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1.
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over a given coastal station is influenced by the presence of mesoscale sea breeze circulation, together with the local and synoptic weather, which directly or indirectly modulate the vertical thickness of ABL (z ABL). Despite its importance in the characterization of lower tropospheric processes and atmospheric modeling studies, a reliable climatology on the temporal evolution of z ABL is not available over the tropics. Here, we investigate the challenges involved in determination of the ABL heights, and discuss an objective method to define the vertical structure of coastal ABL. The study presents a two year morphology on the diurnal evolution of the vertical thickness of sea breeze flow (z SBF) and z ABL in association with the altitudes of lifting condensation level (z LCL) over Thiruvananthapuram (8.5° N, 76.9° E), a representative coastal station on the western coastline of the Indian sub-continent. We make use of about 516 balloon-borne GPS sonde measurements in the present study, which were carried out as part of the tropical tropopause dynamics field experiment under the climate and weather of the sun-earth system (CAWSES)–India program. Results obtained from the present study reveal major differences in the temporal evolution of the ABL features in relation to the strength of sea breeze circulation and monsoonal wind flow during the winter and summer monsoon respectively. The diurnal evolution in z ABL is very prominent in the winter monsoon as against the summer monsoon, which is attributed to the impact of large-scale monsoonal flow over the surface layer meteorology. For a majority of the database, the z LCL altitudes are found to be higher than that of the z ABL, indicating a possible decoupling of the ABL with the low-level clouds. 相似文献
2.
The paper presents the importance of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer in driving the diurnal variability of the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio and the carbon isotope ratio at ground level from an urban station in India. Our observations are the first
of their kind from this region. The atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio and the carbon isotopic ratio were measured for both the morning (05:30–07:30 IST) and afternoon time (16:00–18:00
IST) air samples at 5 m above ground level in Bangalore city, Karnataka State (12° 58′ N, 77° 38′ E, masl = 920 m) for a 10 day
period during the winter of 2008. We observed a change of ~7% the in CO2 mixing ratio between the morning and afternoon time air samples. A stable isotope analysis of CO2 from morning samples showed a depletion in the carbon isotope ratio by ~2‰ compared to the afternoon samples. Along with
the ground-based measurement of air samples, data of radiosonde measurements were also obtained from the Indian Meteorological
Department to identify the vertical atmospheric structure at different time in a day. We proposed the presence or absence
of the NBL as a controlling factor for the observed variability in the mixing ratio as well as its isotopic composition. Here
we used the Keeling model approach to find out the carbon isotope ratio for the local sources. The local sources have further
been characterized as anthropogenic and biological respiration (in %) using a two-component mixing model. We also used a vertical
mixing model based on the concept of the mixing of isotopically depleted (carbon isotope) “polluted air” (PA) with isotopically
enriched “free atmospheric air” (FA) above. Using this modeling approach, the contribution of FA at ground level is being
estimated for both the morning and afternoon time air samples. 相似文献
3.
Despite great advances in carbon cycle research during the past decade the climatic impact of terrestrial ecosystems is still highly uncertain. Although contemporary studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere has acted as a net sink to atmospheric carbon during the past two decades, the future role of terrestrial carbon pools is most difficult to foresee. When land use change and forestry activities were included into the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the requirements for scientific precision increased significantly. At the same time the political expectations of carbon sequestration as climate mitigation strategy added uncertainties of a social kind to the study of land-atmosphere carbon exchange that have been difficult to address by conventional scientific methods. In this paper I explore how the failure to take into account the effects of direct human activity in scientific projections of future terrestrial carbon storage has resulted in a simplified appreciation of the risks embedded in a global carbon sequestration scheme. I argue that the social limits to scientific analysis must be addressed in order to accommodate these risks in future climate governance and to enable continued scientific authority in the international climate regime. 相似文献
4.
Data on salinity and δ18O from the NASA open-source database are used to estimate the Laptev Sea water mass transformation during ice formation and melting. The indicator of these processes is salinity variation. The estimates for the Laptev Sea show that the amount of meltwater can reach 40% for the sea water with salinity below 7 psu. In this case, sea water salinity reduction due to the meltwater inflow alone can be equal to 0.2-0.7 psu. In the sea water with salinity above 7 psu, ice formation prevails over ice melting. This process is the most strongly pronounced in the range of sea water salinity from 15 to 25 psu. In this salinity range, the average water removal for the ice formation makes up 9% (the maximum is 24%), and the average salinity growth is 0.5 psu (the maximum is 1.7 psu). The most transformed sea water masses during ice formation are located in the bottom layer of the shallow southern and southeastern parts of the Laptev Sea, where the sea depth is not more than 50 m. 相似文献
5.
Transport generates a large and growing component of global greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change. Effective transport emissions reduction policies are needed in order to reach a climate target well below 2 °C. Representations of technology evolution in current integrated assessment models (IAM) make use of systems optimisations that may not always provide sufficient insight on consumer response to realistic policy packages for extensive use in policy-making. Here, we introduce FTT: transport, an evolutionary technology diffusion simulation model for road transport technology, as an IAM sub-component, which features sufficiently realistic features of consumers and of existing technological trajectories that enables to simulate the impact of detailed climate policies in private passenger road transport. Integrated to the simulation-based macroeconometric IAM E3ME-FTT, a plausible scenario of transport decarbonisation is given, defined by a detailed transport policy package, that reaches sufficient emissions reductions to achieve the 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement. 相似文献
6.
The uptake of water vapor on MgCl2×6H2O and NaCl salt dry solid films was studied over the temperature range 240 to 340 K and at 1 Torr pressure of helium using
a flow reactor coupled to a modulated molecular beam mass spectrometer. The H2O to salt uptake data were obtained from the kinetics of H2O loss on salt coated Pyrex rods. The following Arrhenius expression was obtained for the initial uptake coefficient of H2O on MgCl2×6H2O films: γ
0
(MgCl2) = (6.5 ± 1.0) × 10−6 exp[(470 ± 40)/T] (calculated with specific BET surface area, quoted uncertainties are 1σ statistical). The rate of H2O adsorption on NaCl was found to be much lower than on MgCl2×6H2O, and only an upper limit was determined for the corresponding uptake coefficient: γ (NaCl) ≤ 5.6 × 10−6 at T = 300 K. The results show that the rate of H2O adsorption to salt surfaces is drastically dependent on the salt sample composition. 相似文献
7.
利用雷达、自动站和GPS可降水量等高时空分辨率加密观测资料,对石家庄一次局地大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：在高温高湿的大气环境下,弱切变线的西摆北伸是此次强对流天气过程出现的触发机制和预报难点,切变线位置是造成石家庄西部大暴雨的主要环流背景;强降水出现前大气水汽含量快速积累,GPS可降水量突升且存在着两个峰值,其中最大值刚好对应降水开始时间,次大值提前于降水出现时间16 h。强降水回波缘于主体回波、阵风锋以及新生回波的合并发展加强,CR、VIL和ET峰值分别达61 dBz、55 kg·m-2和17 km。在高温高湿的大气环境下,新生发展的回波、阵风锋、速度图上辐合、气旋或逆风区等都可以预示强对流天气发展。 相似文献
8.
“20110730”辽宁大暴雨过程分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用常规气象资料、卫星云图、雷达回波、自动气象站资料和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2011年7月30日辽宁短时大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：暴雨期间500 hPa高空槽与850 hPa切变线形成前倾形势,前倾槽为大暴雨的产生提供了有利的不稳定条件。此次暴雨过程的中尺度分析表明,降水时空变率大;TBB等值线密集区和上冲云顶的位置对暴雨落区有较好的指示意义;强降水时雷达回波强度达到65 dBz,且有逆风区和正负速度对出现,中小尺度强对流特征明显;地面等温线密集带与地面切变线（或中尺度低压）的共同作用触发中尺度雨团,降水强度陡增。通过涡度方程诊断切变线形成动力机制得出,当正涡度变率发展加强时,切变线向正涡度变率大值区方向移动,产生辐合动力抬升条件;散度项对低层涡度变率的贡献最大,强辐合是低层切变线生成的动力机制之一。 相似文献
9.
饱和湿大气Brunt-Väisälä频率及修正的相当位温 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《气象学报》2003,61(3):379-383
实际大气中受扰动的饱和气块发生凝结后,凝结水会部分脱离气块.以前研究饱和湿大气的Brunt-Väisälä频率(N2m)没有考虑凝结水的部分脱离,相当位温(θe)也忽略了饱和气块的混合比的作用.文中针对这些不足,在假设饱和空气中只存在气液转换条件下,推导出液态水部分脱离气块的、更符合实际情况的N2m表达式和修正的饱和湿大气θe表达式.新的N2m表达式增加了部分脱离气块的液态水的作用项,新的θe表达式中包含有饱和气块的混合比,并对有关的表达式分别作了讨论和比较. 相似文献
10.
台风“达维”不对称结构特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用地面加密观测资料、FY-2E卫星TBB和水汽图像资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料综合分析了2012 年第10 号台风“达维”的不对称结构特征及成因。结果表明：台风“达维”登陆后在云系结构、降水落区、高低层风场等都表现出不对称分布,其中暴雨主要分布在台风中心北到东北侧;通过FY-2E水汽图像分析清晰地揭示了这种不对称结构的演变,台风西侧干下沉暗区切断了西南侧水汽输送,使得台风中心西侧和南侧对流云系减弱消失,而东南侧一直存在一水汽羽伸入台风环流为其提供水汽和能量。同时,强高空辐散、弱垂直风切变以及明显的上升运动,有利于台风“达维”北到东北侧对流云系的发展维持,引发强降水;高空槽带来的冷空气侵入台风环流内部,破坏了它的暖心结构,使得台风“达维”在渤海海面填塞消失。 相似文献
11.
Different flux estimation techniques are compared here in order to evaluate air–sea exchange measurement methods used on moving
platforms. Techniques using power spectra and cospectra to estimate fluxes are presented and applied to measurements of wind
speed and sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 fluxes. Momentum and scalar fluxes are calculated from the dissipation technique utilizing the inertial subrange of the power
spectra and from estimation of the cospectral amplitude, and both flux estimates are compared to covariance derived fluxes.
It is shown how even data having a poor signal-to-noise ratio can be used for flux estimations. 相似文献
12.
农业作为响应气候变化最敏感的领域之一,未来作物产量可能受到深刻影响。量化气候变化冲击作物产量导致的最终经济影响,需要综合“气候变化—作物产量—经济影响”开展链式研究。文中采用系统回顾和Meta回归分析方法整合了55篇文献的667项研究结果,推导出我国七大地区主要作物（水稻、玉米、小麦）产量与地区内未来温度和降水变化的定量关系,并将其作为农业部门的损失量代入改进的多区域投入产出模型,量化七大地区内与地区间遭受的经济波及影响（ERE)。结果显示：(1)气候变化对我国作物产量的影响主要体现在温度升高上,每升温1℃减产2.6%~12.7%,东北和西北地区作物受升温影响最显著;(2) 气候变化导致的作物减产将对经济产生更严重的波及影响,GDP因作物减产每下降1%将额外产生17.8%的波及影响;(3) 21世纪末,若不考虑CO2肥效作用,作物减产导致的ERE将占GDP的-0.1%~13.6%（负值表示收益),最悲观情况下ERE与当前我国农业总产值相当（2012年为基准年);(4)不同地区受ERE影响程度的差异较大,因各区之间产业结构、贸易联系及经济发展程度存在差异,西南地区遭受本区及来自其他地区的ERE比华东地区高2.8~8.5倍。 相似文献
13.
Stephen R. Jackson Jason E. Ham Joel C. Harrison J. R. Wells 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2017,74(3):325-338
The yields of carbonyl-containing reaction products from the ozonolysis of α-pinene have been investigated using concentrations of ozone found in the indoor environment ([O3] ≤ 100 ppb). An impinger was used to collect gas-phase oxidation products in water, where the derivatization agent O-tert-butylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (TBOX) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify carbonyl-containing species. Seven carbonyl-containing products were observed. The yield of the primary product, pinonaldehyde was measured to be 76 %. Using cyclohexane as a hydroxyl radical (?OH) scavenger, the yield of pinonaldehyde decreased to 46 %, indicating the influence secondary OH radicals have on α-pinene ozonolysis products. Furthermore, the use of TBOX, a small molecular weight derivatization agent, allowed for the acquisition of the first mass spectral data of oxopinonaldehyde, a tricarbonyl reaction product of α-pinene ozonolysis. The techniques described herein allow for an effective method for the collection and identification of terpene oxidation products in the indoor environment. 相似文献
15.
利用两步变分反演方法,研究2006年第4号台风“碧利斯”,对照单部雷达资料和两部雷达资料的反演结果。结果表明：利用单部雷达资料不能很好的反演出台风的风场结构特征,而两部雷达资料在第一步反演背景场时,可以看出台风的涡旋特征。通过检验发现,此次台风过程的水平切向风在最大风速半径内部与Rankine模型相近,外部与Chen 3模型接近。为了更有效地利用单部雷达的观测信息准确定位台风的移动路径,故在单部雷达资料第一步反演背景场时加入模型弱约束。反演结果表明,加入模型弱约束后,反演的背景风场就能看出台风的涡旋特征,通过第二步反演后与两部雷达资料结果相近;加模型弱约束的单部雷达反演结果与两部雷达反演结果间u、v分量的相关系数均在0.8或以上,2-7 km高度层u、v分量的均方根误差明显减小。 相似文献
16.
17.
采用1980-2004年5-8月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,将105°E和125°E越赤道气流增强过程按一定标准进行取样,并对增强过程中越赤道气流的变化特点及其相应的南、北半球环流特征进行分析,结果表明：越赤道气流的增强往往对应着通道南侧或北侧从热带到副热带地区的环流调整,而这种环流调整在南半球主要指澳洲冷空气活动,在北半球主要为辐合带的变化,二者是影响越赤道气流的主要环流因子;北半球辐合带的变化与西太平洋副高的东西振荡有密切关系,前者的分布形态在一定程度上决定了南半球环流及越赤道气流变化对北半球热带外环流的影响情况;125°E越赤道气流比105°E越赤道气流的增强过程通常更为显著,这与它们对应的南、北半球环流调整的差异有关。 相似文献