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1.
Donald W. Forsyth 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1982,28(2):141-160
The earthquakes examined in this paper are all within the oceanic lithosphere and are associated with the bending of plates before subduction. Accurate determinations of the depth of these earthquakes are needed to study the stress pattern within a bending plate. Routinely-determined depths of shallow sub-oceanic earthquakes published in bulletins are unreliable. The depths can be accurately determined to within a few kilometers if the original seismograms from these events are studied. In some cases, the reflected phases pP and pwP can be clearly identified. There exists the possibility that the wave reflected at the water-air interface, pwP, may be misidentified as pP, leading to erroneous estimates of depth. Additional methods of analysis, such as surface wave radiation patterns or the apparent frequency-dependence of reflection at the crust-water interface, can remove this possible source of confusion. One of the most powerful techniques for depth analysis is the modelling of long-period waveforms. The pattern of stresses within the bending oceanic lithosphere revealed by the depths and focal mechanisms of these intraplate earthquakes is one of horizontal, deviatoric tension down to a depth of about 25 km, with horizontal compression at greater depths. 相似文献
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选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征.结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的MS震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件. 相似文献
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选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征。结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的MS震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件。 相似文献
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Yury V. Fedorenko Tatiana Matveeva Elena Beketova Eystein S. Husebye 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2008,168(3-4):231-236
A long-standing problem in operational seismology is that of reliable focal depth estimation. Standard analyst practice is to pick and identify a ‘phase’ in the P-coda. This picking will always produce a depth estimate but without any validation it cannot be trusted. In this article we ‘hunt’ for standard depth phases like pP, sP and/or PmP but unlike the analyst we use Bayes statistics for classifying the probability that polarization characteristics of pickings belong to one of the mentioned depth phases given preliminary epicenter information. In this regard we describe a general-purpose PC implementation of the Bayesian methodology that can deal with complex nonlinear models in a flexible way. The models are represented by a data-flow diagram that may be manipulated by the analyst through a graphical-programming environment. An analytic signal representation is used with the imaginary part being the Hilbert transform of the signal itself. The pickings are in terms of a plot of posterior probabilities as a function of time for pP, Sp or PmP being within the presumed azimuth and incident angle sectors for given preliminary epicenter locations. We have tested this novel focal depth estimation procedure on explosion and earthquake recordings from Cossack Ranger II stations in Karelia, NW Russia, and with encouraging results. For example, pickings deviating more than 5° off ‘true’ azimuth are rejected while Pn-incident angle estimate exhibit considerable scatter. A comprehensive test of our approach is not quite easy as recordings from so-called Ground Truth events are elusive. 相似文献
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Aftershocks of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki great earthquake have a wide range of focal depths and fault plane mechanisms. We constrain the focal depths and focal mechanisms of 69 aftershocks with M w > 5.4 by modeling the waveforms of teleseismic P and its trailing near-surface reflections pP and sP. We find that the “thrust events” are within 10 km from the plate interface. The dip angles of these thrust events increase with depth from ~5° to ~25°. The “non-thrust events” vary from 60 km above to 40 km below the plate interface. Normal and strike-slip events within the overriding plate point to redistribution of stress following the primary great earthquake; however, due to the spatially variable stress change in the Tohoku-Oki earthquake, an understanding of how the mainshock affected the stresses that led to the aftershocks requires accurate knowledge of the aftershock location. 相似文献
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Hongchun Wang Ping Jin Changzhou Pan Weiguo Xiao Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology Xi'an China 《地震学报(英文版)》2009,(1):13-20
The relative amplitude method(RAM) is more suitable for source inversion of low magnitude earthquakes because it avoids the modeling of short-period waveforms.We introduced an improved relative amplitude method(IRAM) which is more robust in practical cases.The IRAM uses a certain function to quantify the fitness between the observed and the predicted relative amplitudes among direct P wave,surface reflected pP and sP waves for a given focal mechanism.Using the IRAM,we got the fault-plane solutions of two ea... 相似文献
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与波形反演方法相比,相对幅值法在利用短周期地震波反演震源机制时不需要高分辨率的地球模型,因此更适合于低震级地震事件的震源机制反演．本文以Pearce的传统相对幅值法为基础,引入一种新目标函数以量化特定震源机制解模型的直达P波与地表反射pP和sP波的理论相对幅值与实际观测之间的不吻合程度,由此提高了相对幅值法的容错能力．利用改进的相对幅值法,反演了吉尔吉斯斯坦伊赛克湖地区震级分别为mb4.9和mb3.8的两次天然地震震源断层面解．对于较大的地震,利用5个远震台阵上观测的pP/P和sP/P相对幅值得到的震源断层面解,与哈佛大学的CMT断层面解非常接近;对于哈佛大学没有给出CMT解的较小地震,利用同样方法得到的震源断层面解的走向与震中位置处主要断层的走向一致,而且利用该断层面解可以拟合和解释区域台站上的长周期波形和P波初动方向．最后,为了说明相对幅值法在地下核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用,利用改进的相对幅值法分析了朝鲜2006年10月9日核试验的远震P波波形,发现没有断层面解与远震台站上的P波波形特征相吻合． 相似文献
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B.L.N. Kennett 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,158(1):46-54
Directed search methods in four-dimensional hypocentre space do not require the differentiation of travel times and are particularly suitable for the use of information from multiple seismic phases including joint use of primary and depth phases (e.g. pP) for a reference model such as a k135. These approaches can be used with a wide range of measures of misfit between observed and estimated times. A very effective method of this class is the use of the neighbourhood algorithm that allows all previous hypocentre estimates to be employed to estimate the shape of the misfit surface. When used with a robust measure of misfit such as the sum of the absolute values of the residuals (L1 norm), the neighbourhood algorithm provides rapid convergence, and a measure of the uncertainty in the hypocentral estimate from the concentration of the points with low misfit in four-space. Such a procedure is well suited to the first pass analysis of observations since it is not distracted by occasional readings associated with other events. Phase association can then be improved and a more conventional procedure used to provide error ellipsoids around a well-defined depth. 相似文献
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2011年1月19日在安徽省安庆市辖区与怀宁县交界处发生了ML4.8级地震,引起安庆市及周边地区强烈的震感.为了更好地认识这次地震的发震构造,我们利用安徽省及临近几个省份区域台网的近震波形资料,首先通过hypo2000绝对定位得到震中位置;然后采用CAP方法反演了该地震的震源机制解和震源深度,并在此基础上结合P、sP、pP和sPmP等深度震相对震源深度进行了精确确定;最后,将反演得到的结果作为已知输入,利用F-K方法计算理论地震图,并与观测记录进行对比,以验证结果的可靠性.反演结果显示,这次安庆地震是一个带少量走滑分量的逆冲型地震,地震矩震级为MW=4.3,最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向131°,倾角30°,滑动角29°;节面Ⅱ走向15°,倾角75°,滑动角116°,最佳震源深度为4~5 km,属于浅源地震.从震中和震源机制解来看,安庆地震极有可能发生在宿松-枞阳断裂上. 相似文献
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Walter K. Conrad Suzanne M. Kay Robert W. Kay 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1983,18(1-4)
The complexity of igneous processes in the Aleutian calc-alkaline magma series can be inferred from study of xenolithic fragments. Composite xenoliths and cognate inclusions provide direct evidence for magma—magma and wall-rock—magma mixing processes. Using distributions of Cr in clinopyroxene, compositional endmembers involved in mixing are identified within the xenoliths. The basaltic mixing endmember is more mafic than calc-alkaline lavas in the arc. Magma mixing and wall-rock assimilation within calc-alkaline basaltic to andesitic magmas is identified in phenocrystic assemblages as well as in xenoliths, and appears to be a widespread phenomenon in Aleutian calc-alkaline magmas. 相似文献
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用体波合成地震图与观测地震图拟合的方法确定了渤海地震（1969.7.18. M=7.4）和云南永善地震（1974.5.11. M=7.1）的震源参数.针对震中距为30至90的远震 P+pP+sP 波,采用 WKBJ 近似和实路径积分,做出了20个 WWSSN 台站的渤海地震和7个WWSSN 台站的永善地震的全波理论合成地震图.与实际记录到的长周期垂直分量地震图进行比较,以试错法确定两大地震的震源参数如下:渤海地震:h=25km,=205,=85,=-145,M0=2.41019Nm,R=25,L=36km,vR=6km/s;永善地震由两个同时发生的 h=15km 的子破裂组成,其一为=45,=65,=0,M0=1.91019Nm,R=225,L=10km,vR=1km/s;其二为=200,=75,=170,M0=1.31019Nm,R=30,L=23km,vR=2km/s.这里 h 为震源深度,为走向,为倾角,为滑动角,M0 为总地震矩,R 为断裂扩展方向,L 为断层长度,vR 为破裂传播速度. 相似文献
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Seismic ray path variations in a 3D global velocity model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A three-dimensional (3D) ray tracing technique is used to investigate ray path variations of P, PcP, pP and PP phases in a global tomographic model with P wave velocity changing in three dimensions and with lateral depth variations of the Moho, 410 and 660 km discontinuities. The results show that ray paths in the 3D velocity model deviate considerably from those in the average 1D model. For a PcP wave in Western Pacific to East Asia where the high-velocity (1-2%) Pacific slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian continent, the ray path change amounts to 27 km. For a PcP ray in South Pacific where very slow (−2%) velocity anomalies (the Pacific superplume) exist in the whole mantle, the maximum ray path deviation amounts to 77 km. Ray paths of other phases (P, pP, PP) are also displaced by tens of kilometers. Changes in travel time are as large as 3.9 s. These results suggest that although the maximal velocity anomalies of the global tomographic model are only 1-2%, rays passing through regions with strong lateral heterogeneity (in velocity and/or discontinuity topography) can have significant deviations from those in a 1D model because rays have very long trajectories in the global case. If the blocks or grid nodes adopted for inversion are relatively large (3-5°) and only a low-resolution 3D model is estimated, 1D ray tracing may be feasible. But if fine blocks or grid nodes are used to determine a high-resolution model, 3D ray tracing becomes necessary and important for the global tomography. 相似文献
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J. Schweitzer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2001,158(1-2):277-289
—?A program package, called HYPOSAT, has been under development that attempts to use the maximum information possible to estimate the hypocenter of a seismic source. The standard input parameters can be used: arrival times of first and later onsets with backazimuths and ray parameters (or apparent velocities). In addition, travel-time differences between different phases observed at the same station can be optionally used. The observed standard deviations are used to weight all input parameters and the inversion is done with a generalized matrix inversion code.¶A starting solution with a priori uncertainties can be calculated as the intersection of all backazimuth observations. If S observations are also available, a preliminary origin time is estimated using Wadati's approach to estimate a source time.¶Global earth models and user-defined horizontally layered local or regional models can be used alone or together to locate seismic events. To gain the best result from all input data, observations of all seismic phases as defined in the IASPEI91 tables can be inverted. Station corrections and corrections for phases with reflection points at the earth's surface can be applied by using local velocity structures. 相似文献
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A. Douglas 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(2):171-176
Most estimates of the epicentre of the Long Shot explosion (29 October 1965, Aleutian Islands) are biased to the north of the true epicentre, this bias being much larger than formal uncertainty estimates. The bias is interpreted by some as evidence that the P-wave speeds in the upper mantle in the source region are higher to the north than to the south; that is, the difference between estimated and true epicentre is a source bias. Others argue that much of the bias can be explained by station anomalies, i.e. differences in the wave speeds in the upper mantle at stations to the north relative to those to the south. Bias may also be introduced by measurement error if signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is lower on average at stations to the south compared to those to the north and times are read late at the low SNR stations. Here I locate Long Shot and the other two Aleutian Island explosions (Milrow and Cannikin) using P times from small networks of stations all on continents. The results support the view that a large component of the bias in the epicentres of the three explosions is due to station anomalies and not source bias, but that for the Long Shot explosion (the lowest magnitude of the three explosions), measurement error due to systematic variations in the SNR between stations to the north and south also contributes to the bias. 相似文献
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Study of focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the Near and Komandorsky Islands indicate that there are several distinct zones of tectonic activity. South of the Near Islands, normal faulting occurs in the trench east of 172°E and low-angle thrusting dominates the Aleutian ridge. Mechanisms indicate underthrusting as far west as Mednyy Island with strike-slip faulting restricted to the south and west of Beringa Island. A zone of northeast striking left-lateral faulting near 1645.°E is proposed to separate the Aleutian Ridge from Kamchatka Peninsula. This motion, as well as faulting north of the Komandorsky Islands, may be related to the existance of a buffer plate comprising the Aleutian Ridge in the Komandorsky Islands. Active subduction terminates near 173°E and the faulting north of the Komandorsky Islands may, in part, be due to the bouyancy of a remnant slab. Depth phase modelling indicates bulletin-reported depths are overestimated due to a misidentification of depth phases. 相似文献
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基于江苏数字地震台网的宽频带记录,对38次M≥5.0地震的P波谱震级MP进行测定,对地震的辐射能量进行了估算。结果表明:本文测定的MP与中国地震台网中心(CENC)测定的MS、德国地学中心(GFZ)测定的MW具有很好的一致性,与该2种震级之间的平均偏差分别约为0.17和0.10级,基本小于世界主要地震机构之间对同一震级的测定误差(约0.2级);同时,基于MP估算的地震辐射能与基于修正G-R关系由MS震级换算获得的结果十分接近,两者平均能量之比约为1.1,表明MP与P波群(P+pP+sP)能量流是基本等效的。因此,基于宽频带数字记录测定中强地震的P波谱震级以及地震辐射能是可行的,且测定过程简便。 相似文献
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2006年7月4日,在距离北京100 km左右的文安地区,发生了Mw=5.1级地震,引起了北京地区的强烈震感.为了更好的认识区域构造,我们利用近震及远震波形反演的方法得到了此次文安地震的震源机制.选择了北京数字地震台网的9个地震台,震中距小于600 km,台站的方位角覆盖较好.为了更好地利用信号相对较弱的P波信号,对于一个地震记录,本文分别截取出P波和面波两个部分,分别给予不同的权重进行反演,结合格点搜索的方法,得到了与记录P波及面波三分量对应较好的地震的方位角、倾角和滑移角.同时考虑到北京西北地区地壳较厚,本文在利用F-K方法计算近震理论波形的时候,对不同的方位角,采用了不同的地壳速度模型.随后结合远震信号中的直达P、pP、sP波形得到了分辨率较高的地震震源深度.反演结果表明,此次文安地震是一个较为典型的走滑型地震,方位角为210°,倾角80°,滑移角-150°,地震的深度为14~15 km,地震的震级为(Mw=5.1).反演结果与断层的几何分布、余震分布及北京地区北北东向应力场有很好的一致性. 相似文献
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介绍了丽江地震台新台址勘选过程。使用GL-PS2型一体化地震计进行测点勘选工作,计算分析了2021年12月28日13时至30日12时连续48 h内的地脉动速度均方根值（RMS）和噪声功率谱密度,并对该时段内记录到的天然地震事件进行分析。结果表明,记录到的4次天然地震事件震相清晰易识,拟选台址背景噪声达到Ⅰ类台基噪声水平。综合分析认为,该拟选台址观测环境较好,符合地震台建设要求。 相似文献