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1.
India is prone to earthquake hazard; almost 65 % area falls in high to very high seismic zones, as per the seismic zoning map of the country. The Himalaya and the Indo-Gangetic plains are particularly vulnerable to high seismic hazard. Any major earthquake in Himalaya can cause severe destruction and multiple fatalities in urban centers located in the vicinity. Seismically induced ground motion amplification and soil liquefaction are the two main factors responsible for severe damage to the structures, especially, built on soft sedimentary environment. These are essentially governed by the size of earthquake, epicentral distance and geology of the area. Besides, lithology of the strata, i.e., sediment type, grain size and their distribution, thickness, lateral discontinuity and ground water depth, play an important role in determining the nature and degree of destruction. There has been significant advancement in our understanding and assessment of these two phenomena. However, data from past earthquakes provide valuable information which help in better estimation of ground motion amplification and soil liquefaction for evaluation of seismic risk in future and planning the mitigation strategies. In this paper, we present the case studies of past three large Indian earthquakes, i.e., 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7) and discuss the role of soft sediments particularly, alluvial deposits in relation to the damage pattern due to amplified ground motions and soil liquefaction induced by the events. The results presented in the paper are mainly focused around the sites located on the river banks and experienced major destruction during these events. It is observed that the soft sedimentary sites located even far from earthquake epicenter, with low water saturation, experienced high ground motion amplification; while the sites with high saturation level have undergone soil liquefaction. We also discuss the need of intensifying studies related to ground motion amplification and soil liquefaction in India as these are the important inputs for detailed seismic hazard estimation. 相似文献
2.
饱和粉土振动液化分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
液化是造成场地地震破坏的首要原因之一。自Casagrande的经典工作以来,对地震液化的研究已经取得了很大的进展。然而这些研究大多是针对于砂土而进行的,对于粉土液化研究的相对较少,且粉土的液化特性也有别于砂土。因此,在已有研究的基础之上利用粉土液化试验得出的结果,分析了粉土液化的机理、影响因素以及在振动过程中粉土中孔隙水压力的增长规律,认为粉土中的粘粒含量、密实度以及土的结构性对其抗液化能力有较大的影响。考虑到试验中振动次数的离散性,引入了时间参数的概念,根据动三轴试验结果提出了孔隙水压力增长的经验公式,可以比较方便地应用于计算液化的有限元程序中去。 相似文献
3.
地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩土结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。 相似文献
4.
Adel Javdani Naeini A. J. Choobbasti M. Saadati 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(11):4487-4497
The significance of liquefaction-related damage to pile foundations has been clearly demonstrated by the major earthquakes occurring during past years. The current project investigates the seismic behaviour of a single pile in the three-layered soil of the Babol City centre site (located in Babol City, Mazandaran Province, Iran). The site soil consists of sandy and clayey soils modelled based on the data collected from drilled boreholes. Numerical analysis was performed using Flac2D finite difference program. Three different natural ground motion records are considered, and the influence of each earthquake on the bending moment and lateral displacement of the simulated pile is investigated. In addition, the effect of vertical surcharge on the settlement of the pile during the earthquakes is investigated. Results illustrate that the maximum bending moment has occurred on the interface of liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil layers. 相似文献
5.
砂土液化导致的地基侧向大变形是地震中许多重要的工程设施和建筑物破坏的主要原因之一。简要介绍了可进行液化大变形分析的散粒体材料本构模型--应变空间多机构CG模型,基于FLIP ROSE程序平台,建立了预测和研究倾斜地基砂土液化导致侧向大变形的二维有限元数值分析方法。采用该模型对相同工况的土工动态离心模型试验进行了模拟,通过对比超孔隙水压力、剪切波水平加速度以及地基侧向位移发现,数值预测与试验结果吻合良好,从而验证了该有限元数值分析模型的可靠性。最后利用该数值分析模型预测了倾斜率不同的地基受到相同剪切波作用时,倾斜地基不同深度产生的侧向位移。预测结果显示,随着地基深度的减小,倾斜率对于地震液化导致倾斜地基侧向大变形的影响越来越显著。 相似文献
6.
《Computers and Geotechnics》2006,33(4-5):209-221
The uplift of large underground structures in saturated liquefiable soils under strong earthquake loadings may induce severe damages to the structures. Various mitigation procedures have been proposed to alleviate such damage, among which installation of cutoff walls next to underground structures was found to be effective. However, the working mechanism of cutoff walls in alleviating uplift of underground structures and the corresponding design parameters are still not clear. The liquefaction induced uplift behaviour of a subway tunnel in saturated sandy deposit over a layer of non-liquefiable soils and the working mechanism of cutoff walls for uplift mitigation purpose were investigated using the fully coupled dynamic finite element code DIANA Swandyne-II. A generalized plasticity model capable of simulating both cyclic liquefaction and pressure dependency of soils was used to model the sandy deposit. It is found that the small effective unit weight of underground structures, the development of excess pore pressure and the flow of liquefied soils were the sufficient and necessary conditions for underground structures to uplift during earthquakes. Cutoff walls could restrain the flow or deformation of liquefied soils and inhibit the uplift of underground structures but they could not necessarily prevent the liquefaction of the enclosed soils. After earthquake loadings, underground structures might settle due to the consolidation of soils and cutoff walls could also reduce the magnitude of settlement. The design parameters of cutoff walls, including the acting lateral pressure, the position, the stiffness and the permeability of cutoff walls, were also analyzed, the findings of which, together with the unveiled working mechanism, would be relevant for the design of cutoff walls for uplift mitigation purpose. 相似文献
7.
山西云岗石窟侏罗系地震液化砂岩柱的发现及其大地构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文主要报道在华北克拉通北缘云岗石窟景区内侏罗系地层中发现的20余个由地震液化形成的砂岩柱。地震导致的砂土液化是非常普遍的自然现象,地震波的震动使埋藏在地下未固结的饱和砂质沉积物迅速变为流体并在巨大压力下喷涌至地表,形成砂火山或泥火山。2008年汶川8. 0级大地震和2012年新西兰6. 2级地震都产生了严重的液化现象,在对地表造成严重破坏的同时,分别在地表形成了一系列的溢出丘和形态完好的砂火山。古地震之后,液化砂质沉积物往往在上涌的通道内固结成岩,形成穿层的岩柱或岩管。近年来,美国科罗拉多大峡谷相继发现很多地震液化形成的中生代巨型碎屑岩柱。2018年,本文作者在云岗石窟景区内的侏罗系云岗组中发现了20多条直径15~20cm左右、高可达2m以上穿层“侵入”的砂岩柱,有的在纵向上呈串珠状排列,有的呈不规则的树枝状自下向上伸展,膨大狭缩、分支复合现象非常明显,砂岩柱内部结构均一,不见任何层理。砂岩柱顶端的泥质围岩石中有明显向上牵引、拖拽的痕迹。这些砂岩柱没有任何硅化木的特征,也不是普通成岩作用形成的结核,与暴雨、泥石流、重力滑塌等作用均无任何关系,是古地震液化作用在地层内保存的遗迹,故称为液化砂岩柱。地震液化砂岩柱发育的层位位于李振宏等人(2014)在宁武—静乐盆地侏罗系云岗组顶部的凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐层位(160 Ma)之下约40m处,初步判定形成这些液化砂岩柱的古地震发生于160. 75 Ma~160 Ma之间的晚侏罗世。古地震的形成过程与燕山运动引起的地壳运动有直接的关联,是华北克拉通内与燕山运动伴生的古地震在地层中留下的最直接证据。 相似文献
8.
9.
During the last mid-century, the Chlef area was strongly affected by two earthquakes. From the geological context, there were numerous ejections onto the ground level of great masses of sandy soils and large displacements of various forms of some building foundations. These damages are due to soil liquefaction problem. This loss of shear strength can be attributed to many factors. History of recent cases indicates that sand deposited with silt content is much more liquefiable than clean sand. Therefore, a deep understanding of silty sand behavior is needed for the liquefaction assessment of silty sandy soils. Moreover, during seismic shaking, the post-liquefaction behavior of silty sand and, consequently, the stability of structures founded on liquefied soil depend on the steady-state shear strength of soil. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to show the effect of silt contents and the relative density on the mechanical behavior of such soils in monotonic loading. In this context, a series of undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0% to 40%. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant to 100 kPa. The fines content and the global void ratio are expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio. Linear correlations relating the undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense, and dense (D r?=?12%, 50%, and 90% before consolidation) sand–silt mixtures to the equivalent void ratio are obtained. The concept of the equivalent void ratio will then be used as a key parameter to express the dilatancy behavior of both clean and silty sand soils. Moreover, from the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not represent the actual behavior of the soil as well. 相似文献
10.
珊瑚土作为新兴的热带地区岛礁与港口工程的首选土工材料,宽级配是其结构组成的主要特征。由于相关工程面临较高的地震风险,珊瑚土的抗液化能力正逐渐引起重视。为探究含细粒珊瑚土的抗液化能力,以东太平洋某热带港口工程的实际珊瑚土场地为背景,通过大粒径循环三轴液化试验测试了设计相对密实度为0.4～0.8的3组代表性级配试样及剔除细粒的两组试样的饱和不排水动强度。试验结果表明：幂函数可以模拟含细粒珊瑚土的循环应力比与液化所需振次关系;细粒的存在与相对密实度的提高不会显著提高珊瑚土抗液化能力;珊瑚土液化过程的超静孔压发展模式与砂土相近,两参数或三参数的反正弦模型可以较好地模拟含细粒珊瑚土的液化超孔压发展过程。研究表明,含细粒珊瑚土仍然属于可液化土类。以背景工程为例,同类型工程在设计施工及使用阶段都需要考虑对地震液化灾害的设防,该研究为珊瑚土液化防治工作提供了技术支持。 相似文献
11.
Developing the pore water pressures in loose to medium sands below the water table may lead to liquefaction during earthquakes. The simulation of liquefaction (cyclic mobility and flow liquefaction) in sandy soils is one of the major challenges in constitutive modeling of soils. This paper presents the simulation of sand behavior using a critical state bounding surface plasticity model (Dafalias and Manzari’s model, 2004) during monotonic and cyclic loading. The drained, undrained, and cyclic triaxial tests were simulated using Dafalias and Manzari’s model. The simulation results showed that the model predicts behavior of sand, reasonably well. Also, for CSR?<?0.2, number of cycles for liquefaction is significantly increased. The residual strength of Babolsar sand is produced when it is deformed to an axial strain of 20 to 25%. 相似文献
12.
汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过现场详细地调查,归纳总结了汶川地震液化导致的工程震害的现象、分布、规律和特征。结果表明,此次地震液化震害现象显著,位于德阳地区的3个液化区域震害严重,都江堰地区、绵阳游仙区以及江油市区的3个液化区域震害中等,其他地区轻微,液化震害分布与液化分布有一定关系,但二者有所不同;液化场地上房屋均不同程度受损,其中结构性差的房屋会直接倒塌,设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋,液化也会导致其整体倾斜、下沉、开裂;学校液化震害具有典型性,部分校区大面积液化,地裂缝纵横,地基不均匀沉降严重,主体结构开裂、倾斜,功能丧失。这次液化震害具有3个显著特征:(1)只要液化出现的地方,震害均比周围重,没有减震现象;(2)Ⅵ度区不仅有液化现象,而且有明显的液化震害;(3)液化伴随地裂缝,是构成此次地震液化震害的主因。 相似文献
13.
D. Ramakrishnan 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(1):485-499
Kachchh region of India is a rift basin filled with sediments from Jurassic to Quaternary ages. This area is tectonically active and witnessed several major earthquakes since the recent historical past. During an earthquake event, the water-laden foundation soil liquefies and causes damage to buildings and other civil engineering structures. The January 26, 2001, Bhuj earthquake demonstrated extensive liquefaction-related damages in entire Kachchh Peninsula. Therefore, evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility of unconsolidated sediments is a vital requirement for developing seismic microzonation maps. In this paper, a new approach involving remote sensing techniques and geotechnical procedures is demonstrated for effective mapping of liquefaction-susceptible areas. The present and paleo-alluvial areas representing unconsolidated sediments were mapped using Landsat-TM data and field reflectance spectra. Spectral discrimination of alluvial area was made using the feature-oriented principal component selection and spectral angle mapping techniques. Subsequently, field geotechnical investigations were carried out in these areas. It is evident from the results that the alluvial soils are predominantly sandy loam with very low (7–28) standard penetration test values. The evaluated factor of safety for these soils varies from 0.43 to 1.7 for a peak ground acceleration of 0.38. Finally, a liquefaction susceptibility map is prepared by integrating results on alluvium distribution, factor of safety, and depth to water table. 相似文献
14.
最近20年地震中场地液化现象的回顾与土体液化可能性的评价准则 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
回顾了1994年美国Northridge地震、1995年日本阪神地震、1999年土耳其Kocaeli地震、1999年台湾集集地震、2008年中国汶川地震、2010年智利Maule地震、2010～2011新西兰Darfield地震及余震、2011年东日本地震中大量的、不同类型的液化实例调查与研究,发现这些地震的液化具有以下特点：（1）罕见的特大地震（Mw9.0）使远离震中300～400 km的新近人工填土发生严重的大规模液化;（2）特大地震（Ms8.0、Mw8.8）使远离震中的低烈度Ⅴ～Ⅵ度地区发生严重液化;（3）海岸、河岸附近地区的新近沉积冲积、湖积土,填筑时间不到50年的含细粒、砂砾人工填土,容易发生严重液化;（4）天然的砂砾土层液化发生严重液化;（5）发生了深达20 m的土层液化现象;（6）松散土层液化后可以恢复到震前状态并再次发生液化;（7）高细粒（粒径≤75 ?m）含量≥50%或高黏粒（粒径≤5 ?m）含量≥25%的低-中塑性土严重液化,对介于类砂土与类黏土之间的过渡性态土,有时地表未见液化现象;（8）液化土层的深度较深或厚度较小时,容易出现地面裂缝而无喷砂现象;有较厚的上覆非液化土层时,场地液化不一定伴随地表破坏。液化实例证明,第四系晚更新世Q3地层可以发生严重液化;黏粒含量不是评价细粒土液化可能性的一个可靠指标;低液限、高含水率的细粒土易发生液化,采用塑性指数PI、含水率wc与液限LL之比作为细粒土液化可能性评价的指标是适宜的。综合Boulanger和Idriss、Bray和Sincio、Seed和Cetin等的液化实例调查与室内试验研究成果,建议细粒土液化可能性的评价准则如下：PI ＜12且wc/LL＞0.85的土为易液化土,12＜PI≤20和/wc/LL≥0.80的土为可液化土;PI ＞20或wc/LL＜0.80的土为不液化土。 相似文献
15.
通过对郑州市黄河大堤一线土体的沉降，压密固结，饱水砂土的地震液化研究，认为黄河大堤附近浅层地下水开采后所诱发的地面沉降，固结过程，不会对大堤造成危害，而饱水砂土的水位降低，还会减轻或消除地震时液化砂土现象，对大堤的稳定性有利。 相似文献
16.
Loose saturated cohesionless soils are most susceptible to liquefaction, however there are strong historical evidence suggesting that soils containing fines such as silty sands are also prone to liquefaction during earthquakes. The liquefaction of silty sands has been observed in a number of recent case studies. This paper presents the effects of fine silts on liquefaction potential of sandy soil. Tests have been conducted on the vibration table at different accelerations and pore water pressure is measured. During the lab investigation, locally (Roorkee, India) available Solani Sand and Dhanauri Silt have been used. The soil samples have been prepared by varying silt content and the initial relative density. The results of the study performed are used to clarify the effects of non-plastic fines content on the Solani sand. As the silt content increases, the number of cycles required to produce maximum pore water pressure increases. For a particular level of excitation, rate of pore water pressure generation is maximum at critical silt content. It is observed that critical silt content to generate maximum pore water pressure is different for different accelerations. Further, effect of silt content is very much dependent on relative density. 相似文献
17.
Liquefaction of loose and saturated soils during earthquakes and strong ground motions has been a major cause of damage to buildings and earth embankments as well as other civil engineering structures. In order to evaluate the liquefaction potential and steady state characteristics of gravely sand of south west Tehran,a subsoil exploration program conducted dividing the region into 10 zones. In each zone of 500 m × 500 m a borehole of 20 m deep was drilled. SPT was performed at one meter intervals in each borehole and a total of 200 samples were recovered. Soils of similar grain size distribution have been considered to have similar steady state characteristics,therefore consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on these soils of similar grain size distribution to evaluate the steady state strength. The steady state line for each soil type was derived. Comparing the steady state strengths with the shear stress due to an earthquake with a PGA of 0.35 g,the potential of sand liquefaction and .ow failure in soil layers has been evaluated and the settlement of soil due to the liquefaction phenomena is calculated. Finally some recommendations for estimating the steady state strength from simple SPT test in gravely sands are presented. 相似文献
18.
为研究地震作用下饱和砂土液化判别及地震放大效应的影响因素,采用边界面塑性模型框架内开发的砂土本构模型,基于开源有限元平台OpenSees建立了一维剪切梁土柱模型。以循环应力比CSR和循环抗力比CRR为控制指标,对比了不同液化判别方法的差异,分析了地震荷载类型和砂土相对密度对液化判别和放大效应的影响。研究表明：与数值模拟结果相比,Seed简化法计算的CSR更大,判断饱和砂土场地发生液化的可能性更高;冲击型地震波较振动型地震波更容易使饱和砂土场地发生液化,砂土相对密度越小场地越容易发生液化;放大系数随埋深的减小而增大,振动型地震波引起的放大效应整体大于冲击型,埋深较大时放大系数随砂土相对密度的增大而减小。 相似文献
19.
Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, a large number of buildings, water conservancy facilities, and transportation
facilities were severely damaged. The damage caused by liquefaction and earthquake-induced soil subsidence was widely distributed,
diverse, and extensive. Typical liquefaction and earthquake-induced subsidence damage for this region has been described by
investigations of soils and foundations in the earthquake-stricken area. Factors that influenced the liquefaction of soils
in Dujiangyan County were analyzed, accounting for regional geological conditions. The results identify several factors that
may affect the process of liquefaction and general damage to buildings, roads, levees, and dams. Such factors could serve
as the basis for further research into mitigating the damage caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction and subsidence. The
importance of detailed ground reconnaissance and the implementation of reasonable and effective measures to improve soft soil
are proposed for earthquake hazard reduction in similar areas. 相似文献
20.
由于可液化砂质土应力-应变特性模拟的复杂性及数值计算的不稳定性,深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析是土坝抗震研究中的一个尚未完全解决的课题。采用u-p完全耦合的饱和多孔介质有限元分析方法和砂土多重机构弹塑性模型,对遭受M6.7级地震的国外某深厚砂质覆盖层土坝进行弹塑性地震反应分析,研究了坝体和地基的动力反应特性及其超静孔隙水压力产生、扩散和消散的变化规律。结果表明：计算得到的坝体加速度和永久变形与实测值存在一定的差异,但基本上反映了坝体加速度与永久变形的实际分布情况,从而说明采用的本构模型和计算方法具有一定的精度;由于坝体和坝基的超静孔隙水压力较小,且坝体永久变形不大,可以不对坝体和坝基进行加固处理;坝趾附近浅层地基的超静孔隙水压力较大,有可能发生液化,因此,须采取相应的抗液化加固措施。 相似文献