共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 718 毫秒
1.
G. R. Adhikari A. I. Theresraj R. N. Gupta 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2004,8(1):41-49
The safety and stability of concrete and masonry dams is a great concern when blasting has to be conducted close to these dams in order to construct small hydro-electric projects. There is a danger of ground vibration amplification to those residential-type buildings that are built close to these dams.
Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.
Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams. 相似文献
Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.
Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams. 相似文献
2.
A Feasibility Study on Controlling Ground Vibrations Caused by Blasts in Malmberget Underground Mine
Z. X. Zhang P. -A. Lindqvist T. Naarttij rvi K. Wikstr m 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2004,8(1):3-21
In order to control or reduce the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts in Malmberget mine, a number of blast tests were carried out during production blasts and a series of single shot waveforms were obtained. Then the single shot waveforms from the same ring or different rings were analysed and compared with each other. The results showed that the single shots are reproducible, meaning that the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts can be controlled by means of the interference of the vibration waveforms measured. Finally, a formal test using electronic detonators and employing an optimum delay time of 8 ms was done in production. The test for an 11-borehole ring shows that the maximum vertical ground vibrations are reduced to the maximum vertical vibrations of a single shot. Particularly, the total vibration history for the 11-borehole-ring blast is shortened to about 200 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s. However, the total vibration history of a normal production blast of 11-borehole ring is always 1400 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s, namely the total vibration time of a production blast can be reduced to one seventh of that of the common production blasts by using the vibration control method. This indicates that the vibration control method introduced in the paper is feasible for underground mining blasts. 相似文献
3.
Yagoub M. M. Alsereidi Aishah A. Mohamed Elfadil A. Periyasamy Punitha Alameri Reem Aldarmaki Salama Alhashmi Yaqein 《Natural Hazards》2020,100(1):111-132
Prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration is a matter of concern in mining industry since long. Several approaches ranging from scaled distance regression, different numerical methods to wave superimposition theories have been tried by many researchers for better prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration. Signature hole analysis is one of the popular simulation methods to predict the ground vibration generated due to production blast. It superimposes the recorded signature hole waveform using a computer program to predict the production blast-induced vibration. The technique inputs the designated time of detonation of each hole and superimposes the waves generated by each hole to predict the nearest value of peak particle velocity and frequency of blast-induced ground vibration. Although a very useful approach, it requires a computer program to simulate the linear superimposition of waveforms. The simulation is not possible for every blast as it takes time and also is difficult for field engineers to simulate every time, whereas it is always easy for blasting engineers to adapt and use an empirical equation/approach for prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration than simulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an innovative and simplified analytical approach of signature hole analysis. The simplified sinusoidal wave equation is obtained from recorded signature hole ground vibration waveform properties and is superimposed mathematically according to the multi-hole blast design to predict the production blast-induced ground vibrations. The validation of the developed approach was done in three different sites, and up to 15% more accuracy in prediction of the blast, vibrations are achieved in comparison with signature hole analysis prediction.
相似文献4.
隧道近距下穿山坡楼房爆破振动测试研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以成渝客运专线新红岩隧道为工程背景,测试了隧道近距下穿山坡楼房爆破时引起的地面振动。通过对隧道浅埋侧（隧道地表斜坡下部）和深埋侧（隧道地表斜坡上部）的地表振动数据分析,研究了地表的振动速度、振动主频及振动安全评价方法。结果表明：在浅埋隧道爆破的近区,入射纵波为主要载体,地表水平和竖直方向振动的主要成分可以认为是入射纵波在水平和竖直方向的投影,浅埋侧和深埋侧地表水平和竖直方向振速的大小取决于爆心距和入射纵波与竖直方向的夹角两个因素;隧道采用电子雷管进行单孔连续起爆,相比非电雷管爆破,可以有效降低地表振动强度,同时能够提高地表振动主频;地表振动主频方面,地表竖直方向振动主频普遍高于水平方向,而且浅埋侧地表竖直和水平方向主频大多高于深埋侧地表对应方向的主频;隧道近距下穿山坡楼房进行爆破施工时,建议在浅埋侧和深埋侧地表同时布置爆破振动监测测点,并根据浅埋侧和深埋侧地表测点的峰值振速、爆破振动主频与建筑物固有频率的关系对地表振动安全进行评价,以减少隧道施工爆破对地表环境和周围建筑物造成的振动破坏。 相似文献
5.
LC Taylor RR Skaggs W. Gault 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2005,9(1):19-28
The ultimate aim of our overall task, of which the effort described in this paper is a part, is to be able to model the impulsive output of buried charges and the response of targets of interest. It is not practical or cost-effective to determine the response of all targets of interest to buried charges of all sizes by testing them. In order to have confidence in our models, however, they must be validated by a modest number of tests. A critical element in modelling the response of a target is the ability to model the loading function. The load a buried charge applies to a target above it when the charge detonates can be characterized in terms of the vertical impulse. The vertical impulse is a function of the size of the charge, its depth of burial, and the properties of the soil in which it is buried. The primary objective of the effort described in this paper is to determine the load a known charge places on a non-responding target so the data can be used to validate our models.
For model validation, a large number of detonator-scale experiments have been conducted by the University of Maryland (Fourney et al. [1]). It was also necessary to conduct a modest number of experiments at a larger scale, nine in total, to ensure that the results of the detonator-scale tests can be satisfactorily scaled up. Of the nine large-scale experiments conducted, seven were conducted with 5 or 10 lb cast TNT charges. All experiments were conducted in sand that was as nearly fully water-saturated as possible. The objective of the experiments was to determine the vertical impulse applied to a non-deforming target plate above the charge.
The large-scale experiments were conducted using the Vertical Impulse Measurement Fixture (VIMF) at the Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD. The VIMF is a unique facility that has been designed specifically to measure accurately the vertical impulse from buried charges weighing up to 8 kg.
This paper describes the VIMF and its instrumentation, test methods and test results. The results obtained demonstrate that in some cases, when the soil is saturated sand, explosive 'bubble' effects similar to those encountered in shallow water are encountered. 相似文献
For model validation, a large number of detonator-scale experiments have been conducted by the University of Maryland (Fourney et al. [1]). It was also necessary to conduct a modest number of experiments at a larger scale, nine in total, to ensure that the results of the detonator-scale tests can be satisfactorily scaled up. Of the nine large-scale experiments conducted, seven were conducted with 5 or 10 lb cast TNT charges. All experiments were conducted in sand that was as nearly fully water-saturated as possible. The objective of the experiments was to determine the vertical impulse applied to a non-deforming target plate above the charge.
The large-scale experiments were conducted using the Vertical Impulse Measurement Fixture (VIMF) at the Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD. The VIMF is a unique facility that has been designed specifically to measure accurately the vertical impulse from buried charges weighing up to 8 kg.
This paper describes the VIMF and its instrumentation, test methods and test results. The results obtained demonstrate that in some cases, when the soil is saturated sand, explosive 'bubble' effects similar to those encountered in shallow water are encountered. 相似文献
6.
为研究免共振沉桩过程对地表振动影响,采用密度放大法以消除模型桩弹性模量过大对计算效率的影响,在有限差分软件FLAC3D中建立了相应的连续振动沉桩模型,并和文献中的现场测试结果进行了比较,分析了激振力幅值和振动频率这两个施工参数对地表振动响应的影响。结果表明：密度放大法可有效提高数值模拟的计算效率,模拟沉桩7.0倍桩径（4.9 m）所需计算时间约为12.0 h,数值结果较好地模拟了现场测试中免共振沉桩的地表振动影响;激振力幅值和振动频率均主要对近场（水平距离为5.0倍桩径范围内）的地表振动有明显影响;临界沉桩深度与地表振动影响峰值相对应,该深度随水平距离先增大后趋于稳定;激振力幅值对临界沉桩深度的改变不明显,振动频率对远场临界沉桩深度则有较明显影响。 相似文献
7.
Manoj Khandelwal 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(1):205-217
The purpose of this article is to evaluate and predict the blast induced ground vibration using different conventional vibration
predictors and artificial neural network (ANN) at a surface coal mine of India. Ground Vibration is a seismic wave that spread
out from the blast hole when detonated in a confined manner. 128 blast vibrations were recorded and monitored in and around
the surface coal mine at different strategic and vulnerable locations. Among these, 103 blast vibrations data sets were used
for the training of the ANN network as well as to determine site constants of various conventional vibration predictors, whereas
rest 25 blast vibration data sets were used for the validation and comparison by ANN and empirical formulas. Two types of
ANN model based on two parameters (maximum charge per delay and distance between blast face to monitoring point) and multiple
parameters (burden, spacing, charge length, maximum charge per delay and distance between blast face to monitoring point)
were used in the present study to predict the peak particle velocity. Finally, it is found that the ANN model based on multiple
input parameters have better prediction capability over two input parameters ANN model and conventional vibration predictors. 相似文献
8.
A. J. Prakash P. Palroy D. D. Misra 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2004,8(1):51-60
This paper presents the influence of various discontinuities, natural or artificial, on magnitude and frequencies of blast induced ground vibrations. These discontinuities were geological faults, a pond, a shaft incline, a trench and a pre-split plane interposed in the path of vibration propagation. In the post-trench region, ground vibrations in terms of peak particle velocity were significantly reduced and dominant frequencies in higher bands were consequently observed. Depth of trench with respect to blastholes were varied and consequent vibration characteristics were analyzed. The techniques of creating a trench and pre-split plane were successfully implemented in controlling vibration and in increasing the explosives charge to meet the scheduled production target of an opencast mine. Comparisons of ground vibration characteristics affected by a trench and a pre-split plane of the same depth are described in the text. The findings lead to the conclusion that such experimental data are necessary for production blasting in open cast mines under constrained conditions. 相似文献
9.
Investigations were carried out at three underground coal mines in India to study the response of surface structures to underground
blasting and the likelihood of damage to the structures. The structures in the vicinity of the underground blasting area were
single and multistoried residential houses. The amplitudes of vibration due to underground blasting were monitored simultaneously
on the ground surface near the foundation of the structures and on various floors of the structures. The vibrations were also
monitored near the important surface installations. It was observed that the magnitude of vibration in structures decreased
with the increase in the height of the structures. The frequency of blast vibration from underground blasting was higher than
the natural frequency of the structures. Little energy was transmitted into the structures, which caused reduction in the
vibration level in the structures. The reduction in the vibration levels was up to 45% in the houses. It indicates that the
dominant frequency of blast vibration plays an important role in persistence of vibration and its amplification or reduction
characteristics in the structures. This paper deals with the effect of the vibrations on structures/houses standing above
the blasting faces in underground workings and their potential to likely damage to the structures at different Indian geo-mining
conditions. 相似文献
10.
Empirical approaches for predicting fragmentation from blasting continue to play a significant role in the mining industry in spite of a number of inherent limitations associated with such methods. These methods can be successfully applied provided the users understand or recognize their limitations. Arguably, the most successful empirical based fragmentation models have been those applicable to surface blasting (e.g., Kuz-Ram/Kuznetsov based models). With widespread adoption of fragmentation assessment technologies in underground operations, an opportunity has arisen to extend and further develop these type approaches to underground production blasting.
This paper discusses the development of a new fragmentation modelling framework for underground ring blasting applications. The approach is based on the back-analysis of geotechnical, blasting and fragmentation data gathered at the Ridgeway sub level caving (SLC) operation in conjunction with experiences from a number of surface blasting operations.
The basis of the model are, relating a peak particle velocity (PPV) breakage threshold to a breakage uniformity index; modelling of the coarse end of the size distribution with the Rosin-Rammler distribution; and modelling the generation of fines with a newly developed approach that allows the prediction of the volume of crushing around blastholes.
Preliminary validations of the proposed model have shown encouraging results. Further testing and validation of the proposed model framework continues and the approach is currently being incorporated into an underground blast design and analysis software to facilitate its application. 相似文献
This paper discusses the development of a new fragmentation modelling framework for underground ring blasting applications. The approach is based on the back-analysis of geotechnical, blasting and fragmentation data gathered at the Ridgeway sub level caving (SLC) operation in conjunction with experiences from a number of surface blasting operations.
The basis of the model are, relating a peak particle velocity (PPV) breakage threshold to a breakage uniformity index; modelling of the coarse end of the size distribution with the Rosin-Rammler distribution; and modelling the generation of fines with a newly developed approach that allows the prediction of the volume of crushing around blastholes.
Preliminary validations of the proposed model have shown encouraging results. Further testing and validation of the proposed model framework continues and the approach is currently being incorporated into an underground blast design and analysis software to facilitate its application. 相似文献
11.
变埋深条件下饱和土爆炸能量耦合系数的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过在? 2.5 m×5 m模拟爆炸装置中进行了饱和土爆炸试验。利用自由场试验研究了饱和土在不同埋设深度条件下的爆炸问题,得到了相应的爆炸破坏效应的宏观特征和压力实测波形,并对测试结果进行了分析,得到了饱和土中爆炸波传播规律,并通过试验得到耦合系数的试验数据,绘制了耦合系数曲线。实验结果表明,对于封闭爆炸最小比例埋深为2.62 m/kg1/3,当比例埋深大于2.62 m/kg1/3时,峰值压力与动量受比例埋深的影响不大,此时爆炸能量基本被封闭在饱和土中。 相似文献
12.
Investigations were carried out at seven underground coal mines in India to characterise the responses of roof and pillars of underground workings to the vibrations induced by adjacent open-pit blasting. The roof rocks of the selected underground instrumented panels were having RMR between 36.7 to 57. Monitoring of strata behaviour was carried out before and after blasts. Arrangements were made to mount the transducers of seismographs in roof and pillars to monitor the vibration. Attempts were made to monitor the vibration simultaneously, for a blast, in the pillar and at the junction of the roof or away from the junction in the gallery. 102 sets of such vibration data were recorded in the underground mines. It was observed that the roof of underground roadways vibrated with higher peak particle velocity (PPV) compared to pillars. The amplification of vibration in the roof compared to pillars, away from the junction, was 1.02 to 2.58 times whereas at the junctions, it was 2.04 to 5.57 times. 相似文献
13.
桩-筏复合地基是控制高速铁路等路基工后沉降的一种常用地基处理技术,然而针对其在不同振动波形荷载下的动力响应特性对比研究相对较少。基于大型模型系统,开展砂土地基中单桩桩-筏复合地基大比例模型试验研究,着重分析不同振动波形加载下单桩桩-筏复合地基的累积沉降、桩底-桩侧土动土应力比、加速度及速度传递等变化规律,初步探讨振动波形对单桩桩-筏复合地基承载特性的影响机制。试验结果表明,M波振动波形对地基累积沉降的影响较正弦波振动波形对地基累积沉降的影响略大一些,对桩底-桩侧土动应力比的影响则反之;振动响应加速度和速度随着加载频率及振幅幅值的增大而增大。相关研究成果可为单桩桩-筏复合地基的理论分析与计算提供参考依据。 相似文献
14.
E. Villaescusa I. Onederra C. Scott 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2004,8(1):23-40
This paper presents the results of a comprehensive monitoring program designed to investigate the extent of blast induced damage experienced by rock masses extracted by bench stoping methods. An array of triaxial geophones and extensometers were used to monitor blast vibration attenuation and measure hangingwall deformations during stope extraction. In addition, pre and post surveys of the hangingwall rock mass were conducted using a TV borehole camera and cavity survey instrumentation. These surveys were later used to calibrate damage profiles into the stope hangingwalls.
Peak particle velocity, hangingwall deformation measurements and stope surveys were used to develop a site specific damage model that allowed engineers to asses drilling and blasting configurations to minimise the extent of pre-conditioning and damage. In addition the study included the analysis of the frequency response, displacements and accelerations experienced by the excavation as extraction and mine filling progressed. This work aimed at improving our understanding of the influence of blasting on the dynamic behaviour of stope hangingwalls.
The study demonstrated that estimates of the maximum extent of rock mass pre-conditioning and/or damage made through the application of the Holmberg-Persson approach compared well with measured results. In addition, the study found that dynamic loading imparted on an exposed hangingwall from subsequent stope blasting was also expected to contribute to rock mass weakening and that mine filling was crucial to arrest further deterioration. Hangingwall accelerations were used to demonstrate that larger openings may be more susceptible to dynamic loading. 相似文献
Peak particle velocity, hangingwall deformation measurements and stope surveys were used to develop a site specific damage model that allowed engineers to asses drilling and blasting configurations to minimise the extent of pre-conditioning and damage. In addition the study included the analysis of the frequency response, displacements and accelerations experienced by the excavation as extraction and mine filling progressed. This work aimed at improving our understanding of the influence of blasting on the dynamic behaviour of stope hangingwalls.
The study demonstrated that estimates of the maximum extent of rock mass pre-conditioning and/or damage made through the application of the Holmberg-Persson approach compared well with measured results. In addition, the study found that dynamic loading imparted on an exposed hangingwall from subsequent stope blasting was also expected to contribute to rock mass weakening and that mine filling was crucial to arrest further deterioration. Hangingwall accelerations were used to demonstrate that larger openings may be more susceptible to dynamic loading. 相似文献
15.
某超大型离心机基础埋置于复杂软土地基中,自振特性研究十分关键。分别建立离心机基础的等效土弹簧模型和实体地基模型,对比分析不同地基模拟方法下的模态分析结果;开展基于白噪声激励的动力时程分析,分析地基参振质量对自振特性的影响。结果表明：超大型离心机基础前两阶模态振型分别为水平横向和纵向的摆动;基于不同的地基模拟方法计算得到的振型结果一致,自振频率相差在10%以内;超大型离心机基础结构的前两阶地基参振质量分别为1.376倍和0.998倍的基础总质量,地基参振质量使得结构的振动响应幅值下降50%左右,频谱峰值频率减小约2 Hz。结论对大型埋置式动力机器基础的自振特性研究具有指导和参考意义。 相似文献
16.
基于Abaqus软件64CPU并行计算集群平台,建立了车辆-轨道-高架桥-基础-地基耦合的三维有限元分析模型。得到了不同工况下列车运行时引起的地表振动特征,对地表振动振级随着与桥墩距离增大而衰减的规律进行了参数化分析,结果表明,随着列车车速的增大,地表振动振级明显增大;与空载时相比,列车乘客满载时仅靠近桥墩处的地表振级略微增大,对远处几乎无影响;列车车厢数量对地表振动振级的影响不明显;列车双线运行时引起的地表振动振级比单线运行时有明显的增大。扣件刚度的增大会略微减小地表振动振级。随着桩长的增加,地表振动振级有较大幅度的减小;增加桥墩的跨度能减小地表振动振级,但增加到一定值时再增加也不会有明显的减振效果;桥墩高度对地表振动振级无明显影响。随着场地土层剪切波速的增加,地表振动振级呈逐渐减小的趋势。 相似文献
17.
Hamid Reza Nejati Morteza Ahmadi Hamid Hashemolhosseini Mohammad Hayati 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(5):1137-1146
Ground surface vibration produced by moving train is one of the most important aspects in urban areas. The purpose of this study is the probabilistic analysis of ground surface vibration, which is generated by metro transportations. For this reason, Tehran metro line 4 is considered as a case study. In this paper, at first, a new procedure is used to simulate train dynamic load. In the second step, based on the variation of geomechanical properties and train characteristics in Tehran metro line 4, more than 60 numerical models are simulated. The results of numerical simulations are analyzed by multivariate statistical technique and an equation for prediction of peak particle velocity (PPV) in the ground surface is presented. In the next step, probabilistic analysis is done using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Finally, sensitivity of input data on ground surface vibration is discussed and the impact of geomechanical properties and train characteristics on the surface vibration is considered. Based on the probabilistic analysis, PPV in the surface region of Tehran metro line 4 is <2.76?mm/s with 95?% probability. 相似文献
18.
为评价地铁环境振动对某中心城区拟建住宅办公楼的影响,本文使用高灵敏度测试仪TROMINO对该建筑场地进行了24 h环境振动测试,得到了场地3个方向加速度和速度的实测数据。采用1/3倍频程分析法对实测数据进行处理,分析了不同时段场地振动变化规律,并将分析结果与国际标准ISO 2631关于此类建筑场地的振动限值进行对比。结果表明:有地铁运行时的环境振动峰值远大于无地铁运行时;无地铁运行时,地面振动加速度幅值介于10-5~10-1 gal之间,且无明显振动主频;有地铁运行时,振动幅值介于10-4~100 gal之间,并在晚高峰时段达到最大值0.8 gal;地铁运行引起的地面振动主频介于40~50 Hz之间。低频段内（2~8 Hz）场地振动加速度最大值约为0.030 gal,中高频段内（8~250 Hz）场地振动速度最大值为26.715 μm ·s-1,均满足标准要求。 相似文献
19.
Azam Shahnazar Hima Nikafshan Rad Mahdi Hasanipanah M. M. Tahir Danial Jahed Armaghani Mahyar Ghoroqi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(15):527
Ground vibration is one of the common environmental effects of blasting operation in mining industry, and it may cause damage to the nearby structures and the surrounding residents. So, precise estimation of blast-produced ground vibration is necessary to identify blast-safety area and also to minimize environmental effects. In this research, a hybrid of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) was proposed to predict blast-produced ground vibration in Pengerang granite quarry, Malaysia. For this goal, 81 blasting were investigated, and the values of peak particle velocity, distance from the blast-face and maximum charge per delay were precisely measured. To demonstrate the performance of the hybrid PSO–ANFIS, ANFIS, and United States Bureau of Mines empirical models were also developed. Comparison of the predictive models was demonstrated that the PSO–ANFIS model [with root-mean-square error (RMSE) 0.48 and coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.984] performed better than the ANFIS with RMSE of?1.61 and R 2 of 0.965. The mentioned results prove the superiority of the newly developed PSO–ANFIS model in estimating blast-produced ground vibrations. 相似文献
20.
Prediction of ground vibration due to quarry blasting based on gene expression programming: a new model for peak particle velocity prediction 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
R Shirani Faradonbeh D Jahed Armaghani M. Z. Abd Majid M. MD Tahir B. Ramesh Murlidhar M. Monjezi H. M. Wong 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(6):1453-1464
Blasting is a widely used technique for rock fragmentation in opencast mines and tunneling projects. Ground vibration is one of the most environmental effects produced by blasting operation. Therefore, the proper prediction of blast-induced ground vibrations is essential to identify safety area of blasting. This paper presents a predictive model based on gene expression programming (GEP) for estimating ground vibration produced by blasting operations conducted in a granite quarry, Malaysia. To achieve this aim, a total number of 102 blasting operations were investigated and relevant blasting parameters were measured. Furthermore, the most influential parameters on ground vibration, i.e., burden-to-spacing ratio, hole depth, stemming, powder factor, maximum charge per delay, and the distance from the blast face were considered and utilized to construct the GEP model. In order to show the capability of GEP model in estimating ground vibration, nonlinear multiple regression (NLMR) technique was also performed using the same datasets. The results demonstrated that the proposed model is able to predict blast-induced ground vibration more accurately than other developed technique. Coefficient of determination values of 0.914 and 0.874 for training and testing datasets of GEP model, respectively show superiority of this model in predicting ground vibration, while these values were obtained as 0.829 and 0.790 for NLMR model. 相似文献