were collected during the summer of 2008 near Verrettes, Haiti, to gain a better understanding of water quality in fresh water springs used as the primary source of potable water in rural Haiti. Two water samples were taken at each spring for bacterial analysis: one sample was submitted to a local hospital for analysis, while a duplicate sample was cultured using inexpensive and commercially available Coliscan® Easygel® Kits. Both capped and uncapped springs were sampled in order to evaluate whether capping improves water quality. Water quality parameters and flow volume estimates were recorded at each spring; however, no correlations between field water parameters and the presence of E. coli or total coliform bacteria were found. Spring flow rates varied from 0.4 to 268.5 L/min. Geologic contacts and regional structures trend in a northwest direction and appear to be exerting a primary control on spring locations. E. coli and total coliform colony counts from the local hospital and Coliscan® Easygel® Kits yielded different results for the same springs due to sample handling and analysis complications common in rural Haiti. Water sample analysis and storage problems encountered during this study likely resulted in underprediction, rather than overprediction, of bacterial contamination. Water from 71 to 100% of the springs was unsafe to drink based on the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard. Both capped and uncapped springs had bacterial counts in excess of the WHO standard, suggesting that water treatment from all sources is necessary to ensure clean and safe drinking water. Negatively impacted subterranean microbial ecosystems, poor sanitation practices, shallow karst aquifers with open flow paths, and high spring water temperatures, averaging 26.5°C, may be contributing to the observed bacterial abundance. 相似文献
10.
Analyses of 126 samples collected from 18 dug wells in the shallow basaltic aquifer over a period of 7 months have revealed
spatial as well as temporal changes in the chemical properties of groundwater. While the temporal changes have been attributed
to dilution and concentration phenomena governed by climatic factors, the spatial variations in the geochemical characteristics
of groundwater appeared to be related to pollution due to effluents from the Mula Sugar Factory. The cause of groundwater
pollution is the effluent carried by a stream flowing through the area. Fluctuations in the groundwater table, influent water
quality character of the stream, less capacity to accommodate large volume of effluent and occurrence of zero base flow (under
natural conditions) in the stream are the factors favoring infiltration of constituents of waste water into the underlying
weathered basaltic aquifer. Pollutants have entered into the shallow aquifer by downward percolation through the zone of aeration
to form a recharge mound at the water table and, further, lateral movement below the water table. The plume of polluted groundwater
has a lateral extent of a few meters in the upstream area and more than 400 m on either side of the stream in the downstream
part. The zone of polluted groundwater has an areal extent of more than 3.5 km2. Groundwater is the only source available for drinking and agricultural purposes. It is recommended that the base of the
lagoons and the stream used for release of plant effluent should be waterproofed for the protection of groundwater in the
Sonai area.
Received: 30 April 1997 · Accepted: 23 September 1997 相似文献
11.
The regional carbonate aquifer in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, USA, covers thousands of square kilometers. It is a significant potential source of water for growth in this arid area. Few wells penetrate the carbonate aquifer, so information on water quantity and quality is derived in large part from ‘regional springs’ that discharge from regional interbasin flow systems. For this study, springs in the carbonate-rock province were sampled; their physical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics were compared to those of known regional springs to identify previously unrecognized regional waters using both examination of the data and multivariate statistical analysis. Criteria for comparison included temperature, discharge, 3H activity, carbon isotope values, and ratios of major and trace ions. Of the 18 springs selected for detailed chemical and isotopic sampling, five springs—Hot, Littlefield, Petrified, Saratoga, and Warm (a)—were identified as regional, and one (Monte Neva Hot) was identified as a possible regional spring. Regional springs provide an easy, low-cost means of investigating aquifer properties; identification of regional springs thus increases the ability to understand the regional carbonate aquifer. The techniques applied in this study can also be used in other regional aquifer systems with diverse and complex geology. 相似文献
12.
我国北方岩溶分布面积广,岩溶泉水资源丰富,是岩溶区工农业及居民生活的优质供水水源。但在全球气候变化和采煤等强烈人类活动的叠加作用下,我国北方岩溶泉水流量衰减,水质恶化,岩溶泉域生态环境功能下降。通过合理、适度的人工干预,强化岩溶大泉的自然恢复机能,并最终实现泉域生态环境修复,是当前我国生态文明建设的先行区和重点领域。论文在分析研究晋祠泉断流原因的基础上,针对性地提出并科学地评估了汾河二库强化渗漏补给、泉域岩溶水关井压采、煤矿区保水限采、近源生态补水和远源河道渗漏补给等一系列措施及预期效果,以期推进晋祠泉域岩溶地下水生态环境得到根本性改善。该研究工作有望对我国北方岩溶大泉的生态修复形成示范效应,为遏制我国岩溶区生态恶化现象提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
2006年7月和9月在重庆金佛山地区选取22个地下水出露的泉点.对泉水的地球化学性质进行详细调查。利用野外和实验室测量手段得到了主要阴离子和阳离子浓度与物理化学参数。分析得知:研究区泉水的水化学类型为Ca-HCO_3和Ca、Mg-HCO_3;结合地质和地貌背景把它们分为6个泉群,分别讨论各泉群的空间分布意义;估算泉水方解石(SI_C)、白云石(SI_D)和石膏(SI_G)的饱和指数,即可反映地层岩性、地形和地下水的运移时间对水质的影响,该区地下水基本上是来自大气降水的下渗.没有深部含水层的上升混合.这些泉水的地球化学特征以及它们的空间分布规律能够很好地反映区内地质状况.该研究可以为金佛山地区地下水资源的调查和环境保护提供基础数据。 相似文献
14.
本文通过对研究区各类地下水化学成分、水中氢、氧稳定同位素及放射性同位素的研究，区分出浅层地下水（孔隙水）和基岩风化裂隙水。确定了地下水的补给区为排牙山区；地表水、地下水迳流的主要方向为ＳＥ向，同时存在地下水侧向迁移，并以泉的形式补给浅层水和地表水。通过氚的衰变计算及与香港观测站的资料对比，确定了区内地下水的相对年龄，并将其分为３个年龄组：（１）迳流时间最短的地下水，具近期大气降水的氚浓度；（２）相对年龄为２０年左右的浅层地下水；（３）相对年龄大于３０年的低氚水。 相似文献
15.
Seyitömer power plant comprises 4.8% of Turkey's total energy production. The fly ash produced has been deposited in the area, since the 1960s, by a dry disposal technique. In 1997, wet disposal was improperly exercised in the area causing ash flow over agricultural fields. This study is concerned with the chemical analysis of ash, soil and water samples collected in the area following ash-removal studies after the ash flow in 1997. The results reveal that Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, Co, and Cr contents of soil and water are governed by basement lithology in the area, whereas Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu contents are determined by fly ash from disposal sites. Although lithogenic Cr and Co contents are exceedingly high, comparison with the regulatory standards for drinking water, irrigation water and agricultural soils reveals no pollution pertinent to solid waste production in waters, whereas there is moderate pollution by Pb and Cu in soils. 相似文献
16.
The study area, the Fasa Plain, is situated in the semiarid region of Fars Province in the south of Iran. The Salloo diapir is a salt dome that crops out in the northwest of the study area. Isotopic and hydrochemical analyses were used to examine the water and how the origin of salinity and the diapir affect the quality of the groundwater quality in the study area. Groundwater was sampled from 31 representative pumping wells in alluvial aquifer and five springs in order to measure their stable isotope compositions, bromide ion concentration, and physical and chemical parameters. The alluvial aquifer was organized into two main groups based on the chemistry, with Group 1 consisting of low-salinity well samples (544–1744 µS/cm) with water type Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4 which were taken in the center and north of the area, and Group 2 consisting of high-salinity samples (2550–4620 µS/cm) with water type Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4 which were taken from the wells in the south and southwest of the area. A saline spring near the salt dome with an EC of 10,280 µS/cm has water type Na–Cl, while the compositions of the water in the other karstic springs is comparable to the fresh groundwater samples. All groundwater samples are undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite, and halite and are supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. Stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) differentiated four water types: saline springs, freshwater spring, fresh groundwater, and saline groundwater. The results indicate that meteoric water is the main origin of these water resources. Halite dissolution from the salt dome was identified as the origin of salinity. The Na/Cl and Cl/Br ratios confirmed the results. Groundwater compositions in the southwestern part of the area are affected by the intrusion of saltwater from the salt dome. The average saltwater fraction in the some water wells is about 0.2%. In the south and southwestern part of the area, the saltwater fraction is positive in mixed freshwater/saltwater (Group 2). Different processes interact together to change the hydrochemical properties of Fasa’s alluvial aquifer. The main processes that occur in the aquifer are mixing, gypsum dissolution, and calcite precipitation. 相似文献
17.
A. E. Edet R. H. Worden E. A. Mohammed M. R. Preston 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(7):1933-1953
18.
Karst aquifers are particularly vulnerable to bacterial contamination. Especially in developing countries, poor microbial water quality poses a threat to human health. In order to develop effective groundwater protection strategies, a profound understanding of the hydrogeological setting is crucial. The goal of this study was to elucidate the relationships between high spatio-temporal variability in microbial contamination and the hydrogeological conditions. Based on extensive field studies, including mapping, tracer tests and hydrochemical analyses, a conceptual hydrogeological model was developed for a remote and geologically complex karst area in Northern Vietnam called Dong Van. Four different physicochemical water types were identified; the most important ones correspond to the karstified Bac Son and the fractured Na Quan aquifer. Alongside comprehensive investigation of the local hydrogeology, water quality was evaluated by analysis for three types of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB): Escherichia coli, enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms. The major findings are: (1) Springs from the Bac Son formation displayed the highest microbial contamination, while (2) springs that are involved in a polje series with connections to sinking streams were distinctly more contaminated than springs with a catchment area characterized by a more diffuse infiltration. (3) FIB concentrations are dependent on the season, with higher values under wet season conditions. Furthermore, (4) the type of spring capture also affects the water quality. Nevertheless, all studied springs were faecally impacted, along with several shallow wells within the confined karst aquifer. Based on these findings, effective protection strategies can be developed to improve groundwater quality. 相似文献
19.
卡辉地区出露4处温泉群,泉点达30余处。本文从该地温泉的分布、水化学特征、热源、地热地质构造和补排条件方面,分析温泉形成模式,为区内地热资源开发利用提供地质参考。 相似文献
20.
A field study was conducted to assess variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water of the springs located within
the boundary of a Central Himalayan town where the springwater is used for drinking purposes. Monitoring of 12 springs was
carried out for three seasons (winter, summer and monsoon). The results indicate direct influence of unplanned sewage disposal
on the springwater quality as reflected by significant regional variations in the concentration of nitrates, chlorides, sulfates,
sulfides and electrical conductivity. Population density varies within the town from 3110 to 14 137 persons/km–2 and has direct relationship with water quality. Springs located in the densely populated area had higher concentrations of
all these compounds. Concentrations of nitrates up to 60 ppm were observed in some springs, making water unsuitable for human
consumption. No significant changes were observed in springwater quality during different seasons.
Received: 3 February 1995 · Accepted: 27 February 1996 相似文献