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冰冻圈影响区恢复力研究和实践:进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化引起全球冰冻圈各要素普遍退缩,进而深刻影响着区域生态安全和社会经济发展。恢复力(resilience)以降低脆弱性为目标,维持和培育社会-生态系统应对外界胁迫和干扰的能力,为应对冰冻圈变化引起的负面影响、实现区域可持续发展提供了重要的理论和实践框架。文中辨识了全球变暖背景下冰冻圈过程和功能变化对主要社会-生态系统的影响,综述了当前冰冻圈影响区恢复力相关的主要研究和实践进展,探讨了加强冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统恢复力的路径。我们认为未来要进一步加强区域和全球冰冻圈变化及其影响综合评估,深入研究冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统变化的驱动机制、级联效应和稳态转换;在实践上将减缓、适应和转型有机结合,建立管控区域社会-生态系统演化的综合监测、评估、预警和决策系统,从而促进系统朝着更具恢复力和可持续的路径发展。 相似文献
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生态气象学是一门交叉学科,它以包括大气环境在内的生态系统为主要研究对象,利用天气学、气候学、应用气象学、生态学原理与方法研究生态系统诸因子间的相互作用及变化规律。在全球气候变暖、生态环境问题日益突出的背景下,生物资源和土地资源退化等问题直接威胁到了人类的生存和可持续发展。考虑到未来气候变化的不确定性和负面影响,如何维持生态系统的健康演变,适应环境变化,需要将气象学和生态学结合起来开展交叉研究,探讨各相关要素相互作用的过程和因果关系,这是生态气象学需要探讨、解决的问题。水生生态系统是全球生态系统重要的组成部分。长江作为我国最长的河流,其流域的生态环境与天气、气候变化对于沿江区域的经济发展有着重要影响。特别是在“万里长江,险在荆江”的荆江流域,夏季的强降水使得这片素有“九曲回肠”之称的流域始终面临着洪水宣泄不畅、极易溃堤成灾的威胁。因此,研究该流域的生态气象特征,对于这里以农业、水产养殖业为特色的地方经济、及清洁环境和健康生态系统的维持具有重要的气象服务价值。近年来,湖北省荆州市气象局在生态气象领域做了大量工作,对一些科技问题进行了积极探索和总结,本期以“刊中刊”的形式集中刊登了依托于荆州市气象局的“江汉平原生态气象遥感监测技术协调创新中心”有关成员单位在湿地生态与农业气象等方面的最新研究文章。本期“进展报告:长江生态气象”在荆州市气象局的支持下,展示了该局科研业务人员独立或与高校等机构学者合作,在江汉生态气象方面近年来取得的主要成果。这些研究分别从产量预报(P36)、洪涝灾害(P51)、农作物遥感(P58、P72)、水体遥感(P85、P91)以及流域生态环境保护(P105)等不同角度阐述了生态气象领域在当地的研究进展,这些研究与长江流域生态保护与可持续发展问题密切相关。 相似文献
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资源、环境与可持续发展问题是当今人类社会面临的重大而严峻的现实问题。本文概述了我国、特别是吉林省农业自然资源和农业生态环境存在问题,分析耕地、草地、森林资源减少、质量下降和“三化”等现象的现状及其趋势;从社会学、哲学和资源与生态学观点分析产生这些问题的原因,从理论与实践上提出保护与更新资源、防止生态恶化,保证农业可持续发展的对策措施,强调在资源开发利用过程中,尊重客观规律、建立健全法规和管理政策,更新观念,加大投入、加强教育、增强生态意识和克服短期行为的必要性和迫切性,并针对我省西部生态建设提出参考意见。 相似文献
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城市是物质文明的源,也是生态破坏的汇。城市问题的科学实质是人与自然关系的生态问题,包括资源代谢在时间、空间尺度上的阻滞与耗竭,体制耦合在结构与功能关系上的错位和失谐,社会行为在经济与环境利益上的冲突和无序。本书是国家自然科学基金会课题“城镇及人类活动密集区生态调控的方法论”研究的部分成果汇集。作者是中国科学院生态环境研究中心的王如松博士、周启星博士、胡聃博士。全书共分理论与方法、生态过程,以及生态调控案例研究３篇共１０章。理论与方法包括城市复合生态系统原理、生态规划方法、生态工程技术及生态管理手… 相似文献
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利用多源遥感数据和气象观测数据,基于生态系统生产力指数(EPI)、稳定性指数(ESI)和承载力指数(EBCI),构建遥感综合评价模型,就洱海流域2005—2020年的生态系统质量进行量化研究,并分析其变化与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：洱海流域生态系统质量综合指数(EQCI)均值为56.49(总分100),EPI、ESI和EBCI三项指数均值分别为49.05、74.16和56.97,可见洱海流域生态系统稳定性较好,16 a间EPI、ESI、EBCI和EQCI均呈上升趋势。不同生态系统间,生态质量水平从大到小为：森林>草地>农田>城镇>湿地>水体。当土地类型转变为城镇类型会对生态系统质量带来一定负面影响。草地、森林和农田生态系统中气温和降水与EQCI多呈正相关关系,城镇生态系统中气温与EQCI多呈负相关关系。 相似文献
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这是作者在“复杂性科学讨论会”(1991年2月,北京)和“大气边界层物理和大气化学讨论会”(1991年11月,北京)上作的报告的提纲,系统地论述建立“气候和环境生态系统动力学”的各方面问题,分为10部分,即(1)为什么要研究气候和环境生态系统的动力学;(2)研究对象、它的复杂性及与其他学科的关系;(3)研究方法和研究课题;(4)建模问题;(5)模式的理性检验;(6)系统的初等性质研究和模式的简化方法;(7)最简化模式的严格分析研究;(8)数值模拟和计算方法研究;(9)资料同化问题;(10)控制和改造自然问题.文中强调必须把描述性的研究上升为具有严格逻辑推理和定量计算的科学,因此特别注意动力学模式的建立、检验、分析和计算问题,并指出控制和改造自然的工程乃是复杂巨系统的控制和规划问题. 相似文献
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陆地生态系统与全球变化相互作用的研究进展 总被引：36，自引：3，他引：36
全球变化及其对生态系统特别是陆地生态系统的影响已经严重地影响到人类生存环境与社会经济的可持续发展 ,引起了各国政府、科学家及公众的高度关注。文中从CO2 浓度倍增、温度变化、水分变化、水热与CO2 协同作用、辐射变化、臭氧变化以及人为干扰等气候环境变化对植物光合生理、生长发育、物质分配、水分利用、碳氮代谢等的影响方面阐述了全球变化影响生态系统的过程与机理 ;从地理分布范围、物候、结构与功能、生态系统的稳定性等方面分析了中国植被、森林生态系统、草原生态系统与农田生态系统对全球变化的响应 ;从植被变化引起的动力条件与热力条件的变化及植被固碳潜力的变化探讨了植被对于气候的反馈作用。在此基础上 ,基于当前全球变化研究前沿 ,提出了未来关于陆地生态系统与全球变化相互作用研究需要重视的方面 ,尤其是关于生态系统对全球变化响应的阈值研究应引起高度重视。 相似文献
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利用1967年航片数据、1986和2000年两期遥感TM数据,对长江黄河源区高寒生态系统分布格局变化进行了分析,并结合源区气候变化观测数据,分析了源区高寒生态系统变化与气候的关系和陆面生态系统变化对源区水文过程的影响。结果表明：过去40 a来,长江源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了13.5%、3.6%和28.9%,黄河源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了23.2%、7.0%和13.6%,江河源区低覆盖草甸、草原和沙漠草地面积均不同程度地增加;长江、黄河源区气温变化率分别为0.27和0.31℃/10a,降水的变化趋势在长江、黄河源区分别以0.36和0.07 mm/a的速率递增,气温持续升高和由此引起的冻土退化是导致高寒生态系统退化的主要因素之一;陆面生态系统退化对源区水文过程影响显著,在降水没有明显变化的情况下,长江、黄河源区径流系数分别由1960年代的0.16和0.28下降到21世纪的0.12和0.21,且降水－径流关系减弱,出源径流趋于减少,洪水发生频率显著增加,水源涵养指数持续减小。如何应对气候变化,维护源区高寒生态系统功能,已成为迫切需要关注和解决的关键问题。 相似文献
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在国家重点研发计划支持下,项目提出了陆表不均一性检测和订正的新方法,解决了渐变型不均一性检测和订正的难题,构建了中国地表太阳辐射、气温、地温、风速和降水等参数均一化站点和格点数据集,修订了关于中国地表风速变化趋势、增温格局及其形成机制的结论。融合多源数据,构建并验证了千米级、流域级或县域级的电厂、人口、生物质能、取水量、氮排放、二氧化碳排放等影响自然系统的关键人文要素历史和未来预估数据集。构建了未来关键人文要素情景,研制了碳中和目标下甲烷和氧化亚氮排放情景和用于驱动全球模式的未来情景,预估了中国碳中和战略的实施对全球变暖的减缓作用,发现中国碳中和对远期和中期全球变暖的减缓作用显著。给出了中国各省份水体氮排放安全阈值及超越时间,阐明了中国粮食产量与氮施肥的关系,提出了在保障粮食安全的前提下减少水体氮排放的有效途径,指出重构城乡养分循环体系是同时保障粮食安全和恢复水质的必要途径。发现全球饱和水汽压差的年际变化与大气二氧化碳浓度上升速率的年际变化显著相关,阐明了饱和水汽压差变化在调控生态系统生产力中的重要角色以及多因素耦合作用在生态系统生产力变化中的复杂影响。建议更全面细致地评估中国各种碳中... 相似文献
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Martin D. Robards Michael L. SchoonChanda L. Meek Nathan L. Engle 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):522-529
While a sustained flow of ecosystem services brings tangible benefits to humans, some ecosystem states and suites of services may be more desired by some people than others. Allocating or using the flow of services is loaded with asymmetries, complex power dynamics and political struggles between groups of people. We argue that the issues associated with such allocation and use questions are poorly integrated into the literatures of resilience, sustainability, and vulnerability. To illustrate this, we focus on three socially constructed factors that inhibit a fuller understanding about how to sustain the flow of ecosystem services: (1) rigidity/poverty traps; (2) power asymmetries; and (3) scientization of policy/politicization of science. These factors limit our ability to assess the sustainable flows of ecosystem services, and in particular to better understand the trade-offs and limits to aggregate human activity. We demonstrate that an improved understanding of the allocation trade-offs and limits to the flows of ecosystem services could result from more applied research that integrates the developing fields of deliberative democracy, pragmatic environmental philosophy, and legitimacy and rule compliance. Without the understanding that such integration would bring, researchers and policy makers risk underestimating the limits on flows of ecosystem services and how to accomplish their provision toward the greater collective - rather than individual - good. 相似文献
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We investigate the role of culture in sustaining essential ecosystem services in the arid and erratic climate of an agropastoral landscape in southern Madagascar. Our fieldwork and interviews in Ambovombe subprefecture in Androy addressed land use, agropastoralism, livelihood, institutions and their moral basis. Our analysis points to the interdependence of cultural practices and ecosystem services: sacred forests, crop pollination, subsistence farming, cattle economy and societal transition and purification rituals. We posit a social-ancestral contract that works as a moral attractor structuring and sustaining the agropastoral ecosystem services system. The contract between living and nonliving clan members underpins the cultural practices and rituals that regulate the vulnerable agropastoral system. We conclude that the well-being values of the inhabitants of the south of Madagascar depend upon moralities that lend legitimacy and stability to the management of the social–ecological processes that precondition ecosystem services production. Neither ecosystem nor culture delivers ecosystem services to society. Ecosystem services are generated by an interdependent social–ecological system in which knowledge, practice, and beliefs coevolve: culture is a key factor in their generation and persistence. The study suggests these are significant interdependences to consider in dynamic analyses of ecosystem service production. 相似文献
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Although there is a strong policy interest in the impacts of climate change corresponding to different degrees of climate change, there is so far little consistent empirical evidence of the relationship between climate forcing and impact. This is because the vast majority of impact assessments use emissions-based scenarios with associated socio-economic assumptions, and it is not feasible to infer impacts at other temperature changes by interpolation. This paper presents an assessment of the global-scale impacts of climate change in 2050 corresponding to defined increases in global mean temperature, using spatially-explicit impacts models representing impacts in the water resources, river flooding, coastal, agriculture, ecosystem and built environment sectors. Pattern-scaling is used to construct climate scenarios associated with specific changes in global mean surface temperature, and a relationship between temperature and sea level used to construct sea level rise scenarios. Climate scenarios are constructed from 21 climate models to give an indication of the uncertainty between forcing and response. The analysis shows that there is considerable uncertainty in the impacts associated with a given increase in global mean temperature, due largely to uncertainty in the projected regional change in precipitation. This has important policy implications. There is evidence for some sectors of a non-linear relationship between global mean temperature change and impact, due to the changing relative importance of temperature and precipitation change. In the socio-economic sectors considered here, the relationships are reasonably consistent between socio-economic scenarios if impacts are expressed in proportional terms, but there can be large differences in absolute terms. There are a number of caveats with the approach, including the use of pattern-scaling to construct scenarios, the use of one impacts model per sector, and the sensitivity of the shape of the relationships between forcing and response to the definition of the impact indicator. 相似文献
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Thomas Binet Pierre Failler Pablo N. Chavance Mohamed Abidine Mayif 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1434-1443
This article investigates whether the European Union-Mauritania fisheries agreement, which allocates part of the Europe's financial contribution to the conservation of marine ecosystems located within the Banc d’Arguin National Park, can be regarded as a payment for ecosystem service. A framework for qualification as such payment scheme was established based on an extensive literature review. The criteria identified for the qualification as a payment to ecosystem service pertain to: (1) the definition of the ecosystem service(s) involved; (2) the mechanism involved by the payment; and (3) the nature of the transaction. Interviews with local beneficiaries and subsequent data analysis led to the conclusion that this mechanism could be regarded as a payment to ecosystem service and so, through the European Union-Mauritania Fisheries agreement, the European Union were investing to protect local fish resources that could be exploited by its fishing fleet. This agreement, involving the first International Payment to Ecosystem Service of this kind, marks an important step towards better consideration of marine conservation in international public policy and foreign fishing policy in particular. However, this payment is small when compared to revenues generated through the exploitation of developing countries’ fishing grounds by fishing countries. Nevertheless it opens the door for more detailed applications of payment to ecosystem service schemes to other ecosystems contexts, and can provide a useful alternative source of financing of marine biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
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Abrupt climate change has an important impact on sustainable economic and social development, as well as ecosystem. However, it is very difficult to predict abrupt climate changes because the climate system is a complex and nonlinear system. In the present paper, the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent (NLLE) is proposed as a new early warning signal for an abrupt climate change. The performance of NLLE as an early warning signal is first verified by those simulated abrupt changes based on four folding models. That is, NLLE in all experiments showed an almost monotonous increasing trend as a dynamic system approached its tipping point. For a well-studied abrupt climate change in North Pacific in 1976/1977, it is also found that NLLE shows an almost monotonous increasing trend since 1970 which give up to 6 years warning before the abrupt climate change. The limit of the predictability for a nonlinear dynamic system can be quantitatively estimated by NLLE, and lager NLLE of the system means less predictability. Therefore, the decreasing predictability may be an effective precursor indicator for abrupt climate change.
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