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1.
C. O. Okagbue 《Natural Hazards》1989,2(2):143-151
A slip-debris flow occurred in the Ogbajala Hills of Benue State on 3 September, 1987 after three days of consecutive rainfall. Field measurements of the landslide showed that the slip originated on the upper one-third of the hill at a depth of 1.37 m and extended uniformly to about 50 m downslope before turning into a flow. Stability analysis of the slip using infinite slope analysis yielded a slip surface depth of 1.4 m with a perched water table that rose seven-tenths (0.7) into the thickness of the slipped soil before failure. These analysis results agree closely with field measurements and give an insight into the water table conditions that led to the failure. 相似文献
2.
为了确定巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发强度与地下水埋深的关系,基于巴丹吉林沙漠的气候背景、砂土特征和不同地下水埋深时的典型植被特点设计了54种情景,利用Hydrus-1D建立不同情景下的SPAC水分运移模型,对周期性气象条件驱动下的潜水蒸发开展数值模拟。模拟结果表明:多年平均潜水蒸发量有着随地下水埋深增大而非线性减小的趋势;不同情景的极限埋深都大于3m,在埋深等于3m时潜水蒸发量都小于最大值的5%;当地下水埋深为0.5~1.5m时,潜水蒸发量对地下水埋深的变化最为敏感;当地下水埋深为1m时,潜水蒸发量对包气带岩性的变化也很敏感;在地下水埋深小于0.5m和大于1.5m的区间,气候、岩性、地下水埋深的变化对潜水蒸发量的影响变得微弱。另外,多年平均潜水蒸发量和地下水埋深的这种非线性关系可以用一个新提出的经验公式进行较为准确的拟合,将这个研究结果用于评价巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊集中区地下水的蒸发消耗,发现潜水蒸发总量显著大于湖面蒸发总量,前者约为后者的2.5~2.6倍,必须在沙漠水分平衡的分析中加以考虑。 相似文献
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简要论述丰县县城的水文地质条件；对丰县县城规划区主要供水源深层孔隙水的开采作了动态分析；建立了地下水位灰色预测模型并预测了２０００年的水位及水位变化区间。 相似文献
5.
当土压平衡盾构穿越高水位地层（如穿越江河）时,地下水与土舱之间的高水压差会产生过大的渗透力,导致开挖面失稳。为了研究渗流条件下开挖面失稳问题,开发了一套隧道离心模型试验装置,主要包括刚性模型箱、模型盾构、开挖面伺服加载系统、水位控制系统、储水箱。针对饱和砂质粉土地层,开展了一系列不同水位高度的稳态渗流开挖面失稳模型试验。结果显示,开挖面失稳过程中随着开挖面位移的增加,有效支护压力迅速下降;在达到最小值 之后缓慢回升并趋于稳定;极限有效支护压力 与水头压力 呈线性关系。 相似文献
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南水北调中线工程供水后对河南省受水区浅层地下水位、用水结构等产生了重要影响。首先回顾了河南省平原区以往地下水位埋深变化,并通过收集、统计2008—2018年河南省受水区浅层地下水位的监测成果,基于ArcGIS软件,针对南水北调中线供水前后河南省受水区浅层地下水位变化进行量化分区;结合降水量、地下水资源量、供水量等资料对供水前后河南省受水区用水结构变化等进行分析。结果表明:自20世纪60年代至2008年,河南省平原区浅层地下水位平均埋深整体逐渐增加;河南省受水区地下水资源量随降水量增加呈线性增加趋势;南水北调中线一期供水后,2015—2018年平均地下水供水量在地下水资源量中的占比较2008—2014年减少9.55%;受水区浅层地下水位有所回升,且主要体现在埋深 > 8~12 m范围向埋深 > 4~8 m及≤4 m范围的转变,埋深 > 12~16 m及 > 16~20 m范围在受水前后基本保持不变,埋深 > 20 m的区域范围有所减少;2008—2014年各监测点分布县区的浅层地下水位呈下降趋势,2015—2018年供水期间有2/3以上县区浅层地下水位逐渐恢复;农林渔业用水和工业用水占比在供水后均有所减小,城乡生活、环境综合用水占比增加明显。研究结果表明南水北调中线工程对河南省受水区浅层地下水位恢复及缓解供水矛盾问题等产生积极有效的影响。 相似文献
8.
Giant landslides are significant hazards associated with many active volcanic edifices. We describe a similar feature on ancient (>4 Ma) volcanic deposits subject to active tectonism. The landslide is approximately 3 km long by 1 km wide, with an estimated depth of 400 m. Side margins are straight and parallel, mimicking regional structure; narrow valleys incised down these margins provide low-strength side-release surfaces. Between these is a giant slump consisting of at least four, largely intact, discrete blocks that have moved down-dip a distance of >500 m. A series of flows with areal extents ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 km2 extends from the front of the failure. The materials represent an eroded sequence of andesite flows on the flanks of a stratovolcano. These have undergone two phases of hydrothermal alteration, and are deeply weathered to low-density (1040±80 kg m−3) silt (59%) and clay (35%) materials with strength properties typical of weathered silts (c=26±3 kN m−2; φ=42±8°). The size and location of this landslide preclude detailed geotechnical investigation of the failure. The worth of numerical stability analysis as an alternative technique in assessing the nature of the failure and hence the risk it poses to nearby communities is investigated. Sensitivity analysis identified likely conditions under which initial failure may have occurred: analyses for sensitivity to strength and earthquake acceleration needed conversion to critical combinations (F=1.0) of water table and strength/acceleration to remove the overriding influence of water table fluctuations. Failure was likely initiated either by a high water table level (83-84%), or some combination of intensity VII-IX earthquake waves together with water table heights of 40-80%. A general hazard assessment indicates that the risk associated with creep and catastrophic failure of the main mass is small, whereas the risk from flow failures near the toe of the landslide may be high. Important parameters (hydrological regime, flow failure morphology, age of initiation, and rates of movement) requiring closer investigation are identified. Development of a model is crucial to assessing the hazard associated with a feature such as that described here. With limited resources, a detailed stability analysis is a powerful tool as an initial stage in hazard analysis. 相似文献
9.
Integrated method of RS and GPR for monitoring the changes in the soil moisture and groundwater environment due to underground coal mining 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Zhengfu Bian Shaogang Lei Hilary I. Inyang Luqun Chang Richen Zhang Chengjun Zhou Xiao He 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(1):131-142
Mining affects the environment in different ways depending on the physical context in which the mining occurs. In mining areas
with an arid environment, mining affects plants’ growth by changing the amount of available water. This paper discusses the
effects of mining on two important determinants of plant growth—soil moisture and groundwater table (GWT)—which were investigated
using an integrated approach involving a field sampling investigation with remote sensing (RS) and ground-penetrating radar
(GPR). To calculate and map the distribution of soil moisture for a target area, we initially analyzed four models for regression
analysis between soil moisture and apparent thermal inertia and finally selected a linear model for modeling the soil moisture
at a depth 10 cm; the relative error of the modeled soil moisture was about 6.3% and correlation coefficient 0.7794. A comparison
of mined and unmined areas based on the results of limited field sampling tests or RS monitoring of Landsat 5-thermatic mapping
(TM) data indicated that soil moisture did not undergo remarkable changes following mining. This result indicates that mining
does not have an effect on soil moisture in the Shendong coal mining area. The coverage of vegetation in 2005 was compared
with that in 1995 by means of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) deduced from TM data, and the results showed
that the coverage of vegetation in Shendong coal mining area has improved greatly since 1995 because of policy input RMB￥0.4
per ton coal production by Shendong Coal Mining Company. The factor most affected by coal mining was GWT, which dropped from
a depth of 35.41 m before mining to a depth of 43.38 m after mining at the Bulianta Coal Mine based on water well measurements.
Ground-penetrating radar at frequencies of 25 and 50 MHz revealed that the deepest GWT was at about 43.4 m. There was a weak
water linkage between the unsaturated zone and groundwater, and the decline of water table primarily resulted from the well
pumping for mining safety rather than the movement of cracking strata. This result is in agreement with the measurements of
the water wells. The roots of nine typical plants in the study area were investigated. Populus was found to have the deepest
root system with a depth of about 26 m. Based on an assessment of plant growth demands and the effect of mining on environmental
factors, we concluded that mining will have less of an effect on plant growth at those sites where the primary GWT depth before
mining was deep enough to be unavailable to plants. If the primary GWT was available for plant growth before mining, especially
to those plants with deeper roots, mining will have a significant effect on the growth of plants and the mechanism of this
effect will include the loss of water to roots and damage to the root system. 相似文献
10.
Ward E. Sanford 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(2):405-419
The trend of decreasing permeability with depth was estimated in the fractured-rock terrain of the upper Potomac River basin in the eastern USA using model calibration on 200 water-level observations in wells and 12 base-flow observations in subwatersheds. Results indicate that permeability at the 1–10 km scale (for groundwater flowpaths) decreases by several orders of magnitude within the top 100 m of land surface. This depth range represents the transition from the weathered, fractured regolith into unweathered bedrock. This rate of decline is substantially greater than has been observed by previous investigators that have plotted in situ wellbore measurements versus depth. The difference is that regional water levels give information on kilometer-scale connectivity of the regolith and adjacent fracture networks, whereas in situ measurements give information on near-hole fractures and fracture networks. The approach taken was to calibrate model layer-to-layer ratios of hydraulic conductivity (LLKs) for each major rock type. Most rock types gave optimal LLK values of 40–60, where each layer was twice a thick as the one overlying it. Previous estimates of permeability with depth from deeper data showed less of a decline at <300 m than the regional modeling results. There was less certainty in the modeling results deeper than 200 m and for certain rock types where fewer water-level observations were available. The results have implications for improved understanding of watershed-scale groundwater flow and transport, such as for the timing of the migration of pollutants from the water table to streams. 相似文献
11.
Use of water balance calculation and tritium to examine the dropdown of groundwater table in the piedmont of the North China Plain (NCP) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The groundwater table in the piedmont plain was only about 1–2 m in depth in the 1950s and 1960s, but it lowered dramatically afterwards to about 25–27 m in depth (currently 21–23 m above sea level) due to overpumping of groundwater and drought in the region. This change has adversely affected the sustainable development and food supply of this important agricultural area. The groundwater table at Luancheng Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in the piedmont, dropped from 39.36 m in 1975 to 21.47 m above sea level in 1999, at an average rate of 0.72 m/year. Water balance components, such as daily rainfall, pan-evaporation, and evapotranspiration (by lysimeter after 1995) have been recorded since the 1970s, and they were used as variants to simulate monthly water table change based on a physically based statistical model. Groundwater samples were collected during the period 1998–2001, and tritium was measured in the laboratory to trace the groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains to the piedmont. A reasonable exploitation rate of 150 mm/year was obtained from the model by assuming the annual water table is constant. The recharge and groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains plays an important role in the water balance of the piedmont area, and it was estimated to be about 112.5 mm/year by using the variation of tritium with the depth, which followed a good exponential function. The simple water balance calculation indicated that the water table could recede at a rate of 0.8 m/year, which is close to the actual situation. 相似文献
12.
滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水水位埋深探讨 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
笔者以滹滏平原为研究区, 采用统计分析的方法, 分析了地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性随地下水位埋深之间的变化关系。结果表明, 当地下水位埋深增大时, 地下水防污性增强的地区, 地下水资源脆弱性也增高;通过二者之间变化关系, 认为受地下水位埋深制约及地下水位埋深对二者的不同影响, 存在使地下水系统脆弱性最佳的地下水位埋深区间;通过地下水位埋深对地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性影响及其制约关系, 确定滹滏平原淡水区和咸水区地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水位埋深分别为27~30 m和15~19 m。 相似文献
13.
Lihe Yin Yangxiao Zhou Jinting Huang Jochen Wenninger Guangcai Hou Eryong Zhang Xiaoyong Wang Jiaqiu Dong Jun Zhang Stefan Uhlenbrook 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(12):4997-5006
Sap flow (SF)of a willow tree, meteorological variables, soil water content, and water table depth were measured during the growing period from mid-April to October, 2011 in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment, Northwest China. The measurements of SF showed diurnal fluctuations in sunny days and seasonal changes from 1.65 l/h in mid-April to 33 l/h in July. At hourly scale, SF is significantly correlated with net radiation, followed by air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. At daily scale, air temperature affects the dynamics of SF significantly. Daily SF correlates positively with net radiation and negatively with relative humidity. There is no correlation observed between daily SF and wind speed. The measurements of SF do not indicate water stress although the experimental period is dry. Correlation analysis shows that SF is strongly correlated with soil moisture and water table depth, indicating the willow tree uses both soil water and groundwater for transpiration. 相似文献
14.
水对斜坡作用包括地表水流动作用和地表水入渗作用,地表水流动作用,如水库、河流的岸坡破坏,由水动力侵蚀所引起。目前黄土中地表水入渗影响下的斜坡稳定性分析存在一些概念含糊的问题,如忽略了入渗过程的应力路径,只考虑其破坏时的应力状态,这会导致对其破机理和稳定性计算参数取值的误判,文章只针对该类问题进行辨析讨论。黄土中地表水的入渗一般有降雨和灌溉两种,伴随降雨入渗多引起斜坡浅层破坏;灌溉导致地下水位上升则引起深层滑移。地表水入渗对斜坡总应力改变不大,水致斜坡破坏主要是孔隙水压力上升,土体有效应力降低所致。非饱和黄土中的初始孔隙水压力为负值,降雨入渗后的浅层黄土仍处于非饱和状态,孔压最大升到0;灌溉会引起地下水位抬升,潜水位下为正的孔隙水压力。明确了孔压变化过程,就可以用有效强度评价边坡稳定性。同时,目前一些观点认为关于流动性黄土滑坡是静态引起,这颠倒了因果关系,是滑移引起了液化,而不是液化导致的滑移。 相似文献
15.
通量上边界与水头上边界方法的地下水流系统模拟对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水头上边界方法（简称水头法,GHB）给定了潜水面形态和固化了排泄点,限制了不同地下水流系统模式的形成与转化。分别用数值法进行了通量上边界（简称通量法,FUB）与水头上边界的地下水流系统对比模拟。结果表明：嵌套式多级地下水流系统（Tóth典型模式）在运用水头法和通量法进行系统转化模拟时,得出的水流模式可能相似或完全不同;通量法在条件（盆地形态、入渗强度等）改变时潜水面能够自动形成,从而得出不同变化条件下的水流系统特征;水头法由于给定了潜水面和固化了排泄点,在改变盆地其他因素时,盆地补给（排泄）也发生同步改变,此时地下水流模式不是单因素变化的结果,因此在给定条件下不能得出完整的地下水流系统变化模式。基于通量法与水头法在地下水流系统模拟中的优势与不同,在进行盆地地下水流系统理论和实际研究时,应该综合2种方法的特点,结合实际资料条件进行方法的选取与应用。 相似文献
16.
生态植被的地下水阈值是指植被依赖地下水生长的最大水位埋深和溶解性总固体含量（TDS）。控制地下水开采生态风险的基础是弄清生态植被与地下水的依存关系并给出地下水阈值。文章利用遥感数据集MOD13Q1和水文地质调查获得的实测数据,统计分析了柴达木盆地主要平原区生态植被与潜水的水位埋深、TDS的关系。结果表明:天然植被依赖地下水的阈值是水位埋深为5.3 m、TDS为7.5 g/L;埋深＞5.3 m地带的天然植被基本与地下水无关;埋深＜1.1 m是水生植被、湿生植被与湿生耐盐碱植被适宜生长的水位埋深区间;埋深1.4~3.5 m是耐盐植被及中生植被与旱生植被适合生长的水位埋深区间;TDS≤1.5 g/L适宜植被生长,1.5 g/L＜TDS≤5 g/L较适宜植被生长,5 g/L＜TDS≤7.5 g/L基本不适宜植被生长,TDS＞7.5 g/L不适宜植被生长。 相似文献
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Forced changes in the water head within a granite-penetrating borehole were found to induce anomalously large free-surface strains and tilts in the vicinity of the hole. This deformation is shown to be due to fluid-pressure-induced changes in the aperture of a compliant hydraulically-conductive fracture at a depth of 100 m and a quantitative analysis of the deformation data is performed to recover fracture characteristics. The importance of the effect for secular earth strain measurements is discussed in the light of the ubiquitous nature of both water table fluctuations and fractures in the shallow crust. 相似文献
19.
A strong geochemical gradient was observed in the thick overburden aquifer of the Asa drainage basin. Different types of
groundwater occur at different (downslope) locations and groundwater table depths. The following sequence was noticed with
increasing distance downslope or with increasing groundwater table depth:
1. Ca–Mg–HCO3 water at about 390-m groundwater table elevations or upslope locations.
2. Ca–Mg–HCO3–Cl water at middle-slope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 350 m above sea level;
3. Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl water at downslope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 300 m above sea level.
In this basin, changes in the type of water are expected at about every 40–50 m depth from the surface. Statistical analysis
via the determination of the correlation coefficient (r) and regression analysis shows that about 80–99% of the variation in groundwater chemistry is accounted for by the topography,
using the model presented in this paper. The rate of change in the sequence will depend on the permeability of the aquifer,
which determines the rate of groundwater flow and the residence time, and the nature of recharge.
Received: 4 February 1997 · Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献
20.
利用包气带环境示踪剂评估张掖盆地降水入渗速率 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
降水入渗补给速率是干旱半干旱地区地下水资源评价和保护中的重要参数。长期以来在河西走廊中游盆地地下水资源评价中,一直认为地下水位埋深>5m的地带难以产生降水入渗补给。本文在黑河流域中游的张掖盆地分别选择沙丘区和裸地区,综合运用包气带同位素和水化学信息,开展了降水入渗补给研究。包气带氯质量平衡法结果表明:现代气候条件下,张掖盆地地下水位埋深>5m的地带仍存在降水入渗补给,在沙丘覆盖区,地下水位埋深6.3m时,降水入渗补给速率为13.3～14.4mm/a,入渗系数0.10～0.11;在裸地区,地下水位埋深8.6m时,降水入渗补给速率为16.8～18.4mm/a,入渗系数0.13～0.14。 相似文献