共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Rajiv Thakur 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):411-413
Abstract This study examines the spatial distribution and enforcement of air polluting facilities in the state of New Jersey, as listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System. Results show that air-polluting facilities tend to concentrate near minority neighborhoods, although this relationship is partially explained by factors of population density, manufacturing employment, and land use. Other results suggest that facilities in areas with a relatively high percentage of minority population tend to have a weaker record of environmental enforcement as compared to other facilities. Of the socioeconomic variables considered, employment in manufacturing appears to be the most strongly related to environmental enforcement. 相似文献
2.
Environmental Justice in Hamburg,Germany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This environmental justice study investigates whether disempowered segments of the population in Hamburg, Germany, namely, foreigners and the poor, reside disproportionately in neighborhoods that contain, have higher concentrations of, and are in closer proximity to facilities releasing toxic chemicals into the environment. Methods include choropleth mapping; comparisons of means, correlation, and ordinary least squares (OLS); and spatial econometric regression. The results provide evidence that toxic release facilities are disproportionately located within, and closer to, neighborhoods with comparatively higher proportions of foreigners and the poor as compared to those with higher proportions of German citizens and the non-poor. We speculate that the causes of this pattern of environmental inequity are similar to the causes scholars have proposed for comparable patterns observed in many U.S. cities, where marginalized immigrant or minority groups subject to discrimination in housing and employment have sought low-wage labor in industrial areas, whereas wealthier German citizens have settled in environmentally safer parts of the city. 相似文献
3.
污染企业空间管治和优化是提高欠发达地区开发过程中抗风险能力的重要环节。基于空间正义视角,以内陆型欠发达地区黄土高原为例,依据理论指向和侧重点差异,构建了集维度、属性和空间于一体的“5+5+4”污染企业区位分析框架,探讨污染企业在欠发达地区内部形成的格局特征、区位规律及与空间正义的辩证关系。主要结论：① 综合“城乡+边界+权力+经济+环境”5个维度研究结果的共同指向,当前黄土高原污染企业区位整体呈现出典型的区域开发初期“低水平均衡+能矿资源依赖”的空间特征。② 城市网络发育相对成熟的城市群地区是污染企业的主要集聚区,但与发达地区类似的非均衡演化和去一级中心化趋势已初步显现。③ 在城乡空间和制度空间上,研究区未表现出明显的环境保护“城市中心主义”和“污染避难所”现象;在经济空间上,研究区整体处于EKC曲线的上升阶段,地方经济对污染企业存在至少不排斥的依赖关系;在环境空间上,空气质量与污染企业数量属于低水平的正向耦合,但未出现随污染企业集聚空气质量显著下降的演化特征。④ 相对发达的省会城市和区域副中心城市在污染企业布局中呈退出趋势,具有较好工业经济基础和能矿资源赋存的城市群二级节点城市应成为今后环境规制和产业准入等政策关注的重点地区。⑤ 欠发达地区开发过程中污染企业存续或承接的正义性判别是具有辩证性的复杂命题,地理学区域综合分析的学科优势能为该类研究提供科学支撑;本文立足中国区域发展实践构建了以空间正义为理论指向的污染企业区位分析框架,以期为后续研究提供空间视角下的测度工具。 相似文献
4.
Lyndsay N. Boggess Deanna M. Pérez Kathryn Cope Carl Root Paul B. Stretesky 《Urban geography》2013,34(3):315-336
As of 2013, medical marijuana is legal in 20 US States and the District of Columbia, but few studies have investigated the impact of the retail centers that sell the drug. We draw upon the social construction literature to frame our research and help us determine whether medical marijuana centers in Denver, Colorado, are considered locally undesirable land uses (LULUs). The geography of health and environmental justice frameworks lead us to hypothesize that marijuana centers are more likely to be opened in Hispanic, Black, and poor neighborhoods than in non-Hispanic White and affluent neighborhoods. We also hypothesize that marijuana centers will tend to increase the minority composition and poverty of the neighborhoods in which they are located. Contrary to expectations, we find no empirical support for these two hypotheses. Instead, results suggest that marijuana centers are likely to be situated in neighborhoods with higher crime rates and more retail employment. Thus, despite the view by many planners and law enforcement officials that these centers are problematic, they do not take on LULU characteristics in siting and demographic changes. This finding, while limited to Denver, has important implications for policymakers who are considering similar marijuana policies. 相似文献
5.
环境公正研究关注人民生活质量的空间公正问题。从环境经济地理学的角度,本研究以广州市为研究对象,采用1995年、2004年、2013 年的工业企业数据和1990年、2000 年、2010 年的人口普查数据,运用空间可视化工具和多尺度地理加权回归模型等方法,分析了广州市污染企业的分布及其与区域人口社会特征关系的时空变化,然后探讨转型背景下中国城市污染企业分布的环境公正问题。研究发现,广州市污染企业空间分布经历由中心城区集聚向近郊区和边界地带集聚的过程,在城市产业空间重构与社会空间分异的共同作用下,污染企业空间分布的环境不公正问题由最初表现不明显转变为全市范围的阶层差异与企业污染负担之间关系,具有不同于西方环境不公正现象的特征和成因。 相似文献
6.
污染型企业的区位选择、转移及其驱动机制研究是环境经济地理研究的热点话题。现有文献从正式制度的角度深入探讨了地方政府的环境规制对污染型企业进入退出、空间分布和产业转移的影响,相对忽视了地方社会资本如公众环保意识、企业环境责任等非正式制度因素对污染型企业区位选择的作用机制。本文基于2011年中国工业企业数据、中国综合社会调查（CGSS）以及城市统计年鉴等数据资料,从社会规范、社会网络和社会信任三方面构建中国城市尺度社会资本,利用二元logit回归模型探讨了社会资本与环境规制对中国污染型企业退出的影响。研究发现：① 环境规制对污染型企业退出的促进作用存在门槛效应。② 公众环保意识、企业环境责任作为社会规范因素,对污染型企业生存构成了外部非正式环境压力;但社会信任和社会网络并没有直接促进污染型企业退出。③ 社会资本在强环境规制地区中的交互作用显著,能够形成正式制度与非正式制度的良好互动。本研究从社会资本这一非正式制度的视角理解污染型企业退出的影响机制,不仅是对正式制度层面环境规制研究的补充,同时也对污染型企业的区位选择和地方政府环境治理政策的制定具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
7.
污染企业/产业转移的特征、模式与动力机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
污染企业/产业的转移不仅重塑了区域发展格局,也改变了环境污染的分布,对区域可持续发展产生了显著影响。探讨污染企业/产业转移对于污染治理和区域协调发展具有重要意义。基于对相关文献的梳理,系统归纳了污染企业/产业的概念和类别,总结了污染企业/产业的转移特征、模式和动力机制。研究表明：① 官方文件、污染排放强度、污染排放规模是污染产业界定和分类的主要依据。② 污染企业/产业在不同的地理尺度上形成不同的转移模式：在城市内部形成分散式外围区转移、集中式功能区转移、远离敏感区转移三种模式;在省内城市间呈现出由发达城市向欠发达城市、由环境规制强的核心区向环境规制弱的边缘区的转移特征。邻省转移模式以经济较发达和环境规制较强的省份为中心,向邻近省份扩散,并形成向多省交界处、由河流上游省份向下游省份、沿交通线向次级城市的三种转移路径。跨省转移形成成本导向型、市场扩张型和政策推动型三种模式。③ 污染企业/产业的转移方向呈现出一定的特征和模式,包括区域、地理、经济、功能区、政策5种研究视角和15种转移方向。④ 污染企业的迁移方式包括整体迁移和部分迁移两种模式,后者包括迁移生产基地、工序外包、绿色并购与对外收购、建立子公司或分厂等。⑤ 影响污染企业/产业转移的因素既包括经济、社会、地理、政策等单因素,也包括多种因素的交互作用。在多维的复杂影响机制中,政府扮演了重要角色,企业的异质性、空间集聚效应、制度等都产生了重要的影响。最后讨论了国内相关研究的不足,并在此基础上提出一些思考和建议。 相似文献
8.
Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999–2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population. 相似文献
9.
基于2015—2018年中国335个地级以上城市,使用面板数据模型剖析绿色金融对污染性产业的技术效应,探讨其与环境规制、研发投入的交互作用,区分不同产业类型,厘清绿色金融技术效应的空间差异。结果表明：绿色金融能够在不同区域促成污染性重工业和轻工业技术创新;绿色金融与环境规制协同互补,并且这种协同对轻工业更有效,在中西部地区更突出;对于污染性轻工业,绿色金融通过提升研发投入激励技术创新的现象广泛存在,而污染性重工业仅在西部地区出现类似现象。绿色金融的技术效应呈现轻工业强于重工业,西部地区优于中部和东部地区的特征,结合中国环境治理与科技创新现实,绿色金融与环境和科技政策有望相互增益。 相似文献
10.
Laura Beth Bugg 《The Australian geographer》2012,43(3):273-289
This article examines land-use development applications for minority religious facilities in two local government areas on the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Using critical discourse analysis and underpinned by Lefebvre's (1991) conceptual triad of space, the work interrogates the way in which place identity is generated and codified both by land-use planners and local residents through spatial representation. This representation is revealed in discourses around the compatibility of minority religious facilities for particular zones, lack of a sufficient minority population and social disruption. These discourses reveal a construction of peri-urban space that is aligned with particular elite Anglo-Australian activities (horse riding and gentleman farms) and land uses (rural residential, small-scale agriculture and the ‘bush-church’). These case studies illustrate the potential for the creation of exclusionary, abstract space by urban planners but also the ways in which local residents use discoursive strategies to ensure the stability of their position as elites in rapidly changing spatial situations. 相似文献
11.
《Urban geography》2013,34(6):516-533
The distribution of toxic air releases in urban Texas counties is compared to socioeconomic patterns to identify inequitable risk burdens. Chronic and acute toxic airborne release patterns from 1987 to 1990 are compared to demographics for Metropolitan Area (MA) counties. Spearman rank correlation tests indicate that counties with higher percentages of Blacks and other minority groups are more likely to have higher numbers of acute and chronic toxic releases. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the race and per capita income ranks of the top and bottom 10 counties, which indicated that Blacks and other minority groups were more likely to be associated with airborne toxics. Further analyses explored these relationships at the census-tract level for three sample counties representing distinctly different proportions of Black population. Only one of the sample counties provides supportive evidence that Blacks and other non-Hispanic minorities are inequitably burdened by airborne toxic risk from toxic facilities. [Key words: environmental equity, toxic chemicals, air quality, risk, urban.] 相似文献
12.
环境外部性与污染企业城市内空间分布特征——基于深圳污染企业的实证分析 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
随着城市生态环境的恶化,发达地区环境管理力度不断加强,使得污染企业的空间分布表现出强烈的环境容量制约性和政府规制主导性。为应对这种制约与规制,在城市内部,污染企业向城市边界和环境准入门槛低的区域迁移,使得污染企业空间分布及其所形成的城市污染格局更加复杂。利用2007 年深圳市污染源普查数据,通过OLS和稳健回归分别探讨了废水、废气和固体废弃物污染企业环境外部性及其城市内空间分布特征。研究发现：深圳废水与固体废弃物污染严重企业具有明显地靠近城市外围边界但远离香港、经济特区分布的特征,以邻为壑的污染转嫁将辖区内的环境负外部性扩展到邻近城市,以避免对本城区的污染。同时,废水排放较多的污染企业也有明显的靠近城市环境功能较低的外流河分布的特征。企业所有制性质、经营时间等在一定程度上影响企业的排污能力,进而影响污染企业的空间分布。另外,不同排污类型的企业空间分布也具有显著的差异。本研究对于转型期正确制定城市产业结构空间调整政策,合理引导经济环境协调发展,尤其是避免跨界流域河道等成为转移负外部性的通道具有重要启示。 相似文献
13.
PETER A. ROGERSON 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):687-698
A tremendous amount of attention has been given to the aging of population that is occurring in many parts of the world. However, very little work has focused upon the aging of minority populations. Because minority populations often have greater needs for health care and fewer resources to pay for it, it is important to assess the demand for services. This paper takes an initial step in that direction by focusing upon the geographic distribution of elderly minority populations in the United States. The study is carried out at several spatial scales, and it is concluded that elderly minority populations tend to be even more segregated than their non-elderly counterparts. 相似文献
14.
基于企业数据与空间计量方法,总结2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年东北地区制造业空间格局演化特征,并在分析地区空气污染同期变化的基础上,探讨制造业空间格局演化对空气污染的环境效应。结果表明：① 东北地区制造业集聚水平逐渐增高,并形成多个新兴“热点区”,31个细分行业大类均呈集聚分布,资本规模由高度集中向“T字形”铁路周边沿线城市扩散。② 东北地区产业结构清洁度与产业技术高级度均呈下降趋势,在县区尺度上体现出空间差异且有不同程度的增幅和降幅。③ 制造业空间格局对空气污染具有显著的集聚效应和技术效应,二者分别表现为拥挤效应和回弹效应,但规模效应和结构效应不明显。 相似文献
15.
This paper applies a spatial perspective to environmental problems in search for the paths to sustainability, using polluting plant relocation in China as a case study. It examines how environmental improvement in one place may lead to environmental degradation in another place, how geographic concepts such as location, distance, spread and backwash effects, and land use models can help understand such phenomenon, and what the implications are for the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and development policies. Field research was conducted from 2006 to 2012 in Chinese cities of Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuxi, Hangzhou, and Ningbo. It involved intensive site observations and in-depth interviews with government officials of environmental protection, economic development, and business recruitment, and grassroots environmentalists. The results indicate that environmental improvement in all these cities has led to environmental degradation in their suburbs and rural areas due to relocation of polluting plants. Environmental spread and backwash effects may help explain the severe intra-regional environmental and economic disparities and environmental injustice. The powerful and wealthy may achieve rapid economic growth and environmental recovery at the expenses of the powerless and poor, leading to environmental poverty and sustainability disparities. 相似文献
16.
针对昆明市盘龙区世博片区的环境现状和环境功能区分区，对昆明市盘龙区世博片区进行了5年环境规划设计，介绍了世博片区环境规划设计的程序和方法，完成了昆明市盘龙区世博片区环境规划设计方案，提出噪声控制、汽车尾气治理排放、油漆厂水污染物的削减、生活燃煤的替代和排烟脱硫技术的引进、世博片区周边常住人口的总量控制，是确保世博片区环境功能区——环境重点保护地区达标的主要途径和措施，并进一步探讨了当前环境规划设计存在的问题。 相似文献
17.
随着城市知识经济转型,各个城市越来越重视对知识人才包括青年知识人才的吸引。以广州市高校大学生为例,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,从城市与个人的双重视角探讨高校青年知识移民就业城市选择的特点及其影响因素。研究发现：1）青年知识移民总体上倾向于选择其本科或研究生就读地所在的城市和比其户籍地与就读地更高等级的城市（如一线、新一线城市）就业,这反映了他们向上空间流动和社会流动的意愿与动机;2）他们的就业流动是城市因素和个人因素共同作用的结果,其影响因素主要包括城市经济、城市环境、城市政策与城市文化,以及青年知识移民来源地的户籍类型与户籍地的城市等级等;3）城市经济发展（工作机会）是吸引高校青年知识移民的最重要因素,但与此同时,生存舒适度（生活机会）在青年知识移民的就业流动过程中所起的作用愈发重要,城市环境建设需要关注公共文化设施、社会舒适程度、交通便利程度、卫生服务设施以及城市自然环境和居住环境等方面的问题。个人因素方面,高校青年知识移民来源地的户籍类型与户籍地的城市等级对其就业流动决策具有显著的影响作用。细致探究青年知识移民就业流动规律及其影响因素是新时期理解和建构基于中国语境的知识型人才流动理论的需要,也是人才政策制定与知识人才实现自身价值的关键。 相似文献
18.
基于百度POI数据,运用Ripley’s K函数、最近邻层次聚类、空间自相关等方法,对乌鲁木齐市公共休闲设施空间布局进行研究,总结城市休闲空间的格局特征,进而探讨休闲空间的影响因素。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐休闲设施空间分布表现出明显的向心集聚性。（2）各类休闲设施热点区分布表现出不同的集聚倾向,娱乐类、购物类、健身类三类休闲设施热点区主要布局在主城区以内重要交通枢纽和商业中心附近,餐饮类休闲设施热点区表现出明显的人口导向特征,旅游类休闲设施热点区均分布在热门旅游景区附近,文化类休闲设施热点区分布于科教文化基地或多民族混居区。（3）乌鲁木齐市休闲空间格局为“圈层+扇形+组团”模式,核心为面状综合型休闲中心,外围为扇形的休闲设施稀少区、组团式多功能休闲区和组团式餐饮休闲区,最外围是休闲设施极少的郊区和组团式旅游休闲区。（4）乌鲁木齐休闲空间与人口空间分布存在较强的空间正相关关系。 相似文献
19.
居民时空行为与环境污染暴露对健康影响的研究进展 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：0
环境污染是全球共同面对的重大问题之一,严重危害居民的健康状况。已有关于环境污染与健康研究主要包括宏观区域层面的环境污染与健康指标的相关关系研究;基于居民日常交通出行的空气污染暴露与健康效应的研究;以及关注社会经济属性,重点探讨黑人、儿童、低收入者等弱势群体所承受的环境负面影响,即环境公正和健康不平等研究。本文对上述研究进行较为系统的梳理与评价,基于时空行为、环境公正等学科前沿议题,为研究环境污染与健康之间的复杂性提供多样化的理论视角以及较为完整的分析框架。同时提出,需要将个体时空行为、环境污染与健康相关联,从微观层面深入研究基于居民时空行为轨迹的环境污染暴露与健康影响机理,挖掘不同社会、空间背景下的环境公正与健康不平等的内在关系,为发展更为公平、有效的城市与交通规划措施以及环境健康政策等提供科学依据。 相似文献