共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The secular trends and interannual variability of wintertime temperatures over northern extratropical lands and circulations over the northern hemisphere are examined using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis from 1961 to 2010. A primitive equation dry atmospheric model, driven by time-averaged forcing in each winter diagnosed from the NCEP reanalysis, is then employed to investigate the influences of tropical and extratropical forcing on the temperature and circulation variability. The model has no topography and the forcing is thus model specific. The dynamic and thermodynamic maintenances of the circulation and temperature anomalies are also diagnosed. Distinct surface temperature trends over 1961–1990 and 1991–2010 are found over most of the extratropical lands. The trend is stronger in the last two decades than that before 1990, particularly over eastern Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Asia. The exchange of midlatitude and polar air supports the temperature trends. Both the diagnosed extratropical and tropical forcings contribute to the temperature and circulation trends over 1961–1990, while the extratropical forcing dominates tropical forcing for the trends over 1991–2010. The contribution of the tropical forcing to the trends is sensitive to the period considered. The temperature and circulation responses to the diagnosed tropical and extratropical forcings are approximately additive and partially offsetting. Covariances between the interannual surface temperature and 500-hPa geopotential anomalies for the NCEP reanalysis from 1961 to 2010 are dominated by two leading modes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection patterns. The diagnosed extratropical forcing accounts for a significant part of the NAO and PNA associated variability, including the interannual variability of stationary wave anomalies, as well as dynamically and thermodynamically synoptic eddy feedbacks over the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The tropical forcing contributes to the PNA related temperature and circulation variability, but has a small contribution to the NAO associated variability. Additionally, relative contributions of tropical Indian and Pacific forcings are also assessed. 相似文献
2.
Herv�� Douville S. Bielli C. Cassou M. D��qu�� N. M. J. Hall S. Tyteca A. Voldoire 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(9-10):1783-1798
While organized tropical convection is a well-known source of extratropical planetary waves, state-of-the-art climate models still show serious deficiencies in simulating accurately the atmospheric response to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the associated teleconnections. In the present study, the remote influence of the tropical atmospheric circulation is evaluated in ensembles of global boreal summer simulations in which the Arpege-Climat atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM) is nudged towards 6-h reanalyses. The nudging is applied either in the whole tropical band or in a regional summer monsoon domain. Sensitivity tests to the experimental design are first conducted using prescribed climatological SST. They show that the tropical relaxation does not improve the zonal mean extratropical climatology but does lead to a significantly improved representation of the mid-latitude stationary waves in both hemispheres. Low-pass filtering of the relaxation fields has no major effect on the model response, suggesting that high-frequency tropical variability is not responsible for extratropical biases. Dividing the nudging strength by a factor 10 only decreases the magnitude of the response. Model errors in each monsoon domain contribute to deficiencies in the model??s mid-latitude climatology, although an exaggerated large-scale subsidence in the central equatorial Pacific appears as the main source of errors for the representation of stationary waves in the Arpege-Climat model. Case studies are then conducted using either climatological or observed SST. The focus is first on summer 2003 characterized by a strong and persistent anticyclonic anomaly over western Europe. This pattern is more realistic in nudging experiments than in simulations only driven by observed SST, especially when the nudging domain is centred over Central America. Other case studies also show a significant tropical forcing of the summer mid-latitude stationary waves and suggest a weak influence of prescribed observed SST in the northern extratropics. Results therefore indicate that improving the tropical divergent circulation and its response to tropical SST anomalies remains a key issue for increasing the skill of extratropical seasonal predictions, not only in the winter hemisphere but also in the boreal summer hemisphere where the prediction of heatwave and drought likelihood is expected to become an important challenge with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. 相似文献
3.
本文与文献[1]相对应,利用一个非线性初始方程谱模式,研究了中、高纬度理想化的大尺度地形以及北半球实际地形的动力强迫作用对于冬季行星尺度的大气定常波的影响。计算结果证实,根据线性模式的数值试验结果所做的定性分析在非线性情形下仍然是成立的,同时,非线性扰动流场也与线性流场有明显的差异,在纬向平场基本气流相对较弱的地区或垂直层次上差异尤为显著。数值试验表明,北半球实际地形强迫的大尺度扰动,在对流层低层以及对流层上部的中、高纬均主要表现出纬向波数为2的行星波,但是在对流层上部的低纬地区3波分量比较明显。中、高纬的大地形动力强迫作用,对于低纬太平洋高空的反气旋和气旋环流的形成有重要的贡献。 相似文献
4.
本文首先从理论上讨论了北半球冬季低纬度强迫源与中纬度强迫源强迫所产生的准定常行星波在实际基本气流中传播路径及其振幅分布的差异,指出冬季低纬度热源异常将对北半球中、高纬度对流层大气环流的异常起很大影响,而中纬度热源异常将对平流层环流异常起很大作用。 本文应用一个包括Rayleigh摩擦、Newton冷却及水平涡旋热力扩散准地转34层球坐标模式分别计算了冬季低纬度热源异常与中纬度热源异常所造成北半球扰动系统的异常情况,计算结果表明了冬季低纬度热源异常将对中、高纬度对流层大气环流异常起很大作用,热带太平洋上空热源异常将产生PNA型环流异常。 相似文献
5.
The potential role of tropical Pacific forcing in driving the seasonal variability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is explored
using both observational data and a simple general circulation model (SGCM). A lead–lag regression technique is first applied
to the monthly averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and the AO index. The AO maximum is found to be related to a negative
SST anomaly over the tropical Pacific three months earlier. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is then performed
on the tropical Pacific SST and the sea level pressure (SLP) over the Northern Hemisphere. An AO-like atmospheric pattern
and its associated SST appear as the second pair of SVD modes. Ensemble integrations are carried out with the SGCM to test
the atmospheric response to different tropical Pacific forcings. The atmospheric response to the linear fit of the model’s
empirical forcing associated with the SST variability in the second SVD modes strongly projects onto the AO. Idealized thermal
forcings are then designed based on the regression of the seasonally averaged tropical Pacific precipitation against the AO
index. Results indicate that forcing anomalies over the western tropical Pacific are more effective in generating an AO-like
response while those over the eastern tropical Pacific tend to produce a Pacific-North American (PNA)-like response. The physical
mechanisms responsible for the energy transport from the tropical Pacific to the extratropical North Atlantic are investigated
using wave activity flux and vorticity forcing formalisms. The energy from the western tropical Pacific forcing tends to propagate
zonally to the North Atlantic because of the jet stream waveguide effect while the transport of the energy from the eastern
tropical Pacific forcing mostly concentrates over the PNA area. The linearized SGCM results show that nonlinear processes
are involved in the generation of the forced AO-like pattern. 相似文献
6.
The coupled climate model EC-Earth2 is used to investigate the impact of direct radiative effects of aerosols on stationary waves in the northern hemisphere wintertime circulation. The direct effect of aerosols is simulated by introducing prescribed mixing ratios of different aerosol compounds representing pre-industrial and present-day conditions, no indirect effects are included. In the EC-Earth2 results, the surface temperature response is uncorrelated with the highly asymmetric aerosol radiative forcing pattern. Instead, the anomalous extratropical temperature field bears a strong resemblance to the aerosol-induced changes in the stationary-wave pattern. It is demonstrated that the main features of the wave pattern of EC-Earth2 can be replicated by a linear, baroclinic model forced with latent heat changes corresponding to the anomalous convective precipitation generated by EC-Earth2. The tropical latent heat release is an effective means of generating stationary wave trains that propagate into the extratropics. Hence, the results of the present study indicate that aerosol-induced convective precipitation anomalies govern the extratropical wave-field changes, and that the far-field temperature response dominates over local effects of aerosol radiative forcing. 相似文献
7.
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the SST Anomalies in the Tropical Western Pacific on the Blocking Highs over the Northeastern Asia 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are simulated by the IAP-GCM with an observed and idealized distributions of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific,respectively.Firstly,the atmospheric circulation anomalies during July and August,1980 are simulated by three anomalous experiments including the global SST anomaly experiment,the tropical SST anomaly experiment and the extratropical SST anomaly experiment,using the observed SST anomalies in 1980.It is shown that the SST anomalies in the tropical ocean greatly influence the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia,and may play a more important role than the SST anomalies in the extratropical ocean in the influence on the atmospheric circulation anomalies.Secondly,the effects of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are also simulated w 相似文献
8.
冬季北太平洋海表热通量异常和海气相互作用——基于一个全球海气耦合模式长期积分的诊断分析 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10
利用一个全球海气耦合模式长期积分所给出的资料,分析了冬季北太平洋海表湍流热通量（潜热和感热）异常及其对海表温度（SST）异常的影响,并比较了海表热通量诸分量和海洋内部的动力学过程对SST变化的相对重要性。结果表明,冬季热带外海洋上的湍流热通量是影响SST的主要因子,但在北太平洋中部海水的平流作用也不可忽视。冬季热带外海洋向大气释放的潜热和感热通量与SST倾向（而不是SST本身）之间存在着显著的相关,这同Cayan和Reynolds等利用COADS资料和NCEP资料同化模式分析的结果是一致的。模式诊断的结果支持这样一种看法：和热带海洋不同,冬季热带外海洋上的海气相互作用主要地表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用,而不是相反。模式给出的SST倾向的第一个EOF分量及其与海平面气压场的相关特征同Wallace等从观测资料分析所得到的结果是一致的;进一步的分析表明：在冬季北太平洋的大部分区域（特别是西太平洋）,大尺度大气环流异常在很大程度上决定着SST的异常,而这种决定作用正是通过它对湍流热通量的强烈影响来实现的。 相似文献
9.
1998年夏第二阶段梅雨期乌拉尔山阻塞形势的维持 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
１９９８年夏季长江流域发生了近５０年来最严重的洪水。洪水形成最直接、最主要的原因是梅雨异常。异常梅雨的形成与东亚夏季风偏弱及热带外环流持续异常有关，其中一个明显特征是乌拉尔山地区长时间维持阻塞形势。本文结合诊断分析和数值试验，从瞬变对基本流的强迫（大气内部强迫）及热带热源强迫（外源强迫）两方面，分析了与第二段梅雨相对应的乌拉尔长时间阻塞的维持机制。利用共轭敏感性分析方法，计算了最有利于乌拉尔阻塞发展和维持的敏感扰动，发现扰动的分布位置，刚好与观测到的，从东大西洋到欧洲区域的异常增强的瞬变活动区相重叠。Ｅ矢量及斜压线性静止波模式的诊断进一步表明，异常期间的增强瞬变活动有利于乌拉尔出现正高度异常。计算了持续异常期间的高空急流及大气加热场，发现北美到大西洋的高空急流及热带加热都出现明显异常。中期天气预报模式 ＩＡＰ Ｔ４２Ｌ９的集合预报试验表明，热带地区的加热异常，尤其是热带中西太平洋和大西洋的加热异常，有利于乌拉尔正高度异常的形成。最后，提出了一种热带异常热源驱动下，瞬变波与定常波双向相互作用的阻塞形成与自维持的可能机制。 相似文献
10.
THE FORCING OF ANOMALOUS DIVERGENT WIND AND TRANSIENT VORTICITY FLUXES TO THE ANOMALY OF STATIONARY WAVES 
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下载免费PDF全文 The forcing of anomalous divergent wind and transient vorticity fluxes to the anomaly ofstationary waves of DJF (December—January—February) 1982/1983 is studied.The results showthat the anomaly of the transient vorticity flux convergence tends to cancel or dissipate the anomalyof the vorticity sources generated by divergent wind.The stationary wave anomalies are maintainedby both of these forcings.It is also found that,for the DJF 1982/1983 case,both of the vorticitysource anomaly over the tropical and equatorial eastern Pacific and that over the midlatitude NorthPacific are important to maintain the atmospheric circulation anomaly over the Pacific/NorthAmerica region. 相似文献
11.
Model Study on the Interannual Variability of Asian Winter Monsoon and Its Influence 总被引：40，自引：4，他引：40
ＭｏｄｅｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒａｎｎｕａｌＶａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＡｓｉａｎＷｉｎｔｅｒＭｏｎｓｏｏｎａｎｄＩｔｓＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅＪｉＬｉｒｅｎ（纪立人），ＳｕｎＳｈｕｑｉｎｇ（孙淑清）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙ... 相似文献
12.
Model differences in projections of extratropical regional climate change due to increasing greenhouse gases are investigated using two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs): ECHAM4 (Max Planck Institute, version 4) and CCM3 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3). Sea-surface temperature (SST) fields calculated from observations and coupled versions of the two models are used to force each AGCM in experiments based on time-slice methodology. Results from the forced AGCMs are then compared to coupled model results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 2 (CMIP2) database. The time-slice methodology is verified by showing that the response of each model to doubled CO2 and SST forcing from the CMIP2 experiments is consistent with the results of the coupled GCMs. The differences in the responses of the models are attributed to (1) the different tropical SST warmings in the coupled simulations and (2) the different atmospheric model responses to the same tropical SST warmings. Both are found to have important contributions to differences in implied Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter extratropical regional 500 mb height and tropical precipitation climate changes. Forced teleconnection patterns from tropical SST differences are primarily responsible for sensitivity differences in the extratropical North Pacific, but have relatively little impact on the North Atlantic. There are also significant differences in the extratropical response of the models to the same tropical SST anomalies due to differences in numerical and physical parameterizations. Differences due to parameterizations dominate in the North Atlantic. Differences in the control climates of the two coupled models from the current climate, in particular for the coupled model containing CCM3, are also demonstrated to be important in leading to differences in extratropical regional sensitivity. 相似文献
13.
Utilizing Eliassen’s concepts, the forcing of the isentropic azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circulation by diabatic heating and torques within an extratropical cyclone and a typhoon was studied through nu-merical simulations based on the linear diagnostic equation derived previously. The structure of the forcing associated with diabatic heating and torques was determined from quasi-Lagrangian diagnostic analyses of actual case studies. The two cyclones studied were the Ohio extratropical cyclone of 25-27 January 1978 and typhoon Nancy of 18-23 September 1979. The Ohio cyclone, which formed over the Gulf Coast and moved through Ohio and eastern Michigan, was one of the most intense storms with blizzard conditions to ever occur in this region. Typhoon Nancy which occurred over the South China Sea during the FGGE year was selected since relatively high quality assimilated data were available. Within the Ohio cyclone, the dominant internal processes forcing the mean circulation with em-bedded relatively strong hydrodynamic stability were the pressure torque associated with baroclinic (asymmetric) structure and the horizontal eddy angular momentum transport associated with the typical S-shaped thermal and wind structures of self-development. Within typhoon Nancy, the dominant internal process forcing the mean circula-tion with embedded weak hydrodynamic stability was the latent heat release. This analysis shows that the simulated azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions within these two cy?clones agree quite well with the “observed” azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions. This isentropic nu?merical study also provides insight into the relatively important internal forcing processes and the trade off between forcing and stability within both extratropical and tropical cyclones. 相似文献
14.
不同海域海表温度异常对西北太平洋副热带高压年代际变化影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
采用1950～2000年逐月观测的不同海域(全球、热带外、热带、热带印度洋-太平洋、热带印度洋及热带太平洋) 海表温度分别驱动NCAR CAM3全球大气环流模式, 进行了多组长时间积分试验, 对比观测资料, 讨论了这些海域海表温度异常 (SSTA) 对西北太平洋副热带高压年代际变化的影响。结果表明: 全球、 热带、 热带印度洋－太平洋和热带印度洋海表温度变化均对夏季西北太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化有重要作用, 即在这些海域的海表温度变化影响下, 西北太平洋副热带高压均在1970年代中后期发生了年代际变化, 其后副高面积增大、 强度增强、 位置偏西、 偏南, 这与观测结果较一致; 热带太平洋海表温度变化对夏季西北太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化也有重要作用, 在其作用下, 夏季西北太平洋副热带高压的强度、 面积在1960年代后期发生年代际变化, 南界在1970年代中后期发生年代际变化, 这些时段以后副高强度增强、 面积增大、 偏南; 热带印度洋海表温度驱动模拟的西北太平洋副热带高压变化比热带太平洋海表温度驱动模拟的副高更接近于观测结果, 且年代际变化更显著, 其差异的可能原因在于两区海表温度在1970年代中后期以后的年代际变化能在孟加拉湾〖CD*2〗中国东南沿海区域强迫产生的异常环流不同, 前者强迫产生出反气旋性环流异常, 有利于副高的增强、 面积增大和西伸, 而后者强迫产生出气旋性环流异常, 不利于副高的西伸; 热带太平洋和热带印度洋海表温度在1970年代中后期的冷、 暖年代际背景变化对夏季西北太平洋副热带高压年代际变化有重要作用; 热带外海表温度变化对西北太平洋副热带高压年代际变化作用较小。 相似文献
15.
The response of the North Pacific Decadal Variability to strong tropical volcanic eruptions 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
In this study, the effects of volcanic forcing on North Pacific climate variability, on interannual to decadal time scales, are examined using climate model simulations covering the last 600?years. The model used is the Bergen Climate Model, a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. It is found that natural external forcings, such as tropical strong volcanic eruptions (SVEs) and variations in total solar irradiance, play an important role in regulating North Pacific Decadal Variability (NPDV). In response to tropical SVEs the lower stratospheric pole–to–equator temperature gradient is enhanced. The North polar vortex is strengthened, which forces a significant positive Arctic Oscillation. At the same time, dipole zonal wind anomalies associated with strong polar vortex propagate downward from the lower stratosphere. Through positive feedbacks in the troposphere, the surface westerly winds across the central North Pacific are significantly weakened, and positive sea level pressure anomalies are formed in the North Pacific. This anomalous surface circulation results in changes in the net heat fluxes and the oceanic advection across the North Pacific. As a result of this, warm water converges in the subtropical western North Pacific, where the surface waters in addition are heated by significantly reduced latent and sensible heat fluxes from the ocean. In the eastern and high–latitude North Pacific the ocean loses more heat, and large–scale decreases in sea surface temperatures are found. The overall response of this chain of events is that the North Pacific enters a negative phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and this negative phase of the PDO is maintained for several years. It is thus concluded that the volcanic forcing plays a key role in the phasing of the PDO. The model results furthermore highlight the important role of troposphere–stratosphere coupling, tropical–extratropical teleconnections and extratropical ocean–atmosphere interactions for describing NPDV. 相似文献
16.
Rong-Hua Zhang 《大气科学进展》2015,32(3):301-318
A hybrid coupled model(HCM) is constructed for El Nino–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)-related modeling studies over almost the entire Pacific basin. An ocean general circulation model is coupled to a statistical atmospheric model for interannual wind stress anomalies to represent their dominant coupling with sea surface temperatures. In addition, various relevant forcing and feedback processes exist in the region and can affect ENSO in a significant way; their effects are simply represented using historical data and are incorporated into the HCM, including stochastic forcing of atmospheric winds, and feedbacks associated with freshwater flux, ocean biology-induced heating(OBH), and tropical instability waves(TIWs). In addition to its computational efficiency, the advantages of making use of such an HCM enable these related forcing and feedback processes to be represented individually or collectively, allowing their modulating effects on ENSO to be examined in a clean and clear way. In this paper, examples are given to illustrate the ability of the HCM to depict the mean ocean state, the circulation pathways connecting the subtropics and tropics in the western Pacific, and interannual variability associated with ENSO. As satellite data are taken to parameterize processes that are not explicitly represented in the HCM, this work also demonstrates an innovative method of using remotely sensed data for climate modeling. Further model applications related with ENSO modulations by extratropical influences and by various forcings and feedbacks will be presented in Part II of this study. 相似文献
17.
经圈环流对定常波传播的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在一般斜压大气中，基本气流中包含经圈环流时，定常波传播不仅能穿过东风带，而且明显增强。在基流含有经圈环流的情况下，北半球中纬度地形强迫可引起低纬大气的显著响应，这表明经圈环流在中低纬定常响应的相互联系中起着重要作用；北半球中纬度热力强迫可产生类似北半球夏季季风环流的波列分布，这说明经圈环流在夏季季风环流的形成中起着一定的作用；在赤道东太平洋加热强迫情况下，在冬半球可引起ＰＮＡ型的定常波传播波列，而在夏半球却没有明显的ＰＮＡ特征。这表明经圈环流对冬、夏半球的定常波传播路径有着显著的影响。 相似文献
18.
19.
《Atmospheric Science Letters》2000,1(1):14-25
Summary:Diagnosing a coupled system with linear inverse modelling (LIM) can provide insight into the nature and strength of the coupling. This technique is applied to the cold season output of the GFDL GCM, forced by observed tropical Pacific SSTs and including a slab mixed layer ocean model elsewhere. It is found that extratropical SST anomalies act to enhance atmospheric thermal variability and diminish barotropic variability over the east Pacific in these GCM runs, in agreement with other theoretical and modelling studies. North-west Atlantic barotropic variability is also enhanced. However, all these feedbacks are very weak. LIM results also suggest that North Pacific extratropical SST anomalies in this model would rapidly decay without atmospheric forcing induced by tropical SST anomalies. 相似文献
20.
为了分析 ＥＩ Ｎｉｏ事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用，建立一个类似于Ｚｅｂｉａｋ的简单热带海洋数值模式，在观测到的风应力异常的强迫下，模拟赤道太平洋地区 １９７１年１月至 １９９８年８月海表温度异常的变化。结果表明，模式对观测的Ｎｉｏ３区海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）有很好的模拟能力。模拟和观测Ｎｉ区ＳＳＴＡ之间的相关系数可达 ０．９０。模式对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件期间赤道太平洋海表温度异常随时间变化也有较好的模拟能力。为了分析Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ期间ＳＳＴＡ的空间分布及其随时间变化的动力学机制，还对１９８６～１９８９年 ＥＮＳＯ循环期间赤道太平洋地区观测的 ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征及其形成机制进行了分析。模式较好地模拟出了观测到的赤道太平洋地区ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征，即从１９８６年底至１９８７年 ４月， ＳＳＴＡ具有向东传播的特征，从 １９８７年 ６月至 １９８８年 ２月具有向西传播的特征。动力学分析的结果表明，赤道中西太平洋地区的缔向风应力异常对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件的发生和消亡具有重要作用。赤道中西太平洋地区的西风异常可强迫出东传的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波对正 ＳＳＴＡ的东传起主要作用，当这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖ 相似文献