共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
依据渭河上游实测水文资料和水利水保措施统计数据, 分析了流域水文要素和水利水保措施的变化规律。根据双累积曲线、 有序聚类、 Lee-Heghinan、 滑动T检验等方法, 结合流域内水利水保措施的变化, 将研究期分为基准期（1956 - 1981年）和措施期（1982 - 2016年）。采用水量平衡法, 分析还原了河流天然径流量和输沙量, 评价了水利工程取用耗水的减水减沙作用; 分别建立拟合了基准期和措施期年径流量、 年输沙量与年降水量的相关公式, 分析计算了措施期的减水减沙效应。结果表明： 基准期主要为水利工程减水减沙, 分别减水6.8%, 减沙3.9%; 措施期综合减水效应42.9%, 综合减沙效应76.5%, 水保措施减水减沙效应大于水利工程减水减沙效应, 综合减沙效应大于综合减水效应。 相似文献
2.
利用野外模拟降雨试验,研究不同植被类型的侵蚀产沙、径流、地表糙度和入渗规律以及相关关系。结果表明,植被对水沙调控作用大小依次为:植物根系,整个坡面植被,坡面下部植被和坡面上部植被。林草地具有蓄水减沙的水土保持措施功效,该机制通过植物根系对水沙的调控作用实现;草地具有直接拦沙的水土保持功效,该机制通过地表植被对水沙的调控作用体现。累计产沙量随累计径流量呈幂函数递增趋势,具有很好的相关性;坡面径流产沙过程分为发育期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段。植被覆盖度越大,地表糙度变化越小。 相似文献
3.
应用流量历时曲线分析黄土高原水利水保措施对河川径流的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
流量历时曲线（Flow Duration Curve,FDC）是用于分析流域径流特征及其变化的有效方法之一。以长序列日流量为基础,采用FDC方法并结合各流域的径流量时间变化趋势分析方法,研究了黄土高原佳芦河、秃尾河、延河和湫水河等4条流域流量变化的基本特征;通过临界年份前后两个时段序列及不同年代序列的流量历时曲线变化的比较,分析了流域径流过程对大面积水土保持措施的响应。结果表明：随水土保持措施累积面积的不断增大,佳芦河、湫水河、秃尾河的径流量逐年减少,且水土保持措施对高流量部分径流减少的程度较低流量部分大,尤以工程措施为主的湫水河流量减少最明显。在延河流域,与临界年份前的时段相比,后期的高流量部分的径流量减小,而常水和低流量部分的径流量相对增大。尽管流域水土流失综合治理并未使河川径流量增加,但由于高流量部分流量的减少程度较低流量部分径流量减少程度大,从而使流域年内日径流量变化过程趋于均匀化。 相似文献
4.
碎石土加筋前后应力－应变关系的归一性左。围压越低,颗粒越硬,归一性越差;随围压增大,归一性增强。根据加筋前后各试验点的集中程度和围压大小,将碎石土的归一化直线划分为两条,并由归一化参数预测碎石土加筋前后的应力－应变关系。与实测曲线比较,不加筋时差别随围压增大和颗粒粗硬而增大;加筋时差别较小。同时根据归一性提出了描述该类土体切线剪切模量的归一化本构方程,其方程参数直接由三轴试验成果确定,并给出了所有 相似文献
5.
黄河中游区水沙时空分布及衰减分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
对黄河中游区水沙序列进行了分阶段季节统计分析，对比研究了２０多个流域的雨～水－沙关系，计算了各阶段水沙衰减量以及由于雨水衰减影响和水土保持工作影响的减沙量所占比重，对比分析了不同流域水沙变化状况，结果表明，８０年代以来，绝大多数站年输沙量大幅度衰减，主要是水土保持（包括水利工程措施）发挥了作用。 相似文献
6.
该文说明“修正曲线方程”与“曲线方程”的差异及其建立的过程。曲线方程实质上是采用直线方程表达的两相关函数的关系式。但是，按直线方程发展趋势推测的范围较小，误差较大。而修正曲线方程是在曲线方程的基础上探索出的一种新的计算方法。它将曲线方程ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｘ中的参数（ａ、ｂ）由常数值导成随ｘ变化的不定值（ａｉ、ｂｉ）。因此，修正曲线方程则是拟合曲线自然发展的一种方程式。函数的变化规律基本上是沿曲线变化的。它 相似文献
7.
利用五道沟水文实验站62套原状土蒸渗仪1991～2015年长系列实验资料,采用非线性拟合方法,模拟了砂姜黑土和黄潮土冬小麦和夏大豆各生育期潜水蒸发随埋深变化的规律。通过多种线型拟合,砂姜黑土两种作物潜水蒸发量随埋深的增大而递减,均呈指数函数关系;黄潮土小麦在返青前和大豆出苗-分枝期,潜水蒸发量随埋深的增大而递减,呈指数函数关系,小麦返青期以后和大豆分枝期后,潜水蒸发量在0.5～0.8m埋深区间达到最大值,在0.5～0.8m区间以浅随埋深增大而增大,在0.5～0.8m区间以深随埋深增大而减小,呈复合函数关系。 相似文献
8.
以黄河流域的降水、实测径流量、天然径流量、净引水量以及上中游流域的水土保持措施面积等资料为基础,运用经验统计分析法,研究了近50年来黄河入海径流通量的变化及其与降水和人类活动的关系。结果表明,不同的径流来源区降水的变化对入海径流通量的影响是不同的。引水所形成的侧支循环强度的急剧增大,使入海径流通量大幅度下降。上中游大规模水土保持生效后,这一地区的天然年径流有所减少,也导致入海径流通量的减少,入海径流通量与历年梯田、造林、种草面积之间具有一定的负相关。以入海径流通量作为因变量,以净引水量、流域年降水量和上中游梯田、林草面积作为自变量,建立了多元回归方程。 相似文献
9.
介绍了试验研究资料绘在有关函数的坐标纸上仍然不是直线关系的找经验公式简便方法。作为实例,选择了水力学和土力学中常用的关系曲线,分别是点绘在双对数、半对数和普通方格纸上的。借该3例典型曲线叙述了求经验公式的简便方法过程,并求得相应曲线的球体潜水运动阻力系数公式、泥沙沉降速度公式、软土地基沉降固结度公式和给水度公式。 相似文献
10.
软岩的蠕变寿命是岩石流变学研究的重要内容之一,是影响岩土工程长期稳定的重要因素。根据Goodman原理,蠕变破坏点位于全应力-应变曲线的下降段（破坏段）上。当等时应力-应变曲线簇用分离变量函数表达时,证明了对于给定应变 处的等时应力-应变曲线的切线模量比和割线模量比随时间的变化规律相同。将破坏段曲线简化为直线,等时应力-应变曲线与破坏段的交点（蠕变破坏点）近似等于等时应力-应变曲线上某点 的切线与下降段直线的交点,进而推导出了该交点的蠕变寿命的表达式。 越接近峰值应变,误差越小。这样,可由短时蠕变曲线簇变换到等时应力-应变曲线簇,通过拟合方法求出给定应变 下模量比随时间变化的表达式;再由全应力-应变曲线求出峰值应力与应变、给定应变 下的应力与切线模量、下降段直线斜率等参数;即可得到软岩的蠕变寿命和长期强度。利用本文方法,对某泥岩的蠕变寿命进行了求解,得到了蠕变寿命随应力水平变化的表达式和长期强度值,理论结果与试验结果较吻合。 相似文献
11.
Some rainfall-related thresholds for erosion and sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jiongxin Xu 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(6):1183-1192
This study examines rainfall thresholds for erosion and sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River basin. Sediment reduction
effects of soil conservation measures depend on the magnitudes of rainstorm. When the latter is less than a critical threshold,
sediment reduction effects of soil conservation measures are positive; when this magnitude is exceeded, the effect is negative.
An analysis based on data from the Jialingjiang River shows that the sediment reduction by soil conservation measures increased
with annual precipitation to a peak, and then decreased to a negative value. The annual precipitation at the peak and zero
values of sediment reduction are 970 and 1,180 mm, respectively, which can be regarded as two thresholds. Annual precipitation
at the zero-value of sediment reduction has a return period of 25 years. In general, the design standard of soil conservation
works in China is related with rainstorms with return periods of 10–20 years. When the magnitude of rainstorm exceeds this,
the soil conservation works may be partly or totally destroyed by rainstorms, and the previously trapped sediment may be released,
resulting in a sharp increase in sediment yield. It was also found in the lower Jinshajiang River that when annual precipitation
exceeds 1,050 mm or high-flow season precipitation exceeds 850 mm, the annual sediment yield increased sharply. These can
also be regarded as key rainfall thresholds for erosion and sediment yields. When precipitation is less than the two thresholds,
dominant erosion types are sheet, rill and gully erosions. When precipitation crosses the two thresholds, debris flows may
occur more frequently. As a result, the previously stored loose sediment is released and sediment yield increases sharply. 相似文献
12.
Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the Three Gorges reservoir area in China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the serious eutrophication problem. Adsorbed NPS pollution is one of the major forms of NPS pollution in mountainous regions, the essential of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil loss. Thus, simple, highly sensitive and continuous methods are required to simulate and quantify sediments yield at watershed scales. It is imperative to construct an integrated model to estimate the sediment yield and adsorbed NPS pollution load. According to the characteristics of climate, hydrology, topography, geology, geomorphology and land use types in Three Gorges reservoir area, a GIS-based dynamic-integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was presented in view of impacts of the rainfall intensity, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and land management, where the temporally dynamic-continuous model of annual sediment yield was established by modifying the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the spatially integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was then developed via the correlation between sediment yield and adsorbed NPS load. Furthermore, a case study of the Jialing River basin in China was applied to validate the integrated model, the dynamic-distributed coupling among GIS technology, sediment yield model, and adsorbed NPS load model was achieved successfully. The simulation results demonstrate the following: (1) runoff and sediment are influenced greatly by rainfall intensity, SDR and vegetation cover; rainfall and land management show high sensitivities to the integrated model; the average annual adsorbed TN and TP pollution loads from 2006 to 2010 decreased by 76 and 74 % compared with the previous treatment (1990), respectively. (2) Spatio-temporal variations of adsorbed NPS nitrogen and phosphorus load are mainly related to different land use types and the background level of nutriments in topsoil; different land use types have different contribution rates; the largest contribution rates of adsorbed total nitrogen (TN, 58.9 %) and total phosphorus (TP, 53 %) loads are both from the dryland cropland. (3) The identification of critical source areas can help to implement the prevention and control measures aiming at the reduction of water environmental pollution. These results will provide useful and valuable information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures for the control of sediment pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The application of this model in the catchment shows that the integrated model may be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and adsorbed NPS pollution load at mountainous watersheds. 相似文献
13.
多次干湿循环后土-水特征曲线的模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
目前对于土体的干湿循环过程中变形、强度变化规律研究较多,而对经过多次干湿循环后土-水特征曲线的试验研究较少。由于吸力平衡需要时间太长,对干湿循环过程中土-水特征曲线的研究也多限于单次的干湿循环试验。但考虑到实际岩土工程中气候条件的多变性和自然环境的复杂性,一般土体均要经历多次干湿循环,因此,对多次干湿循环后的土-水特性曲线研究显得非常重要。结合已有的试验数据总结脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线随着干湿循环次数的变化规律,通过引入一个与干湿循环次数有关的函数,提出能预测多次干湿循环后土-水特征曲线的方法。本方法仅需土-水特征曲线的首次干湿循环脱湿与吸湿曲线和塑性指数,就可以预测多次干湿循环后的土-水特征曲线。 相似文献
14.
Quantitatively analyze the impact of land use/land cover change on annual runoff decrease 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Annual runoff in Luanhe river basin was detected a downward trend and caused water crisis in Tianjin, China. To quantify the decreased runoff volume, Mann–Kendall test and Pettitt test were employed to check whether there existed significant trend and change points for annual rainfall and runoff time series in Panjiakou reservoir basin and 8 sub-watersheds. It was found that the annual runoff time series had a significant downward trend at 5 % confidence level, and the change point was at 1979 in Panjiakou reservoir watershed. Then double mass curve of annual rainfall and annual runoff was plotted, and two lines were fitted before and after 1979, respectively. Based on this method, the comprehensive effects of land use/land cover change on annual runoff were estimated. To further quantify the contributions of each main factor to annual runoff decrease, water stored in check dams and social water use in different periods were surveyed first. And then multi-linear regression was used to develop the relations between annual runoff and the driven factors. Water area decrease was identified to be the main factor contributing to annual runoff reduction. The results in this study can provide valuable information for water resources planners and policy makers. 相似文献
15.
16.
人类引水、耗水构成了流域水循环系统中的一个子系统,即侧支循环系统。与此对应,主干循环则是大气降水形成径流、通过各级沟道和河道汇入干流、最后流入海洋的循环过程。以黄河流域实测资料为基础,对侧支循环与主干循环进行了研究。研究表明,从20世纪60年代末、70年代初以来,侧支循环相对强度指标和侧支循环绝对强度与主干循环绝对强度之比呈明显的增大趋势,而主干循环相对强度指标则表现出减小的趋势。以年系列资料为基础,建立了一系列多元回归方程,以表达侧支循环强度指标、主干循环强度指标和侧支循环绝对强度与主干循环绝对强度之比与影响因子之间的多元回归方程。结果表明,灌溉面积、年降水量、年均气温变化对黄河侧支循环相对强度指标变化的贡献率分别为86.55%,2.18%,11.25%;灌溉面积、年降水量、年均气温变化和水土保持面积变化对黄河主干循环相对强度指标变化的贡献率分别为57.61%,20.78%,11.03%,10.57%。 相似文献
17.
Scale effect on sediment yield from sloping surfaces to basins in hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Based on data from two runoff plots and ten stations in hilly loess region Dalihe drainage basin ranging in area from 0.0006
to 3983 km2 on the Loess Plateau, the relationship between mean annual specific sediment yield (Y
s) and drainage area (A) is studied, which is different from those for many other drainage areas of the world, neither at the scale of whole basin
nor at local scale on the Loess Plateau. With increasing drainage area, the mean annual specific sediment yield experiences
two peak values: the first peak value appears at 0.00408 km2 in area corresponding to the whole slope surface, and the second peak value appears at 96.1 km2 in area. The non-linear variation in the Y
s–A can be explained as follows: the first peak value can be explained by the abrupt increase in slope gradient and flow shear
stress resulting in highly increased sediment concentration and specific sediment yield. And the second peak value can be
explained by the combined influence of flow shear stress and drainage density, represented by dimensionless variable Ω. 相似文献
18.
通过选定中国主要河流的代表水文站,分析了中国主要河流代表站总径流量和总输沙量的变化趋势。结果表明,全国主要河流代表站总径流量随时间没有明显的趋势性增加或减小,多年平均径流量为14090亿m3;年总输沙量在1960年前变化不大,1960年后逐渐减小,从20世纪50年代的26.43亿t减小至2001～2008年间的5.95亿t;平均含沙量则从50年代的1.74kg/m3减至2001～2008年间的0.46kg/m3。中国南方主要河流和主要内陆河流的代表站径流量没有明显的增加或减少趋势,北方河流代表站径流量除淮河、松花江外,具有明显的减少趋势;中国各主要河流代表站年输沙量除塔里木河外,都有不同程度的减少,其中北方河流的减小幅度较大。影响中国主要河流水沙变化的主要因素分为自然和人类活动因素,其中自然因素包括流域降雨量变化和流域下垫面条件;人类活动因素包括水土保持措施、水库工程、流域调水调沙及引水引沙、河道采砂等。 相似文献
19.
土体孔隙比对土?水特征曲线（SWCC）具有重要影响。试验研究表明,土体在经历不同水力荷载路径后,孔隙发生胀缩致使SWCC产生滞后现象。基于这一发现,假设孔隙胀缩可致使SWCC曲线及扫描曲线产生滞后现象,并以轴平移技术为例解释了土体孔隙在水力载荷作用下胀缩的细观行为。在此基础上,将由变截面毛细管模型定义的孔隙等效半径与Fredlund-Xing方程相结合,通过将孔径控制参数?d简化为常量,推导得到了考虑孔隙胀缩并能反映滞后效应的非饱和土SWCC增量方程。该模型仅需通过主干燥及任意一条扫描曲线确定模型参数,即可预测其他扫描曲线。最后,通过5组试验数据验证了该模型对不同类型土的适用性且该模型具有预测高阶扫描曲线的能力。 相似文献