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1.
The concentrations of the trace metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the Göta River estuary have been investigated. The following metal fractions have been determined: acid-leachable, dissolved, labile and particulate.The estuary represents a salt wedge type estuary and is situated in a densely populated region of Sweden. The metal concentrations found for the dissolved fraction is in the range of what can be considered as background levels for freshwater. It is difficult to evaluate any estuarine processes other than conservative mixing for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. The dissolved levels in the freshwater end member are Cd, 9–25 ngl?1; Cu, 1·1–1·4 μgl?1; Fe, 20–75 μg l?1: Ni, 0·7–0·9 μg l?1: Pb 0·09–0·2 μg l?1; and Zn, 6–7 μg l?1:The results from the acid-leachable fraction show that at high suspended load the particles sediment in the river mouth. The trace metal levels in this fraction are subject to large variations.  相似文献   

2.
The concentrations of suspended matter and particulate Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined for 36 samples collected at 6 stations in the Antarctic Ocean during December, 1970 and January, 1971 using membrane filters. The concentration of suspended matter was determined gravimetrically and trace metal levels were determined using anodic stripping voltammetry. For waters deeper than 100 m the concentration of suspended matter was < 100 μg l?1. Concentrations up to 542 μg l?1 were recorded between surface and 100 m. Individual concentrations of the metals were scattered with depth. Average concentrations of particulate metals were: Cd, 3.5 ng l?1; Cu, 100 ng l?1; Pb, 35 ng l?1; and Zn, 230 ng ;l?1 These measurements represent non-steady state conditions of early Antarctic summer as the ice pack disintegrates and biological activity increases.  相似文献   

3.
The crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin were exposed to a range of dissolved concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd for 21 days in artificial seawater. Accumulation of Zn and Cu by crabs has been interpreted in terms of the presence of a regulation mechanism to maintain constant body concentrations (83·2 ± 19·4 μg Zn g?1 dry wt.; 39·8 ± 9·8 μg Cu g?1 dry wt.) under varying external dissolved metal levels, until a threshold dissolved metal concentration (c. 400 μg Zn l?1; c. 170 μg Cu l?1) beyond which net accumulation of metal begins. Cadium appears to be accumulated by C. maenas at all exposures with no evidence for regulation of body cadmium concentrations. Exposure of E. modestus to Zn, Cu or Cd caused net accumulation of the respective metal in the bodies of the barnacles, with no evidence for regulation of body metal concentrations.  相似文献   

4.
Seventy percent of 342 seawater samples collected in the Bering Sea, North and South Pacific, Japan Sea, East and South China Seas, and Indian Ocean had concentrations of “total” mercury ranging from 3 to 6 ng Hg l?1 with an arithmetic mean of 5.3 ng l?1 and a geometric mean of 5.0 ng l?1. In some cases, a higher concentration was observed at the surface, at the halocline or thermocline, or in the bottom water. But in general, there was no consistent correlation between mercury concentration and depth, except for a statistical tendency for mercury concentration to be slightly higher in the surface water. This tendency suggests that mercury in the ocean is supplied from the atmosphere by rain washout. The latitudinal variation of surface mercury concentrations showed that the maximum concentration at each latitude decreased from 40°N to 30°S. This variation provides evidence that atmospheric mercury is emitted mainly from continental areas naturally or anthropogenically.  相似文献   

5.
The levels of 19 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the aqueous phase, suspended particulate matter (SPM), pore water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea) in northeast China were investigated to evaluate their potential pollution risks. The total OCPs concentrations in the aqueous phase, SPM, pore water and sediments were 3.7–30.1 ng l−1, 4.6–52.6 ng l−1, 157–830 ng l−1 and 2.1–21.3 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs, in the Daliao River estuary, are in the mid-range, as compared to those reported in other estuaries worldwide. The distribution of HCHs and DDTs were different indicating different contamination sources. Lindane is the main type of HCH and continuing use in northeast China of ‘pure’ HCH (lindane) rather than technical HCH accounts for the source. The ratios of (DDE + DDD)/DDT in the samples indicate no recent inputs of these chemicals to the estuary.  相似文献   

6.
Anaerobic salt marsh sediments were amended with a variety of organic pollutants and the effects on methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and carbon dioxide evolution were examined. Addition of 1000 μg g?1 (dry weight sediment) Arochlor 1221, lindane, endrin, benzene and phenanthrene resulted in no significant effects on the activities studied. Methanogenesis was inhibited by 1000 μg g?1toxaphene, PCP, chlordane, naphthalene, DDT, Kepone and heptachlor and by 100 μg g?1 PCP and toxaphene. At 1000 μg g?1 naphthalene and toxaphene and 100 μg g?1 PCP, a period of initial inhibition of methanogenesis was followed by stimulation relative to controls. Arochlor 1254 (1000 μg g?1) and Temik (500 and 10 μg g?1) stimulated methanogenesis from the outset. Temik at 500 μg g?1 gave the greatest stimulation of methanogenesis (900% of controls) of any of the compounds studied. Sulfate reduction was inhibited by 1000 μg g?1 PCP, toxaphene, naphthalene and chlordane and by 500 μg g?1 atrazine and 100 μg g?1 heptachlor. Sustained inhibition of sulfate reduction by naphthalene, toxaphene and PCP may have contributed to the stimulation of methanogenesis. Carbon dioxide evolution was not significantly affected by most of the compounds studied except for 100 μg g?1 PCP and 1000 μg g?1 aphthalene, each of which gave significant inhibition in only one of three experiments.Concentrations of individual organic pollutants required to cause observable effects were high. It is concluded that, except for highly polluted sediments, methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and CO2 evolution would not be affected by the compounds studied here at concentrations typically found in the environment.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Aquifers occur in basalt deposits infilling valleys in the Western Springs catchment of Auckland City, and they discharge into small streams incised along the edges of major lava flows. Total run‐off from the area is >0.261 m3·s?1. Analyses by standard methods of twelve subsurface and surface waters show that flowing groundwaters have a low level of pollution (dissolved oxygen x = 7.6 mg·l?1, abuminoid nitrogen x = 0.038 mg·l?1, and total solids x = 188 mg·l?1). Surface waters and stagnant groundwater have high, but varying levels of biological activity. Although much of the dissolved solid content of all the waters (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SiO2) is consistent with the chemistry of the rocks of the catchment, particularly the glassy volcanic tuffs, for surface waters various sources of pollution also make significant contributions (e.g., leaking sewers, sewage overflows, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilisers, zoo animals). Apart from its iron level, the moderate volume (～.0.13 m3·s?1) of flowing groundwater is of suitable quality for domestic, industrial and irrigation needs.  相似文献   

8.
Chemical extraction techniques show that the majority of the arsenic in North Atlantic deep-sea sediments is associated with an iron phase compositionally similar to that found in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules (As/Fe ～ 11 · 10?4) and is probably of seawater origin. Some sediments also contain As associated with Fe oxides produced by continental weathering. A minority (～8%) of the arsenic is of detrital origin but is not associated with Fe or Mn oxides; it has a content (1.7 ppm) similar to the average crustal abundance. In the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, near-shore sediments contain As associated with land-derived Fe oxides (As/Fe ～ 2 · 10?4), but As/Fe ratios increase to ～ 13 · 10?4 in deep-sea sediments as the contribution of seawater derived arsenic becomes dominant. Arsenic is enriched in metalliferous sediments (As/Fe ～ 20?50 · 10?4) but As/P ratios of metalliferous sediments, deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and deep-ocean water are all similar. Although a hydrothermal contribution cannot be discounted, it is likely that the arsenic is also of seawater origin, suggesting that hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxides remove As more efficiently from seawater than do iron phases (goethite) in deep-sea sediments and nodules. Arsenic accumulates in deep-sea sediments (～ 6 μg cm?2 10?3 yr?1) at sediments (～ 120 μg cm?2 10?3 yr?1) at rate sufficient to balance river input input (～3 · 1010 g yr?1). These estimates give an oceanic residence time for arsenic of 1–2 · 105 yr.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Phosphorus and nitrogen were measured in stream run‐off from the four catchments of the Taita Experimental Basin (41° 11′ S, 174° 58′ E). The land is used as exotic conifer forest, native forest, and hill pasture. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate chemical losses per unit area in floods and at low flows.

At low flows, the hill pasture (fertilised with lime at 630 kg·ba?1·y?1, and superphosphate at 380 kg·ha?1·y?1) tended to lose more phosphorus and nitrate than the forested land, but differences were small, and not always significant. During large floods, the hill pasture (No. 5 Catchment) lost about 3 times as much reactive phosphate and 2–5 times as much total phosphorus as the forested land, and 130–190 times as much nitrate as land in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 Catchments. Nitrate losses from land in the No. 4 Catchment (mainly native forest) were as high as those from the hill pasture, so high nitrate loss is not associated solely with agriculture.

Losses of total phosphorus via the catchment streams were estimated as: No. 5 Catchment (hill pasture), 293 g·ha?1·y?1; Native Forest 2 Catchment, 201 g·ha?1·y?1; No. 4 Catchment, 124 g·ha?1·y?1; Exotic Forest Catchment, 71 g·ha?1.y?1. Nitrate‐N losses were estimated to have been 1356 g·ha?1·y?1, 11.5 g·ha?1·y?1, 1436 g·ha?1·y?1, and 44 g·ha?1·y?1 respectively. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were similar in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 streams, but the Exotic Forest tended to lose smaller amounts because it yielded about 50% less water per unit area.

Over the 2‐y study, an estimated 47–70% of phosphorus losses and up to 83% nitrate losses occurred in large floods; 31% and 48% respectively were apparently lost from the hill pasture catchment in a single flood. Less than 20% of estimated phosphorus losses and as little as 1% of nitrate losses occurred at low flows.

Run‐off of phosphorus and nitrate was spasmodic, and this should be considered in assessing the impact of surface run‐off on the biology and chemistry of receiving waters.  相似文献   

10.
Seventy-nine δ13C analyses of oceanic particulate matter (> 0·μ) from semi-tropical (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Atlantic) and polar (South Indian Ocean) waters showed that the carbon isotope composition of the particulate matter from the cold polar surface waters was lighter (?24·7 to ?26·0‰) than that from the surface in the semi-tropical regions (?19·8 to ?22·3 ‰), reflecting the temperature effect on the photosynthetic fixation of carbon. δ13C for deep samples (> 330 m) were generally more negative than the surface samples, except in some well-mixed polar areas.A difference both in organic carbon isotopic composition and percentage organic carbon in the POM and the tops of sediment cores was also apparent; a loss of approximately 95 % of incoming carbon and an increase in 13C of several per mille being observed during deposition of particulate matter. This indicates that after settling on the bottom there is extensive diagenesis of the POM by organisms, indicating the non-refractory nature of the organic matter.  相似文献   

11.
Experiments were conducted in which we tested the effects of hexavalent chromium on both natural assemblages of phytoplankton and cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana clone 3H. Water was collected from various locations in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, with salinities ranging from 32·5‰ to 0·03‰. A variety of nutrient regimes were tested by adding major nutrients and micro-nutrients, and/or stripping micro-nutrients with activated carbon. In one high salinity experiment, chromium was stimulatory, as were micro-nutrient additions. In other high and medium salinity experiments, chromium was neither stimulatory nor inhibitory, at levels up to 1·9 μ mole l?1 Cr. There was, however, slight inhibition of growth at 19·0 μ mole l?1 Cr, due specifically to inhibition of Skeletonema costatum. In our freshwater experiments, chromium was very inhibitory at 1·9 μ mole l?1 Cr, and slightly inhibitory at 0·19 μ mole l?1 Cr. Species inhibited by chromium were Surirella ovata, Detonula confervacea, and Cyclotella sp. Experiments were conducted with T. pseudonana grown over a wide range of salinities. Chromium was found to be very inhibitory in freshwater and became progressively less toxic as the salinity increased. Most inhibition was neutralized by a salinity of 2·1‰.  相似文献   

12.
An improved version of Ehrhardt's (1969) method for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon is described. The method, which is automated, determines the carbon dioxide with a non-dispersive infra-red analyser. The conditions of photo-oxidation have been examined in order to achieve maximum performance. It was found that careful attention needed to be paid to U-V source, “oxygen source”, pH and time or irradiation. The completeness of the method was examined by three independent procedures. We concluded that in all cases the extent of oxidation of organic material was in excess of 98%. Typical performance figures were: precision ±2.5% above 2.0 mg C l?1, approaching 0.03 mg C l?1 below 1.0 mg Cl?1; blank, equivalent to 0.3 mg C l?1; sampling frequency, 10 samples per hour. The lower limit of sensitivity is mainly governed by the blank. The upper limit of the method is greater than 40 mg C l?1.A wholly continuous modification of the method has been devised which permits on line analyses. An attentuated version of the method has been used for the analysis of total carbonate.The present and other published methods for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters are discussed in relation to one another.  相似文献   

13.
A method for the determination of barium in sea water was investigated using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, and sea water samples from the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean were directly analyzed by this method. Artificial sea water was used to prepare matrix matched standard solutions to overcome the problem of physical interference. The detection limit (signal/noise ratio=2) for barium in deionized and distilled water was 0.08µg l?1 and in sea water, 0.12µg l?1. The reproducibilities in the purified water and in the sea water at the 10µg l?1 level were 0.7% a#FFFFFFnd 0.5%, respectively. The barium concentration in both the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean increased with depth and ranged between 5.5–10.0µg l?1 and 4.1–18.4µg l?1, respectively.  相似文献   

14.
Particulate nitrogen (PN) and chlorophyll a (Chla) were measured in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay throughout 1980. The PN values were calculated as the differences between unfiltered and filtered (0·4 μm) samples analyzed using the UV-catalyzed peroxide digestion method. The Chla values were measured spectrophotometrically, with corrections made for phaeopigments. The plot of all PNChla data was found to be non-linear, and the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) was found to be the best selector for linear subsets of the data. The best-fit slopes of PNChla plots, as determined by linear regression (model II), were interpreted to be the N: Chla ratios of phytoplankton. The Y-intercepts of the regression lines were considered to represent easily-oxidizable detrital nitrogen (EDN). In clear water ( < 10 mg l?1 SPM), the N: Chla ratio was 1·07 μg-at N per μg Chla. It decreased to 0·60 in the 10–18 mg l?1 range and averaged 0·31 in the remaining four ranges (18–35, 35–65, 65–155, and 155–470 mg l?1). The EDN values were less than 1 μg-at N l?1 in the clear water and increased monotonically to almost 12 μg-at N l?1 in the highest SPM range. The N: Chla ratios for the four highest SPM ranges agree well with data for phytoplankton in light-limited cultures. In these ranges, phytoplankton-N averaged only 20% of the PN, while EDN averaged 39% and refractory-N 41%.  相似文献   

15.
The bivalve molluscs Mytilus californianus and Crassostrea gigas were exposed to filtered seawater containing the isotope 95mTc added as pertechnetate (TcO4?) to study the biokinetic behaviour of this element. Whole body concentration factors for both organisms at equilibrium were small (CF = 1·3–1·5); individual organ concentration factors were highest for the visceral mass in both. Loss rates determined both in the laboratory and under field conditions were biphasic for both molluscs; initial loss of Tc was rapid with slightly more than 50 % of the initial label being lost within 10 days. Thereafter, loss rates decreased and whole body biological half-lives ranged from 80 to 134 days. Neither I? nor IO3? affected the uptake of Tc by M. californianus even when concentrations of these anions exceeded those normally present in seawater by two orders of magnitude.  相似文献   

16.
The addition of stock copper and zinc nitrate solutions to filtered seawater (pH 7·91) resulted in a large pH shift which was more pronounced with copper. The pH shift was minimized by increasing the buffering capacity of seawater using 10 mm Tris-Tes pH 7·91. Subsequent experimentation was carried out in both unbuffered and buffered seawater.In unbuffered seawater, both copper and zinc had a pronounced inhibitory effect on Mytilus edulis sperm respiration with 50% inhibition occurring at 0.65 mm (41·3 ppm) copper and 1.0 mm (65·4 ppm) zinc. Egg respiration was also inhibited by copper with 50% inhibition occurring at 0.9 mm (57·2 ppm) whereas zinc inhibited egg respiration by only 30% at 1·5 mM (98·1 ppm).In buffered seawater, both copper and zinc produced an inhibitory effect on sperm respiration. However, with copper the inhibition was much reduced whereas zinc had tthe same inhibitory effect as in unbuffered seawater. In contrast to unbuffered seawater, egg respiration was stimulated by copper but zinc produced a comparable respiratory inhibition. The uptake of both copper and zinc in sperm and egg in buffered seawater increased with increasing metal concentration. Metal ion uptake, when expressed as ng ions μl cell volume?1, was approximately 3-fold greater in the sperm than in the eggs and in both cases zinc uptake exceeded copper uptake.At a seawater pH of < 7·5, in the absence of copper or zinc, the respiration of both egg and sperm was inhibited. The maximum levels of inhibition at pH 5·4 were 15% and 30% for sperm and egg, respectively.The differing actions of copper on egg respiration in buffered and unbuffered seawater appear to be due to enhanced copper uptake in unbuffered seawater.  相似文献   

17.
Volumes of seawater filtered through the intertidal zone were measured on three modally reflective microtidal beaches in Western Australia. The filtered volumes were large, 19 m3 m?1 day?1 and 73 m3 m?1 day?1 on two ‘clean’ beaches but only 0·4 m3 m?1 per tidal cycle on a beach covered in kelp and seagrass wrack. The mean residence times of this water in the interstitial system and its percolation paths were both short, 1–7 h and 2–5 m respectively. Water input was greater across a beach cusp horn than across a cusp embayment. Most input occurred in the upper swash zone where the water table was less than 20 cm deep. Tidal variations in input volumes were evident even with tide ranges of only 20 cm. The inshore zone off these beaches filters on average 0·07 m3 m?2 day?1 at an average depth of 5·5 m under 0·4 m waves of 6·5 s duration. The importance of these procedures in the mineralization of organic materials and the regeneration of nutrients for an inshore ‘lagoon ecosystem’ is estimated and discused.  相似文献   

18.
The uptake of urea, nitrate and ammonium by phytoplankton was measured using 15N isotopes over a one-year period in Great South Bay, a shallow coastal lagoon. The bay is a unique environment for the study of nutrient uptake since ambient concentrations of NO3?NH4+ and urea remain relatively high through the year, and phytoplankton are probably never nutrient limited. Urea nitrogen averaged 52% of the total assimilated, while ammonium represented 33% and nitrate 13%. High rates of ammonium uptake occurred only at low urea concentrations (ca< 1-μg-atom urea l?1). Over the sampling period urea was present in relatively high concentrations, averaging 5·35 μg-atom N l?1, while means for ammonium and nitrate averaged 1·94 and 0·65 μg-atom N l?1, respectively. Total N uptake measured with 15N averaged about 3·3 times the calculated (from elemental ratios and 14C productivity measurements) N needs of the phytoplankton population. Highest nitrogen uptake occurred in the summer and coincided with the primary production maximum.  相似文献   

19.
The biomass and productivity of phytoplankton populations inshore on the west coast of South Africa were investigated towards the end of the upwelling season, a period when high-biomass dinoflagellate blooms are common. Productivity was estimated from natural fluorescence measurements (PNF ), using photosynthesis (P) v. irradiance (E) relationships (PE ) and by means of the in situ 14C-method (PC ) A linear regression of PNF productivity against PC and PE productivities yielded a slope of 0.911 and an r 2 of 0.83 (n = 41). Physical and biological variability was high inshore, reflecting alternating periods of upwelling and quiescence. Mean chlorophyll inshore (within a 12 m water column) ranged from 0.7 to 57.8 (mean = 8.9) mg·m&minus3, mean PNF productivity ranged from 8.4 to 51.0 (mean = 24.6) mgC·m?3·h?1 and daily integral PNF productivity from 0.8 to 4.8 (mean = 2.3) gC·m?2·day?l. Transects sampled during active and relaxation phases of upwelling had different chlorophyll distributions. High chlorophyll concentrations (sometimes >50 mg·m?3) were associated with surface blooms within the region of the upwelling front. Estimates of daily water-column PNF productivity within these frontal blooms ranged from 4.0 to 5.6 gC·m?2·day?1. With relaxation of wind stress, blooms dominated by dinoflagellates flooded shorewards and often formed red tides. Chlorophyll concentrations of > 175 mg·m?3 and productivity rates > 500 mgC·m?3·h?1 and 12 gC·m?2·day?1 were measured during a particularly intense red tide. Offshore, the water column was highly stratified with a well-defined subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer within the pycnocline region. Estimates of daily water-column PNF productivity ranged from 2.4 to 4.0 gC·m?2·day?1 offshore. The high productivity of shelf waters on the West Coast in late summer can be ascribed largely to dinoflagellate populations and their success in both upwelling systems and stratified conditions.  相似文献   

20.
Nitrite is chemically stable but photochemically unstable in seawater. The net disappearance rate in abiotic low-nitrate seawater exposed to sunlight is ～ 10% per day. The primary products are the free radicals NO and OH. Quantitative aspects of the kinetics and secondary product formation are discussed in terms of a fourteen-step reaction scheme. Possible pathways explaining the results are suggested but not unequivocally identified.The rate of reaction in various marine environments is estimated from cruise data and extrapolations to vary between 0.2–60·10?3 moles m?2yr?1, with a suggested global average for comparison purposes of 1–10·103 moles m?2yr?1.These results confirm and quantify our previous suggestion that nitrite photolysis represents a source of OH radical in seawater. The reaction rate is large enough that significant impacts on the geochemical cycles of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and heavy metals may plausibly result. Effects on marine biota and atmospheric trace gas composition are also possible. However, specific reactions coupling the nitrite system to other processes have not yet been identified or demonstrated empirically.  相似文献   

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