共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 579 毫秒
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基于神经网络模型的中国表层土壤有机质空间分布模拟方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于全国第二次土壤普查得到的6 241个典型土壤剖面数据,采用主成分分析方法和径向基函数神经网络模型建立不同植被类型—土纲单元内土壤有机质与气候、地形和植被等环境因子间的非线性关系,模拟全国表层土壤有机质的空间分析格局。结果表明,该模型具有较准确的预测能力,性能指数达到1.94。与普通克里格法、反比距离法和多元回归模型相比,神经网络模型对621个验证点模拟结果与实测值的相关系数为0.799,分别提高了0.265、0.181和0.120,平均绝对误差分别降低了4.25、4.43和2.34 g/kg,平均相对误差分别降低了30.16%、32.66%和5.93%,均方根误差则分别降低了8.61、8.24和6.24 g/kg;从模拟结果图来看,神经网络模型能够提供更多的细节信息。该方法为大尺度土壤性质空间分布模拟提供了有益的参考。 相似文献
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针对筑坝粗粒材料缩尺效应问题,统计分析三板溪、水布垭等大坝填筑料的级配特征,认为以Talbot曲线为原级配可作为高土石坝填筑料的“平均级配”,并将此原级配按现今粗粒料试验制样时最为常用的“混合法”进行缩尺,配制了最大粒径 为20～180 mm的试样。利用PFC2D软件,对各缩尺级配进行了多组、多种数值试验,揭示了各缩尺级配试样干密度极值、初始弹性模量及体积模量等关键物理量与各级配最大粒径的关系。结果表明：缩尺关系与密实度控制标准相关,在同一相对密度条件下各缩尺比试样力学参量为其最大粒径的单调函数,经推求可得原级配具备室内试验级配1.5～1.6倍的抗变形能力;而在同一干密度条件下,力学参量与各最大粒径呈先减小再增加的非单调关系。最后基于细观力学理论对造成缩尺效应的机制进行了解译。利用PFC2D数值试验从一定程度上拓展了仅靠实际三轴试验来研究粗粒料缩尺效应的粒径和思路。 相似文献
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为了对粗粒料缩尺效应有全面的认识,对粗粒料缩尺效应的表现形式进行了系统地阐述,可分为密实度缩尺效应和力学特性缩尺效应。以此为准,整理了前人的研究成果,并总结了缩尺效应的表现规律。密实度缩尺效应规律为：最大粒径越大,则最大或最小干密度越大,且这种规律与缩尺方法无关。此规律可从级配、颗粒形状及压实功3个方面进行解释。力学特性缩尺效应规律为：同一干密度制样标准下,抗剪强度和变形模量均随最大粒径增大而减小,这可从密实度和颗粒强度两个方面进行解释;但同一相对密度制样标准下,力学特性缩尺规律不统一,机制不清晰,需进行进一步地研究。 相似文献
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岩石工程性质取决于岩石中不同矿物的微观特征,本次研究将从微观角度计算北山花岗岩中主要矿物（石英、黑云母和钠长石）的物理性质和力学性质。矿物的微观物理性质使用体积和密度来表征,矿物的微观力学性质使用杨氏模量和泊松比来表征;矿物的初始晶体结构、初始晶胞参数、单晶胞模型和超晶胞模型使用公开数据库获得;矿物晶胞的稳定构象由几何优化方法来实现;使用分子力学模拟,得到了不同矿物稳定构象的微观物理性质参数和微观力学性质参数;使用分子动力学模拟,分析了温度和压强对这些微观物理力学性质参数的影响。结果表明,花岗岩的3种主要矿物中,晶胞体积大小顺序是钠长石、黑云母、石英,晶胞密度大小顺序是黑云母、石英、钠长石;石英的杨氏模量为161.70~168.78GPa、泊松比为0.25,黑云母的杨氏模量为164.85~579.93GPa、泊松比为0.16~0.31,钠长石的杨氏模量为110.72~112.49GPa、泊松比为0.27;压强为0.0001GPa、温度从300K变化到500K时,石英晶胞体积增大0.17%、密度减小0.15%、杨氏模量和泊松比没有明显变化,黑云母晶胞体积增大0.24%、密度减小0.26%、杨氏模量增大140.55%、泊松比减小26.92%,钠长石晶胞体积减小3.76%、密度增大3.91%、杨氏模量增大319.71%、泊松比减小7.41%;温度为298K、压强从0.010GPa变化到0.020GPa时,石英晶胞体积、密度、杨氏模量和泊松比没有明显变化,黑云母晶胞体积和密度没有明显变化、杨氏模量增大53.79%、泊松比减小23.81%,钠长石晶胞体积和密度没有明显变化、杨氏模量减小36.24%、泊松比增大29.41%。研究结果对分析岩石宏观物理力学特性的微观机制具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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粘土矿物的类型和含量对储层的物性有着较大的影响。伊通盆地岔路河断陷储层属于中低孔、低渗储层。据粘土矿物X射线衍射分析,结合电镜扫描等资料分析研究,得出了储层的孔隙度、渗透率随粘土矿物的含量、成分、产状的变化关系。研究表明,粘土矿物的绝对含量与孔隙度和渗透率呈现负相关性,且其对渗透率的影响明显要比对孔隙度的影响大。随着伊利石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有减小的趋势;而随着高岭石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有增大的趋势,孔隙度随粘土矿物相对含量的变化不显著。 相似文献
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按规范要求的剔除法、等量替代法、相似级配法、混合法等4种缩尺方法,对某粗粒料原型级配进行缩尺,得到15条试验模拟级配,相应的最大颗粒粒径分别为60、40、20 mm。对原型级配和缩尺后模拟级配,进行了最大干密度试验,引入粒径分形维数,研究粒径分形维数与级配缩尺方法、最大干密度的变化规律。分析认为,粒径分形维数是一个能综合反映级配的量化评价指标,可准确反映不同缩尺方法后的试验模拟级配;级配缩尺方法本身对最大干密度有较大的影响,相似级配法的最大干密度值与原型级配的最接近,等量替代法的差异性最大;粒径分形维数与最大干密度具有较好的线性归一化,利用归一化规律,可准确推求原型级配的最大干密度值,有较好的工程应用价值。 相似文献
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采用改进的DRS-I型高压直剪仪进行了砂砾与不同形貌尺度的粗糙钢板结构面接触剪切试验,获得不同压力、形貌尺度条件下的剪切试验结果,分析了中、高压下的不同结构面形貌尺度与砂土颗粒平均粒径比值R（ ,相对形貌尺度）对接触面剪切特性的影响。结构面相对形貌尺度R直接影响接触面剪切过程中的力学与体变特性,中压与高压下分别呈现不同的影响规律且存在各自的峰值相对形貌尺度 与稳定相对形貌尺度 。达到峰值相对形貌尺度之前,R的增大使得接触面剪切耗能随之增加,而剪切体变在中压、高压下分别随之增加和降低;稳定相对形貌尺度之后,接触面剪切耗能与剪切体变达到稳定状态,随R的增大呈微小变化,变化幅值较小。上述规律与接触面附近一定区域的颗粒变位及破碎等机制密切相关,获得成果将为研究不同法向压力下受形貌尺度影响的结构面相对粗糙度问题提供新思路,对于研究不同法向压力下粗粒土与粗糙结构面的接触面力学与变形机制有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
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南海ODP1144站深海沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
ODP1144站是南海唯一钻揭深海沉积牵引体的站位,其完整的岩芯和测井资料为开展该沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究提供了良好的基础。此项研究对于理解南海深海沉积物中岩性参数与弹性参数间的关系具有重要意义,并可为根据反射地震资料开展定量岩性参数预测提供依据。对现有的深海沉积物岩石物理模型包括Wood悬浮模型、等球体颗粒接触模型、Sun速度一孔隙度关系模型进行了综述。根据岩芯分析资料将1144站深海沉积物的矿物组分简化为粘土矿物、碳酸盐、陆源碎屑和硅质生物4类;其中后3种组分的弹性模量及密度值分别由其代表矿物——方解石、石英及蛋白石的理论值代替,粘土矿物组分的等效弹性模量和等效密度则分别由Voigt-Reuss-Hill平均和体积平均计算得出。将3种岩石物理模型应用于1144站,计算得出深海沉积物的纵波速度并将其与声波测井纵波速度进行比较。结果表明,Sun模型计算结果与实测结果的吻合最好,误差最小;Wood模型所得结果在浅层与实测结果较吻合,在深层与实测结果出现偏差,误差较小;而等球体颗粒接触模型计算结果整体偏高,误差较大。 相似文献
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Intercomparison of Boron Isotope and Concentration Measurements. Part II: Evaluation of Results 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Roberto Gonfiantini Sonia Tonarini Manfred Grning Alessandra Adorni‐Braccesi Assad S. Al‐Ammar Marcus Astner Sebastien Bchler Ramon M. Barnes Randy L. Bassett Alain Cocherie Annette Deyhle Andrea Dini Giorgio Ferrara Jrme Gaillardet Judith Grimm Catherine Guerrot Urs Krhenbühl Graham Layne Damien Lemarchand Anette Meixner D. Jack Northington Maddalena Pennisi Eva Reitznerov Ilia Rodushkin Naoji Sugiura Regina Surberg Sabine Tonn Michael Wiedenbeck Samuel Wunderli Yingkai Xiao Thomas Zack 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2003,27(1):41-57
The Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG), on behalf and with the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), prepared eight geological materials (three natural waters and five rocks and minerals), intended for a blind interlaboratory comparison of measurements of boron isotopic composition and concentration. The materials were distributed to twenty seven laboratories - virtually all those performing geochemical boron isotope analyses in the world -which agreed to participate in the intercomparison exercise. Only fifteen laboratories, however, ultimately submitted the isotopic and/or concentration results they obtained on the intercomparison materials. The results demonstrate that interlaboratory reproducibility is not well reflected by the precision values reported by the individual laboratories and this observation holds true for both boron concentration and isotopic composition. The reasons for the discrepancies include fractionations due to the chemical matrix of materials, relative shift of the zero position on the δ11 B scale and a lack of well characterized materials for calibrating absolute boron content measurements. The intercomparison materials are now available at the IAEA (solid materials) and IGG (waters) for future distribution. 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):1028-1036
Experimentally, at 66 kbar, biotite and lepidomelane are converted into associations of several minerals, at 1300–15000 and 900–1450°C, respectively, with the accompanying increase in the density; garnet is the densest product of both minerals; all of their original potassium passes into the low-density minerals during the conversion. The biotite and lepidomelane associations with garnet and other minerals are converted into biotite and lepidomelane above 1500° and 1450°C, respectively. Thus the range of instability of the micas, with its high pressures and relatively low temperatures, appears to be conducive to migration of potassium into upper horizons of the earth, e.g. by the gravitational differentation or by a fractionation in melting of the mantle substance. – V. P. Sokoloff. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》1994,9(5):583-595
A steady-state geochemical model has been developed to study water-rock interactions controlling metal release from waste rock heaps at the Aitik Cu mine in northern Sweden. The Cu release in drainage waters from the site is of environmental concern. The waste rock heaps are treated as single completely mixed flow-through reactors. The geochemical model includes kinetices of sulphide and primary silicate mineral weathering, heterogeneous equilibrium with secondary mineral phases and speciation equilibrium. Field monitoring of drainage water composition provides a basis for evaluation of model performance.The relative rate of oxidative weathering of sulphides and dissolution of primary silicate minerals, using published kinetic data, are consistent with net proton and base cation fluxes at the site. The overall rate of Fe2+ oxidation within the heap is three orders of magnitude faster than that which could be explained by surface-catalysed reaction kinetics. This suggests significant activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria. The absolute weathering rates of sulphides and silicate minerals, normalized to a measured BET surface area, are approximately two orders of magnitude lower at field scale than published rates from laboratory experiments. Because of the relative absence of carbonate minerals, the weathering of biotite and plagioclase feldspar are important sources of alkalinity. 相似文献
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The determination of neutralization potential (NP) of mining wastes is an essential part of waste characterization for acid
rock drainage (ARD) prediction. Interpretation of NP values requires consideration of the mineralogical composition of the
waste. Different minerals can neutralize acid drainage at different rates and in different pH ranges. The test conditions
of widely used laboratory procedures to determine NP do not distinguish between such differences and overestimation of NP
can often result. A simple procedure is proposed in which the effective NP is calculated based on mineralogical composition
and the relative reactivities of component minerals. Mineralogical composition is calculated from easily determined analytical
values using a CIPW normative procedure. Comparison of calculated NP values for 92 samples with experimentally determined
values from tests designed to prevent the overestimation of NP indicates that the method is successful in predicting an effective
NP value in most cases. The procedure is considered to be a cost-effective means of providing confident routine ARD prediction
when used in combination with other tests and analyses.
Received: 1 August 1996 / Accepted: 11 November 1996 相似文献
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选择吉林省公主岭市大岭地区作为东北平原区典型代表区域开展土壤元素空间变异性、经典统计学合理取样数及不同采用密度数据空间插值对比研究。结果表明:(1)受地形平坦及成土母质相对单一等因素影响,研究区土壤元素空间变异性总体较小,大部分以轻中度变异为主(变异系数<15%),受人为因素影响较大的Cd、Hg变异系数分别为35.3%、136.6%,属于高度变异。(2)经典统计学确定的研究区合理采样数为80,该样本量可在95%的置信区间及允许误差为30%的条件下反应区内土壤元素含量的均值与方差,但因未考虑样本的空间属性,不足以反应区内土壤元素空间变异特征,具有一定的局限性。(3)通过对均匀抽稀后4种不同采样密度数据与实测数据空间插值对比研究,在定量评估空间插值相对误差、地块预测值相对误差及预测等级与实测等级一致性的基础上,结合土地质量地球化学调查工作精度要求,提出研究区地块尺度地球化学评价工作合理采样密度为8个点/km2,该密度可在确保评价精度的前提下,大幅减少采样数量和工作成本。上述结论为东北平原及类似地区大面积开展地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价工作提供了关键的技术支撑,对进一步完善土地质量地球化学评价方法技术具有重要意义。 相似文献
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A. I. Efimov I. V. Chashei L. N. Samoznaev V. E. Andreev M. K. Bird P. Edenhofer D. Plettemeier R. Wohlmuth 《Astronomy Reports》2002,46(7):579-590
Radio sounding experiments on of the solar plasma were carried out by the GALILEO spacecraft using S-band (2295 MHz) signals in 1995–1996 a period of minimum solar activity. Equatorial regions at heliocentric distances of 7–80 solar radii were studied. The frequency of the received signal was detected by three ground stations. By carrying out continuous observations of unprecedented duration and processing the data using spectral and correlation methods, we have obtained reliable information on large-scale inhomogeneities of the solar-wind density for the first time. The outer turbulence scale increases with heliocentric distance, the dependence being close to linear. We estimate the outer turbulence scale and analyze its dependence on distance from the Sun and local plasma parameters for a model in which the outer scale is formed due to competition between the linear amplification of Alfven waves in the irregular, moving solar-wind plasma and the nonlinear transfer of turbulent energy to higher frequencies. A comparison of predictions for various specific cases of this model with the observational data suggests that the main nonlinear processes responsible for the formation of the inertial range of the spectrum on the investigated scales are three-wave decay processes involving Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves. 相似文献
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L. Ya. Aranovich 《Petrology》2017,25(5):486-497
The paper discusses petrological effects related to interaction between rocks and concentrated aqueous salt fluids (brines) at lower crustal metamorphism. These effects arise mainly from the low H2O activity typical of brines, while preserving and even increasing transport properties relative to pure H2O or H2O–nonpolar gas fluids. The paper presents thermodynamic properties of the halogen-bearing end members of the biotite solid solution based on experimental data, and examples illustrating how they can be employed to calculate the activities (concentrations) of alkali halides in the fluid. Action of brines significantly changes conventional views on the solubility of several minerals and on the distribution of elements (including trace elements) between minerals, melts, and fluids. The specific role of brines is also in bringing to interaction zones not only water but also alkali metals and Ca, which results in numerous metasomatic net-transfer reactions involving mafic minerals and/or exchange reactions with feldspars that produce new mineral assemblages with lower melting temperature, i.e., cause granitization of rocks as defined by D.S. Korzhinskii. Brines also exert fine “tuning” of metasomatic and melting processes: even at equal pressure, temperature, and water activity values metasomatism may or may not trigger melting depending on the Na/K/Ca ratio in the fluid phase. 相似文献
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高精度三维地震勘探关键技术研究及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对目前中西部三维地震勘探存在的主要问题,以晋城成庄和潞安五阳两个采区三维地震勘探项目为依托,进行了高精度三维地震勘探技术攻关研究,总结出一套适合中西部复杂地区的"高精度三维地震勘探技术",即:以合理得当的观测系统、行之有效的成孔工具、严密完善的质量保证体系为基础,采用高密度采集技术、层析反演静校正技术、叠前时间偏移技术和岩性反演解释技术来提高三维地震勘探的精度和准确率。其中高密度采集技术具有小采样间隔、高覆盖次数、宽方位角、均匀的炮检距道集等优点,在提高横向分辨率的同时,也有效提高其纵向分辨能力,有利于小断层、小陷落柱或其它小地质异常的识别及解释;层析反演静校正技术特别适用于山地复杂地表条件,是解决山地资料静校正的一种有效方法;叠前时间偏移技术适用于速度纵向发生变化,而横向速度变化不大的地区,能够实现真正的共—反射点叠加,具有较好的构造成像效果和保幅性;岩性反演解释技术是将连续观测的地震资料与具有高纵向分辨率的测井资料进行关联实行优势互补,提高三维地震资料的纵、横向分辨率和对地下地质情况的勘探研究程度高。二个采区的的应用效果表明,上述技术极大提高了煤炭地质勘探的精度、准确率和解决地质问题的能力。 相似文献
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对某原型级配粗粒料,按规范要求采用剔除法、等量替代法、相似级配法、混合法等4种缩尺方法,获得15条模拟级配,相应的最大颗粒粒径分别为60、40、20 mm。在相同振动功能条件下,对模拟级配进行了最大干密度试验,研究同一原型级配经不同级配缩尺方法后其最大干密度值的变化规律。分析认为,最大干密度与缩尺后级配的不均匀系数、曲率系数、最大颗粒粒径、小于5 mm粒组含量等参量相关,提出了修正级配参数方法,即将最大干密度与级配相关参量归一化。最后进行了试样尺寸直径为1 m的原型级配粗粒料的击实试验,验证了归一化公式的合理性。 相似文献
20.
The I-Xe chronometer is based upon decay of now-extinct 129I where the ratio of accumulated daughter 129Xe to stable 127I reflects the iodine isotopic ratio at closure of the host mineral. Since none of the parent remains, I-Xe is by nature a relative chronometer but, when referenced by a standard mineral of known age, the I-Xe system becomes an absolute chronometer reflecting true closure times. Most iodine hosts are secondary minerals so the I-Xe system is unique in providing details of post-formational chronometry not readily available with other chronometers. The short half-life of 129I gives it exceptional precision. However, the secondary nature of iodine host minerals, combined with the inherent precision of I-Xe, were responsible for a large database of “whole-rock” I-Xe ages that were not easily interpreted. As this problem evolved historically, doubts were cast upon the viability of the I-Xe system as a chronometer which persisted until it was tested against other chronometers in single-mineral systems. Properly calibrated, absolute I-Xe ages reflect the true closure time of the host minerals, and sequences of closure times in different hosts provide cooling rates for the parent object. 相似文献