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1.
A study was conducted to understand the mechanisms driving observed subtidal variability in the stratification of Saldanha Bay, located in the southern Benguela system. It was found that the 6–8 day period variability in bay stratification was caused by the inflow and outflow of cold upwelled water driven by changing baroclinic pressure gradients between the coastal and bay domains. The direction and magnitude of the pressure gradients were governed by coastal upwelling activity and a lag in the response of the bay to changes in density structure in the coastal ocean. When the pressure gradients were bayward and cold water was being driven into the bay the cycle was termed to be in an ‘ active phase ’ and the reverse was termed the ‘ relaxation phase ’. The upwelling-favourable equatorward wind stress impacted the bay stratification in two ways: on the regional scale, wind drives upwelling and governs the inflow–outflow of cold upwelled bottom water, which strengthens stratification; conversely, on the local bay scale, wind drives vertical mixing, which weakens stratification. A four-phase model is used to describe the observed variability in stratification in the bay. The associated density-driven exchange flows are capable of flushing the bay in 6–8 days, about one-third of the time for tidal exchange alone (c. 25 days). These inflows of cold bottom water are ecologically critical as they supply nutrients to the bay and thus impose a control on new production within the bay environment. Further ecological implications of this bay–ocean exchange include export of phytoplankton new production to the coast, limitation of the risk of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and the division of the system into two distinct ecosystems (bay and lagoon). 相似文献
2.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):255-271
The Benguela upwelling system is subjected to blooms of harmful and toxic algae, the incidence and consequences of which are documented here. Red tides are common and usually attributed to members of the Dinophyceae, most of which are non-toxic. The incidence of these blooms varies spatially, with most blooms confined to the area west of Cape Agulhas. Cape Point forms the natural divide for species that dominate blooms of the west coast of South Africa as opposed to those that dominate the South Coast. Blooms occur most commonly from January to May, during the latter half of the upwelling season. Each red tide is associated with synoptic weather patterns, which dictate the onshore and offshore movement of dinoflagellate-dominated frontal blooms. There is also interannual variation, thought to be related to weather pattern changes. The harmful effects of high-biomass, non-toxic blooms include die-offs resulting from anoxia or hypoxia. Other effects of high biomass blooms include those that may cause mechanical or physical damage or those that may alter the foodweb. Recently, a bloom of the very small pelagophyte, Aureococcus anophagefferens, referred to as brown tide, in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon resulted in growth arrest in both oysters and mussels. Toxic species cause mass mortalities of fish, shellfish, marine mammals, seabirds and other animals. Human illness is caused by contaminated seafood when toxic phytoplankton are filtered from the water by shellfish that accumulate toxins to levels that are potentially lethal to humans and other consumers. Of these shellfish poisoning syndromes, Paralytic (PSP) and Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) are common in the Benguela. Confirmed cases of PSP have been attributed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium Catenella. Although shellfish are usually only marginally affected, in extreme cases of poisoning, mussel mortalities have been observed, and in most instances these have been attributed to blooms of A. Catenella. Sardine Sardinops sagax mortalities in St Helena Bay have also been attributed to the ingestion of this PSP-producing dinoflagellate. Monitoring has revealed the presence of Dinophysis acuminata, D. fortii, D. hastata, D. tripos and D. rotundata, all of which have been reported to cause DSP. The dinoflagellate Gymnodiniun cf. mikimotoi, has been implicated in a type of Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning and human skin and respiratory irritations have been attributed to aerosol toxins produced by this species. 相似文献
3.
The influence of upwelling on the distribution of chlorophyll a within the Bay of Concepción, Chile is discussed in light of continuous measurements of surface in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence and temperature taken simultaneously along horizontal transects, and hydrographic stations' data. Results suggest significant temporal variability both in the distribution of in vivo fluorescence, temperature and salinity within the Bay and in the characteristics of the exchange between the Bay and the adjacent shelf waters, induced by variable upwelling. Upwelling is produced by the predominant south-westerly winds during the summer. Significant variations in the wind direction occur with periods from two to seven days. During active upwelling, exchange is characterized by a surface outflow through the mouth of the Bay and an inflow at depth. Low chlorophyll fluorescence is confined to the upwelling areas on the eastern shore either within or outside the Bay; high chlorophyll fluorescence is confined to the central and western Bay. Density data suggest a three-layered circulation pattern at the mouth of the Bay during the upwelling relaxation involving an inflow both at the surface and bottom and outflow at mid-depth. Associated with this exchange is an active high chlorophyll transport from the Bay to the adjacent coastal waters at mid-depth and inflow of low chlorophyll water from the adjacent shelf at the surface and near the bottom. 相似文献
4.
Seasonal, sub-seasonal and spatial fluctuations in bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) were examined in St Helena Bay, South Africa’s largest and most productive embayment, between November 2013 and November 2014. Alongshore bay characteristics were assessed through comparison of variables along the 50-m depth contour. A mean coefficient of variation of 0.35 provided a measure of the relative variability of near-bottom DO concentrations along this contour. Consistently lower DO concentrations in the southern region of the bay in summer and autumn are attributed to enhanced retention. Across-shelf transects captured the seasonal development of hypoxia in relation to the distribution of phytoplankton biomass. Exceptional dinoflagellate blooms form extensive subsurface thin layers preceding the autumn DO minima in the south of the bay, prior to winter ventilation of the bottom waters. The seasonal decline in DO concentrations in the bottom waters was marked by sub-seasonal events of hypoxia, and ultimately anoxia linked to episodic deposition of organic matter, as indicated by increases in bottom chlorophyll-a concentrations. Seasonal changes in bottom water macronutrient concentrations followed trends in apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU), both of which mirrored DO concentrations. In the south of the bay, nitrogen loss through denitrification/anammox in suboxic waters was indicated by a dissolved inorganic N deficit in the bottom waters, which was most pronounced in autumn. 相似文献
5.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):501-510
Trends in the abundance, size and growth of newly settled pueruli and early juveniles of the rock lobster Jasus lalandii were determined from samples obtained from mesh bags used for oyster mariculture in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Totals of 3 842 lobster pueruli and 10 158 juveniles were captured between August 2005 and June 2006, and distinct puerulus settlement events were identified in November and January. Juveniles also peaked during these months as well as in March. The size of newly settled pueruli increased significantly between October and March. The carapace length (CL) of pueruli and juveniles overlapped between 8.5 mm (smallest juvenile) and 10.4 mm (largest puerulus), and 50% of pueruli moulted into juveniles by 9.5–9.6 mm CL. There was a size progression in juveniles, with larger individuals in February and March reflecting an accumulation of juveniles from the earlier settlement events. The estimated growth increment from puerulus to first juvenile instar was 0.5–1.5 mm (4.9–16.1%), increasing to 1.4–2.5 mm (14.4–23.3%) for the second instar. Recruitment of J. lalandii pueruli occurred during periods when strong southerly winds prevailed, which results in a general offshore movement of surface waters along the West Coast and upwelling of cold nutrient-rich bottom waters. However, specific settlement events appeared to coincide with a change in wind direction, reduction in upwelling strength and increase in surface water temperatures, implying that larvae may take advantage of landward movements of surface waters during downwelling, or reversal of upwelling, to return them to shallow coastal waters. 相似文献
6.
G. catenatum 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2001,53(6):787
Toxic Gymnodinium catenatum blooms usually occur in the Galician Rias at the end of the upwelling season, which necessitates a ban on harvesting shellfish extraction, with subsequent economic losses for this sector. One of the possible causes cited in the literature is the advection of populations from outside the area but no evidence was available to substantiate this.Oceanographic conditions at the end of the upwelling season in the NW coast of the Iberian Peninsula (39°–43°N) have been studied for the years 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1998. Sea surface temperature data from satellite images, wind data, drifter tracks and in situ oceanic data from the Galician Rias have been combined to clarify the oceanographic structures in the area at the commencement of the blooms. On the inner shelf, an inshore poleward current advecting warm water has been identified after the cessation of upwelling. On the middle and outer shelf, a tongue of cold water as a remnant of the previous upwelling continued to move southward. On the slope and offshore, the poleward counter current reported by several authors was detected carrying warm oceanic water northwards.It is suggested that the inshore poleward current, not previously reported in the literature, could advect initial populations of dinoflagellates to the Rias from northern Portuguese waters. This would explain why blooms such as G. catenatum have been found usually in Portuguese waters several weeks before the Galician Rias, showing an apparent northward movement, but cells of this toxic dinoflagellate species have not been found in waters of the offshore poleward counter current. 相似文献
7.
New in situ time-series data were acquired by two ADCP moorings placed on the shelf off Richards Bay on the east coast of South Africa at depths of 25 m and 582 m between October 2009 and August 2010. The 11-month inshore bottom-temperature record revealed five substantial upwelling events lasting 5–10 days each where temperatures decreased by about 7 °C to 17–18 °C. Satellite sea surface temperature data showed these events to coincide with cold-water plumes occupying the northern wedge of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight. Numerous shorter duration (1–2 days) upwelling events with less vivid surface expressions were also observed throughout the entire record where bottom temperature dropped by 2–3 °C. The last four months of the record were characterised by a protracted cool period lacking a seasonal trend but punctuated with oscillations of warm and cooler bottom water. In contrast to earlier studies that suggested upwelling was topographically and dynamically driven by the juxtaposition of the Cape St Lucia offset and the Agulhas Current (a solitary mechanism), our analysis showed almost all major and minor cold-water intrusions to coincide with upwelling-favourable north-easterly winds that simultaneously force a south-westerly coastal current. Ekman veering in the bottom boundary layer of the Agulhas Current, and the concomitant movement of cold water up the slope, was found to coexist at times with coastal upwelling, but its absence did not impede inshore cold-water intrusions, calling into question its role as a primary driver of upwelling. Both major and minor upwelling events were observed to promote phytoplankton blooms in the northern KZN Bight which commonly extended to the Thukela River. Wind-driven upwelling was also observed in the inner bight between Richards Bay and Port Durnford, explaining the ribbon of coastal chlorophyll continuously observed on ocean colour images between Cape St Lucia and the Thukela River. Similarities in upwelling character and mechanisms are observed between the northern KZN Bight and the Florida Current shelf systems. 相似文献
8.
Spring blooms of phytoplankton composed of centric diatoms developed in late February, March, and April in Otsuchi Bay on Sanriku ria coast, Japan. During this period, associated with prolonged seasonal west wind (>1 day), intense exchange of waters occurred between inside and outside the bay: outflow of nearsurface brackish water over inflow of oceanic water at depth. This circulation interrupted formation of the blooms, and transported phytoplankton populations seaward. By such water movements, a significant amount of nutrients in the bay was carried out, otherwise replenished into the bay, depending on water masses located outside the bay. Owing to irregular features of wind events, a bloom lasted from several days to a week. From February to April, supply of nutrients seemed to be replete except for the latter half of the bloom period, and estimates of the critical depth exceeded the depth of the bottom consistently. Thus, net growth of phytoplankton was expected throughout the observation period, and potentially blooms could be formed. However, the blooms were only formed under calm weather. We hypothesize that the exchange of waters dilutes populations in the bay, and that formation of the bloom, that is, accumulation of biomass depends on a balance between the growth of phytoplankton and the dilution of bay water. 相似文献
9.
Zhao‐Hui Wang Yong‐Hu Fu Wei Kang Ju‐Fang Liang Yang‐Guang Gu Xiao‐Liang Jiang 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(2):218-232
To understand the role of phytoplankton resting cells in the outbreak of algal blooms, particularly harmful algal blooms, surface sediments were collected monthly from April 2007 to March 2008 from two bays near the international ports in the Southern Chinese coastal waters. Sieved sediments were incubated for 20 and 40 days, and germinated vegetative cells were observed. Altogether, 97 taxa were recorded, of which 50 were diatoms and 35 dinoflagellates. Vegetative cells of cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, dictyophytes, euglenophytes, haptophytes, and raphidophytes were also observed. Centric diatoms such as Chaetoceros, Melosira, Skeletonema, and Thalassiosira dominated. Scrippsiella, Gymnodinium, and Alexandrium were common dinoflagellate taxa. Diatom spores germinated in samples from all seasons but were abundant in the autumn and winter samples. Low numbers of dinoflagellate cells germinated in the winter samples. The nanophytoplankton taxa, Gymnodinium corii and Chrysochromulina sp., which have not been recorded in the previous phytoplankton surveys, were abundant, suggesting either their new appearance in the water column or perhaps that they were overlooked in routine phytoplankton monitoring due to their small sizes. Vegetative cells of harmful or potentially harmful taxa were germinated, and some of them such as Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Coolia have not previously been reported in the study area. Based on the results of the incubation of sediments from the two bays near the international ports, it is suggested that international shipping increases the risk of the introduction of new phytoplankton species and thus promotes the incidence of harmful algal blooms. 相似文献
10.
11.
The thermohaline and hydrochemical characteristics of the Lena River’s estuarine zone were investigated in the Buor-Khaya
Bay and the southeastern Laptev Sea in September of 2005. A tongue of river water with high nutrient content and increased
turbidity was identified in the bay. It is shown that the two-layer structure in the bay is disturbed by warm freshwater lenses.
The strong vertical stratification in the shelf zone results in sharply contrasting characteristics of the surface and bottom
waters. It is established that the concentrations of biogenic elements regularly change depending on the thermohaline characteristics
of the waters and their stratification degree. Stagnant bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen contents and high concentrations
of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium are recorded in the eastern part of the bay. The bottom waters have different hydrochemical
characteristics due to their different origin. 相似文献
12.
Surface currents influenced by a wind-driven upwelling event in San Pedro Bay moved total suspended matter (TSM) confined
to the inner shelf on 19 April 1978 seaward, so that by 27 April surface TSM had increased over the outer shelf. Near-bottom
concentrations of TSM also increased across the shelf during this time. This is explained by sediment resuspended by large
surface waves being advected from the inner shelf seaward by the mean flow after this flow had turned from southeasterly to
southerly when upwelling ceased on 26 April. These complex shelf dynamics contribute to the off-shelf transport of mud to
the slope and deep basins. 相似文献
13.
米氏凯伦藻(Kareniamikimotoi)隶属于裸甲藻目(Gymnodiniales)凯伦藻科(Kareniaceae)。该藻广泛分布于全球海域,是海洋中的主要有毒有害赤潮藻,也是我国第二大灾害性赤潮肇事种。米氏凯伦藻可产生半乳糖脂、溶血毒素、鱼毒素和部分细胞毒素,当其大规模暴发时会造成严重的生态灾害和经济损失,并危及海产品安全和人类健康。该藻为广温广盐种,光照耐受阈宽,多以光合作用营自养生长,主要繁殖方式为无性繁殖;另外,米氏凯伦藻能吸收利用不同形态的磷盐,并可进行吞噬营养。这些生态学特性使其具有环境适应优势,在适宜条件下过度繁殖引发藻华。 相似文献
14.
大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体集群的季节变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
于2007年4月至2008年3月对大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体进行了每月1次的周年调查.本调查分析鉴定出浮游植物休眠体79种,包括甲藻孢囊50种,硅藻休眠体26种.浮游植物休眠体丰度没有明显的季节变化规律,变化范围为217～6 764 cells/cm3,平均为1 376 cells/cm3;鱼类养殖区休眠体丰度较高,平均丰度为1 999 cells/cm3.浮游植物休眠体在数量上以硅藻为主,甲藻次之,而在鱼类养殖区也出现了较高的蓝藻休眠体.硅藻休眠体的平均丰度为783 cells/cm3,百分比含量为56.9%,从而反映了该海域硅藻型浮游植物群落结构.甲藻孢囊丰度的变化范围在79～1 237 cells/cm3,位于湾口对照区丰度较高,年平均为733 cells/cm3,而鱼类养殖区和贝类养殖区平均值分别为502、388 cells/cm3.异养型甲藻孢囊的种类和数量均比较丰富,其百分比含量为26.7%～82.4%.研究结果显示,在富营养化程度较高的养殖区海域,硅藻休眠体和异养型甲藻孢囊百分率均较高,而鱼类养殖区还出现了较高蓝藻孢子丰度.本次调查中还出现了易碎藻和艉杆藻等在本海域浮游植物调查中未记录种类的孢囊,有毒有害赤潮生物的休眠体如亚历山大藻、链状裸甲藻、旋沟藻、巴哈马梨甲藻孢囊等也在此次调查中频繁出现,说明大亚湾海域存在较大的有毒有害赤潮发生的风险. 相似文献
15.
本文利用大亚湾1987年与1989年海洋生态零点调查的资料,对该湾海水特征进行了分析。结果表明,冬季湾内存在着一个反气旋式环流的流动路径;夏季于不同年份该湾底层水向上涌升现的强弱有差异,南海沿岸底层水对大亚湾的入侵是明确的;春夏两季,局部气象条件对湾内的海水特征有明显影响。 相似文献
16.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):101-116
Data on ocean temperature, currents, salinity and nutrients were obtained in an area off Algoa Bay on the south-east coast of South Africa during a ship's cruise in early November 1986. Satellite imagery provided information on the position of the Agulhas Current during the cruise period, while wind data were available from weather stations on the eastern and western sides of Algoa Bay. It is surmised that wind-forcing plays a major role in water circulation in the Bay and over the inshore continental shelf remote from the influence of the open ocean. The predominantly barotropic current flow, of the order of 0,5 m·s?1, was downwind and influenced by topographic features and coastline shape. The Agulhas Current influences the ocean structures by long-term (large episodic meanders) and short-term (upwelling forced by the Current, core upwelling in frontal eddies and warm frontal plumes at the surface) fluctuations. Temperature structures showed well mixed water in Algoa Bay and a strong thermocline over the continental shelf, and were typical of a western boundary current in the Agulhas Current itself. The presence of a thermocline at 30–50 m over the shelf prevented upward mixing of nutrients. The Current exerted a dominant effect on shelf waters north of Algoa Bay. 相似文献
17.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):471-477
Saldanha Bay, which lies on the south-west coast of South Africa, has undergone major development over the past 30 years, including breakwater and harbour construction, harbour extension, dredging, mining, fishing, fish processing and mussel culture. This study examines whether the benthic macrofaunal communities in the bay have been altered over this period. Twelve stations that had been sampled in the 1960s, prior to harbour construction, were re-sampled in 2001 (40 years later) with a surface dredge. Species abundances were coded from 1 (present) to 5 (abundant) to make the two sets of samples comparable. The benthic communities before harbour development were significantly different from those in 2001 (ANOSIM, p < 0.001). Increases in the abundances of the whelk Nassarius speciosus and the crab Hymenosoma orbiculare were mainly responsible for these differences. Two main benthic communities were recognised in the 1960s and, at that stage, covered large extents of the bay, whereas in 2001 the communities were divided into distinct 'Small Bay' and 'Big Bay' groups, reflecting the division of the bay into two areas by the development of a harbour wall. Although natural fluctuations may account for some of these changes, it is more likely that the considerable anthropogenic activities within Saldanha Bay, which are known to have altered physical conditions, have led to the changes observed in the benthic communities. 相似文献
18.
大亚湾澳头海域硅藻、甲藻的数量变动及其与环境因子的关系 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
于1997年7月-1998年6月采集大亚湾澳头海域水样,根据《海洋监测规范》分析调查方法,研究了硅藻和甲藻的数量变动及其与环境因子之间的关系,共鉴定出浮游植物198种,其中硅藻98种,甲藻83种。结果表明,大亚湾浮游植物细胞密度较高,年平均细胞密度为424．7cells／ml,最高细胞密度为6689．8cells／ml,硅藻为浮游植物的主要类群。调查期间共发生藻类水华7次,硅藻可在全年各季节发生水华,而甲藻水华仅在春季发生。硅藻水华的消退与N的大量消耗有关,而甲藻水华对P消耗较大。结果表明,大亚湾合适的温度、盐度、气象条件、丰富的硅酸盐含量及N、P等营养盐的及时补充是大亚湾浮游植物数量高和水华频繁发生的主要原因,同时风、流等物理因素对藻类的聚积作用对水华的发生也有一定的促进作用。 相似文献
19.
A study of the mesoscale distribution of phytoplankton communities observed along the Portuguese upwelling coast in 1985–1986 made it possible to identify an assemblage composed by the coccolithophores Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Coronosphaera mediterranea. The assemblage was consistently present in the coast in the following years (1991, 1992, 1994, 2003 and 2005) and from 1992 onwards, Rhabdosphaera clavigera was recognised as being part of it, although in low concentrations During late summer, this group of species showed higher affinities with upwelling waters of subtropical origin (ENACWst) on the SW coast. At the end of the upwelling season, in autumn, the assemblage was advected to the NW shelf due to the intensification of the poleward surface circulation or meridional seasonal changes of environmental conditions. The species maximum abundances were not coincident in space: H. carteri developed at the central part of the western coast while blooms of S. pulchra and C. mediterranea generally occurred further south, such as at the upwelling centre of cape S. Vicente. Syracosphaera pulchra blooms were characterised by lower concentrations of C. mediterranea and vice-versa. The above patterns were recurrent along the years but the relative abundance of each species appeared related to the interannual variability of physical conditions as the upwelling. 相似文献
20.
《Marine Chemistry》2005,93(2-4):81-103
Surface water transects and vertical profiles for dissolved iron, macronutrients, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and hydrographic data were obtained in the Peru upwelling regime during August and September 2000. The supply of the micronutrient iron, relative to that of the macronutrients nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, is shown to play a critical role in allowing extensive diatom blooms to develop in the Peru upwelling system. The extremely high-chlorophyll “brown waters of Peru” (with Chl a concentrations between 20 and 45 μg/l) result from massive diatom blooms with maximal photochemical efficiencies (Fv/Fm >0.6) occurring in the iron-rich upwelling region observed over the broad continental shelf off northern and central Peru. The source of the upwelled water in this region is the nutrient-rich subsurface countercurrent in contact with the organic-rich shelf sediments. This subsurface shelf water is suboxic and has extremely high concentrations of dissolved Fe (>50 nM) in the near-bottom waters. In marked contrast, relatively low-chlorophyll “blue waters” (Chl a <2 μg/l) with low concentrations of dissolved Fe (<0.1 nM) and high unutilized macronutrient concentrations are observed in the coastal upwelled waters along the southern coast of Peru and in the offshore regions of the Peru Current. Southern Peru is a region without a wide shelf to serve as a source of iron and, as a result, dissolved Fe concentrations in the near-bottom suboxic waters of this region are an order-of-magnitude lower than observed off northern and central Peru. In addition, the offshore Peru Current is a broad, Fe-limited, high-nitrate, lower than expected chlorophyll region extending hundreds of kilometers offshore into the northeast region of the South Pacific subtropical gyre and northwestward into the South Equatorial Pacific. 相似文献