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1.
Sofie Skjeflo 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1694-1701
Climate change and climate variability affect households in developing countries both directly through their impact on crop yields and indirectly through their impact on wages, food prices and the livelihoods of the poor. Therefore, vulnerable household groups cannot be identified without considering their position in and access to markets. I illustrate the effects – transmitted through markets – that are significant in household exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate change by simulating productivity shocks to maize up to 2030 due to climate change in a computable general equilibrium model of Malawi. The results show that rural households with large land holdings may benefit from the adverse impact of climate change on maize yields as a result of increased maize prices. Urban poor and small-scale farmers are vulnerable to climate change due to the large portion of their incomes spent on food. Existing vulnerability measures that do not consider equilibrium effects and characterise all farmers as vulnerable may therefore be misleading. 相似文献
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Alwin Keil Manfred Zeller Anastasia Wida Bunasor Sanim Regina Birner 《Climatic change》2008,86(3-4):291-307
Crop production in the tropics is subject to considerable climate variability caused by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that is likely to become even more pronounced during the twenty-first century. Little is known about the impact of ENSO-related drought on crop yields and food security, especially at the household level. This paper seeks to contribute to closing this knowledge gap with a case study from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its main objective is to measure household resilience towards drought periods and to identify its influencing factors to deduce policy implications. Using indicators for consumption expenditures, we construct an index measuring household drought resilience; we then apply an asset-based livelihood framework to identify its determinants. Most of the drought-affected farm households are forced to substantially reduce expenditures for food and other basic necessities. Households’ drought resilience is strengthened by the possession of liquid assets, access to credit, and the level of technical efficiency in agricultural production. The results suggest a number of policy recommendations, namely improvement of the farmers’ access to ENSO forecasts, the provision of credit and savings products to facilitate consumption smoothing, and the intensification of agricultural extension in view of low levels of productivity found in agricultural production. 相似文献
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利用土壤相对湿度数据和县级春玉米单产数据,在气象干旱指数SWAP（standardized weighted average of precipitation）的基础上,研究我国东北地区春玉米受干旱影响的界限指标,结果表明:SWAP在春玉米播种-出苗期低于-0.9,出苗-拔节期低于-1.0,拔节-抽穗期低于-1.2,抽穗-乳熟期低于-0.7时,土壤相对湿度偏低,即气象干旱一般为中旱时,不利于春玉米生长。以此构建春玉米干旱指数,对比我国东北地区春玉米干旱指数与省级农作物干旱受灾面积的关系,发现两者相关关系显著,尤其在典型干旱年份,两者对应关系更好,说明构建的东北地区春玉米干旱指数能够较好地反映干旱对春玉米的实际影响。利用东北地区县级春玉米单产数据对春玉米干旱指数进行等级划分,划分结果可为东北地区春玉米防旱减灾和安全生产提供参考。 相似文献
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Winter wheat is one of China’s most important staple food crops, and its production is strongly influenced by weather, especially droughts. As a result, the impact of drought on the production of winter wheat is associated with the food security of China. Simulations of future climate for scenarios A2 and A1B provided by GFDL-CM2, MPI_ECHAM5, MRI_CGCM2, NCAR_CCSM3, and UKMO_HADCM3 during 2001-2100 are used to project the influence of drought on winter wheat yields in North China. Winter wheat yields are simulated using the crop model WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies). Future changes in temperature and precipitation are analyzed. Temperature is projected to increase by 3.9-5.5 for scenario A2 and by 2.9-5.1 for scenario A1B, with fairly large interannual variability. Mean precipitation during the growing season is projected to increase by 16.7 and 8.6 mm (10 yr)-1 , with spring precipitation increasing by 9.3 and 4.8 mm (10 yr)-1 from 2012-2100 for scenarios A2 and A1B, respectively. For the next 10-30 years (2012-2040), neither the growing season precipitation nor the spring precipitation over North China is projected to increase by either scenario. Assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices, the influence of drought induced by short rain on winter wheat yields in North China is simulated using the WOFOST crop model. The drought index is projected to decrease by 9.7% according to scenario A2 and by 10.3% according to scenario A1B during 2012-2100. This indicates that the drought influence on winter wheat yields may be relieved over that period by projected increases in rain and temperature as well as changes in the growth stage of winter wheat. However, drought may be more severe in the near future, as indicated by the results for the next 10-30 years. 相似文献
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Gender-disaggregated, household survey data for Uganda are used to examine how gendered roles and responsibilities influence adoption of drought-tolerant (DT) maize, a new technology that can help smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa adapt to drought risk. Multinomial logit (MNL) regression results indicate that, compared to men farmers, women farmers have much lower adoption of DT maize, mainly due to differences in resource access, notably land, agricultural information, and credit. Differentiation of women and men farmers by various characteristics reveals that whether a male farmer was younger or older, or poor or non-poor has no significant influence on DT maize adoption; but important differences among different categories of women farmers are identified. For example, the farmer group found least likely to adopt DT maize is young, poor women household heads. MNL results also show that wives strongly influence adoption of DT maize on plots controlled by their husbands. We discuss the implications of study findings for the development of well-targeted and socially-inclusive adaptation policies. 相似文献
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2009年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
2009年初欧洲遭遇罕见寒流,大雪低温造成多人死亡;南半球夏季,高温热浪导致澳大利亚发生严重火灾,上百人丧生火海;9月,台风"凯萨娜"先后袭击菲律宾和越南,造成近500万人受灾;11月,飓风"艾达"袭击美洲多国,导致20多万人受灾;秋末冬初,北半球中高纬多地经历严寒天气,创下降雪偏早新纪录。在我国,强台风"莫拉克"重创台湾;50年来最严重春旱困扰黑龙江、内蒙古等地;50年罕见秋旱灼伤南方大地;11月,罕见强对流天气侵袭我国7省。2009年是1850年有气象记录以来第5个高温年,全球极端天气和气候灾害频发。 相似文献
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使用黑龙江省1961—2008年22个站的逐日气象资料和玉米主产县的产量资料,确立基准时段,建立气温影响系数,分析气候变暖对黑龙江省玉米单产增加/减少的贡献率。结果表明:近50年来,气候变暖总体上对黑龙江省玉米单产增加趋势有利。以1961—1969年为基准时段,相对于20世纪60年代,70年代、80年代、90年代和21世纪初气候变暖的贡献率分别为16.8%、16.0%、20.9%和23.9%;以1970—1983年为基准时段,相对于20世纪70年代,80年代、90年代和21世纪初气候变暖的贡献率分别为3.6%、9.2%和11.2%。 相似文献
8.
Qingfeng Meng Peng Hou David B. Lobell Hongfei Wang Zhenling Cui Fusuo Zhang Xinping Chen 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):341-349
Latitudes above 45°N have been characterized by rates of warming faster than the global average since 1980. However, the effects of this warming on crop production at these latitudes are still unclear. Using 30-years of weather and crop management data in Heilongjiang area of China (43.4° to 53.4°N), combined with the Hybrid-Maize model, we show that that maize yields would have stagnated in most areas and decreased in the southern part of Heilongjiang if varieties were assumed fixed since 1980. However, we show that through farmers’ adaptation, warming has benefitted maize production for much of this region. Specifically, farmers gradually chose longer maturing varieties, resulting in a net 7–17 % yield increase per decade. Meanwhile, farmers also rapidly expanded maize area (from 1.88 million ha in 1980 to 4.01 million ha in 2009) and the northward limit of maize area shifted by more than 290 km from ~50.8°N to ~53.4°N. Overall, benefits from warming represented 35 % of the overall yield gains in the region over this period. The results indicate substantial ongoing adaptations and benefits at north high-latitudes, although they still represent a small fraction of global maize area. The sustainability of crop area expansion in these regions remains unclear and deserves further study. 相似文献
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以东北春玉米为研究对象,探究利用植被光合特性的日光诱导叶绿素荧光(solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,SIF)指数、近红外-短波红外波段构建的归一化差值水分指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)和可见光-近红外波段构建的归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)识别东北春玉米干旱的准确度和敏感度。研究发现:SIF指数、NDWI和NDVI对干旱识别准确度均超过80%,其中重度干旱准确度超过94%,且在春玉米苗期表现最佳;3种指数对比可知,SIF指数在春玉米干旱识别的准确度和敏感度方面均最佳,分别为89.27%和81.65%,NDWI敏感度次之,NDVI最差。表明基于光合特性的SIF指数在识别东北春玉米干旱方面优于基于地物光谱特性所构建的植被指数。 相似文献
10.
《Global Environmental Change》2003,13(1):51-59
The impacts of climate change on agriculture may add significantly to the development challenges of ensuring food security and reducing poverty. We show the possible impacts on maize production in Africa and Latin America to 2055, using high-resolution methods to generate characteristic daily weather data for driving a detailed simulation model of the maize crop. Although the results indicate an overall reduction of only 10% in maize production to 2055, equivalent to losses of $2 billion per year, the aggregate results hide enormous variability: areas can be identified where maize yields may change substantially. Climate change urgently needs to be assessed at the level of the household, so that poor and vulnerable people dependent on agriculture can be appropriately targeted in research and development activities whose object is poverty alleviation. 相似文献
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Increasingly severe drought has not only threatened food security but also resulted in massive socio-economic losses. In the face of increasingly serious drought conditions, the question of how to mitigate its impacts through appropriate measures has received great attention. The overall goal of this study is to examine the influence of policies and social capital on farmers’ decisions to adopt adaptation measures against drought. The study is based on a large-scale household and village survey conducted in six provinces nationwide. The survey results show that 86% of rural households have taken adaptive measures to protect crop production against drought, most of which are non-engineering measures. In the case of non-engineering measures, changing agricultural production inputs and adjusting seeding or harvesting dates are two popular options. A multivariate regression analysis reveals that government policy support against drought such as releasing early warning information and post-disaster services, technical assistance, financial and physical supports have significantly improved farmers’ ability to adapt to drought. However, since only 5% of villages benefited from such supports, the government in China still has significant room to implement these assistances. Moreover, having a higher level of social capital in a farm household significantly increases their adaptation capacity against drought. Therefore, the government should pay particular attention to the farming communities, and farmers within a community who have a low level of social capital. Finally, farmers’ ability to adapt to drought is also associated with the characteristics of their households and local communities. The results of this study also have implications for national adaptation plans for agriculture under climate change in other developing countries. 相似文献
12.
Assessing the impact of climate changes on the potential yields of maize and paddy rice in Northeast China by 2050 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Luoman Pu Shuwen Zhang Jiuchun Yang Liping Chang Xiangming Xiao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(1):167-182
Northeast China is the main crop production region in China, and future climate change will directly impact crop potential yields, so exploring crop potential yields under future climate scenarios in Northeast China is extremely critical for ensuring future food security. Here, this study projected the climate changes using 12 general circulation models (GCMs) under two moderate Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 6.0) from 2015 to 2050. Then, based on the Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ) model, we explored the effect of climate change on the potential yields of maize and paddy rice in Northeast China during 2015–2050. The annual relative humidity increased almost throughout the Northeast China under two RCPs. The annual precipitation increased more than 400 mm in some west, east, and south areas under RCP 4.5, but decreased slightly in some areas under RCP 6.0. The annual wind speed increased over 2 m/s in the west region. The annual net solar radiation changes varied significantly with latitude, but the changes of annual maximum temperature and minimum temperature were closely related to the terrain. Under RCP 4.5, the average maize potential yield increased by 34.31% under the influence of climate changes from 2015 to 2050. The average rice potential yield increased by 16.82% from 2015 to 2050. Under RCP 6.0, the average maize and rice potential yields increased by 25.65% and 6.34% respectively. The changes of maize potential yields were positively correlated with the changes of precipitation, wind speed, and net solar radiation (the correlation coefficients were > 0.2), and negatively correlated with the changes of relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperature under two RCPs. The changes of rice potential yields were positively correlated with the changes of precipitation (correlation coefficient = 0.15) under RCP 4.5. Under RCP 6.0, it had a slight positive correlation with net solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed. 相似文献
13.
近几年,我国西南地区干旱频繁发生,严重影响农业生产。为了探讨干旱和水稻产量之间关系的复杂性,采用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的西南地区348个站气象数据,计算了西南地区干旱的变化趋势,并利用2000—2011年贵州省县级水稻产量资料分析了干旱对水稻单产的影响,探讨了干旱、水资源灌溉以及水稻产量之间的关系。结果表明:1951—2012年西南地区降水量平均减少16.9 mm/10 a,特别是8—10月降水量明显减少。同时,西南地区干旱日数呈上升趋势,平均增加3.3 d/10 a。对比水稻产量发现,当累计干旱日数少于40 d时,干旱对水稻产量一般不会造成影响;当累计干旱日数超过86 d时,干旱造成水稻减产20%~73%,这意味着当累计干旱日数超过3个月时,江河塘库蓄水将受到影响,进而影响水稻的灌溉,造成水稻严重减产;当累计干旱日数为40~86 d时,水稻减产一般少于20%,但地区差异较大。 相似文献
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我国2000年干旱情况分析及发展趋势展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
重点分析了２０００年２￣７月份我国北方高温少雨的时空分布特征,并与国外及我国历史上的干旱特征进行了对比;从大气环流、海洋、天气气候及全球变化的角度初步探讨了干旱的成因;回顾了今年春、夏季北方少雨（干旱）的预报服务情况,并初步展望了未来秋、冬、春季降水趋势;建议在制订相应应急政策、加强保护生态环境及水资源的同时,加强气象部门对人工影响天气、干旱预警系统及干旱机理等方面的业务建设和科学研究。 相似文献
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基于1961~2016年四川盆地101个地面观测站逐日降水资料,计算综合气象干旱指数（CI）,应用气候倾向率、经验正交函数分解和小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析四川盆地春旱强度和天数的时空变化特征。结果表明:四川盆地西南部春旱强度高于其它地区,而盆地中部春旱天数较多,尤其是内江以北地区更为突出;近56a四川盆地春旱强度和天数的长期变化呈显著负相关,春旱天数呈减少趋势,春旱强度呈增加趋势;四川盆地春旱强度和天数的EOF第一模态方差贡献率分别为42.99%和44.24%,均反映出空间变化的整体一致性;四川盆地春旱强度和天数均存在1~4a、5~12a及14~28a的振荡周期。 相似文献
19.
2006年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2006年1月中旬欧洲东部地区经历10年来的最低温天气;2月,非洲南部地区遭遇20年以来的最强降水;2006年上半年美国路易斯安那州经历111年来最干旱的时期;7月,欧美地区经历破纪录的高温炎热天气;菲律宾、印尼、印度等东南亚国家遭受暴雨洪灾。2006年春季,我国北方地区遭受18次沙尘天气的侵袭;夏季重庆等地区遭遇百年一遇的大旱;我国东南沿海等地受到多次强台风袭击;波及全国31个省(市、区)的冰雹、雷雨等强对流天气……。2006年是全球有气象记录以来的第6个高温年,极端天气和气候灾害并没有缓和的迹象;我国又经历了许多极端天气和气候灾害。 相似文献
20.
Ashrafun Nahar Jeff Luckstead Eric J. Wailes Mohammad Jahangir Alam 《Climatic change》2018,150(3-4):289-304
Bangladesh, the sixth largest rice producer in the world, has been identified as high risk from the effects of climate change. Many of the adverse impacts of climate change such as land inundation and changes in weather patterns and CO2 levels will impact the agricultural sector. This study develops a partial-equilibrium multi-regional farm household model of Bangladesh rice and non-rice agricultural markets to quantify the impacts of climate change on consumption, production, prices, and farmers’ welfare. The model is calibrated to the Bangladesh rice market using Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. The model is simulated to analyze the impact of land reduction and productivity decline resulting from climate change. The results show that the decline in production in the coastal and northern regions offsets the production increase in the central and eastern regions, and the simulation predicts that total rice production for Bangladesh falls by about 2%. As total rice consumption falls and imports rise, the net effect leads to a rise in the rice price by 5.71% and a decline in farmers’ welfare. Sensitivity analysis shows that more- (less-) effective abatement technology could play a key role in mitigating (exacerbating) the price and welfare effects. The model predicts that many farmers in regions directly impacted by climate change could leave farming in search of off-farm work. Thus, the government can ease this transition by promoting urban development to provide more job options and technical training for farmers. 相似文献