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1.
Pakama Queenscious Siyongwana 《GeoJournal》2009,74(4):293-310
The demise of South African Apartheid Planning in 1994 and subsequent lost of Umtata’s capital status when the Transkei was
subsumed into the new Eastern Cape Province resulted in the major political transformation of the Transkei state. Central
to the post-apartheid transformation was restructuring of Transkei bureaucracy which at the time of South Africa’s independence
in 1994 displayed abnormalities. This paper documents the restructuring of the Transkei bureaucracy focusing on Umtata since
1994. The study has brought to the forefront the following facts: Firstly, that at the time of the Transkei merger into South
Africa, employment in the government was ‘booming’ and to greater extent it was affected by Umtata’s role—being the capital
city of the pseudo-Transkei state. Secondly, the post 1994-political transformation of the Transkei Bantustan impacted negatively
on Umtata’s employment notably the civil service sector by ‘squeezing’ it during the early years of democracy (1994–2000).
Thirdly, since 2001, with Umtata serving as the major urban centre of both King Sabata Local Municipality and OR Tambo District
Municipality, employment in the civil service and municipality has been revitalized. 相似文献
2.
A.J. Christopher 《Geoforum》2004,35(2):145-156
South Africa is a multi-lingual country with 11 official languages and a recent history where language was frequently used as a political instrument, notably in the urban areas. Although the cities were initially colonial foundations, as a consequence of rural-urban migration, the speakers of the various national languages have come into close contact with one another. However, as a result of the inheritance of apartheid town planning and its emphasis on racial zoning, residential segregation levels between some linguistic groups have been extremely high. An analysis of the 1996 census results reveals that the uniformly high segregation levels between the speakers of indigenous African languages and the speakers of Afrikaans and English are the direct outcome of apartheid era town planning. Nevertheless, segregation between the speakers of different African languages may also on occasion be relatively high where homeland political policies were pursued, although this was the exception rather than the rule. Similarly segregation between English and Afrikaans speakers was locally high where home language coincided with former racial classification. Few immediate significant changes are anticipated in the present patterns of linguistic segregation, as the inherited apartheid city structure is proving to be remarkably resistant to transformation. 相似文献
3.
Peris Sean Jones 《Geoforum》2002,33(1):25-40
The paper reflects upon the continuing allure of state-building and modernisation in peripheral, `new' states and regions. The central argument is to suggest that our understanding of the conflicts surrounding `nation-building' can be improved upon by looking at one of the most powerful symbols of the neo-colonial, economic and institutional dependency and territorial artificiality of the `nation-state'- the South African Bantustan. As enforced state-hood projects, their `newness' and illegality in the eyes of the international community suggest that the Bantustans provide a particularly striking evocation of both the limits of state-building and, above all, the significance of recognition for `newer' states. Efforts to overturn the illegal status and non-recognition of one `independent' Bantustan, namely Bophuthatswana, therefore, illustrate what are widely held to be the modern attributes and evolutionary etiquette (`growth', `building', `development') that need to be `performed' in order to legitimise or normalise a state internationally. To be given a `voice' internationally, states are seemingly required to enact state-hood and sovereignty through a range of normalising rituals associated with state-building. In this case- study, strategies promoting neo-liberal development policies and also clandestine diplomatic and economic manoeuvres were believed by the regime to deliver international recognition. Directed at locating Bophuthatswana within its place in the world, these strenuous efforts also show how crude territorial `divide and rule' tactics alone were not responsible for underpinning the apartheid project. Rather, spaces were provided for discourses and practices of state-led `national' development in the Bantustan periphery. Thought to deliver normality for the renegade Bophuthatswana state, these international and local policies exacerbated and induced further a range of crises at the heart of the Bantustan strategy and apartheid modernisation more generally. These debilitating, and in Bophuthatswana's case, disastrous, tensions between the internal and external realms of state-building point to a more general need to rethink alternatives both to neo-liberalism as well as the rituals associated with state- building. 相似文献
4.
C. M. Rogerson Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):345-354
Sun International is a tourism multinational corporation (MNC) based in South Africa. The aim is to examine the formation and geographical spread of activities of this South African MNC engaged in casino-resort development and luxury tourism. Within the geographical literature on MNCs the study of Sun International underlines both the importance of country of origin as a factor in interpreting the heterogenous character of MNCs and of the distinctiveness of South African MNCs. The spatial scope of Sun International (including its ancestor, Southern Sun) operations was influenced by the enterprise's association with apartheid. Despite several efforts to mask its South African origin through restrictive corporate disclosure and corporate camouflage, planned international expansion was continually frustrated by the stigma of apartheid. Sun International was confined in its international operations to those African states which either were economic or political satellites of South Africa or to the group of independent Bantustans, which were creations of apartheid. 相似文献
5.
Dimensions of drought: South African case studies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The recent drought in southern Africa has underscored the need for detailed analysis of the phenomenon. While geographers have researched the causes and impacts of drought in many African contexts, South Africa and in particular its Bantustans have not received sufficient similar attention. This paper outlines firstly the dimensions of drought in South Africa, including the biophysical and socio-economic factors. Issues such as land-use management, drought planning and relief are interrogated in the South African context. The final section of the paper highlights these debates with specific reference to case studies of past and present drought initiatives in South Africa. 相似文献
6.
C. Mather Dr. 《GeoJournal》1996,39(1):41-49
This paper assesses the possibility of sustainable agriculture in South Africa in the context of recent policy initiatives. The new environmental strategy for agriculture represents a significant break with policy initiatives developed during apartheid. The likelihood of sustainable farming practices being adopted in South Africa will, however, face at least three obstacles. These are the integrated structure of industrial farming, the concern over yields, and current political and economic changes in South African agriculture. It is argued that sustainable techniques are unlikely to develop in the large scale farming sector in the near future. If the considerable research and extension resources of the state are reoriented quickly enough, sustainable farming methods can be embraced by an emerging class of black commercial farmers. 相似文献
7.
Researching the South African tourism and development nexus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Under apartheid, tourism was essentially anti-developmental in focus and tourism research largely centred on the recreation
of white South Africans. Since the 1994 democratic transition tourism has become recognised as an increasingly important sector
for South Africa's economy and for achieving the government's goals for reconstruction and development. In this paper a review
and critical analysis is presented of the changing directions and foci of tourism scholarship in South Africa. It is shown
that South African scholars are beginning to respond to the challenges posed by tourism as a developmental focus.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Joyce N. Nduna 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):315-319
Within the broad theoretical context provided by debates on the subordination of the informal sector to capital, the paper investigates the struggles between communities of street traders and the municipal authorities of Umtata, capital city of Transkei. The study spans the period 1980–89. Themes of concern in the paper are objections to street traders and the adoption of repressive policies towards them, the resistance of street traders and the changing attitudes of the Transkei government and Umtata local authorities towards the operations of hawkers. 相似文献
9.
Transforming the South African tourism industry: The emerging black-owned bed and breakfast economy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christian M. Rogerson 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):273-281
In South Africa the tourism industry has been targeted as one of the key sectoral drivers for economic development and transformation
of the country over the next two decades. A special feature of the South African tourism economy, which is a legacy of the
apartheid period, is that the overwhelming majority of tourism enterprises and of the tourism economy as a whole is under
the ownership of the white minority. With the post-apartheid transition, the national government recognizes that this unequal
ownership structure in tourism needs to be addressed through a programme of transformation and consolidated support for the
development of black owned tourism enterprises, especially of small tourism enterprises. The objective in this paper is to
examine the problems and challenges that face the transformation of South Africa's contemporary tourism economy by investigating
the development and constraints upon the country's emergent small black-owned accommodation sector in the form of bed and
breakfast establishments. 相似文献
10.
Brij Maharaj 《GeoJournal》2002,56(1):47-57
While South Africa's political transformation has been lauded internationally, one of the greatest challenges facing the post-apartheid
democratic government is undocumented immigration. There has been a xenophobic tendency to stigmatise immigrants, particularly
those from other African countries as criminals, as people who undermine economic development and take jobs from locals. The
aim of this paper is to critically review changing policies towards undocumented migration in post-apartheid South Africa.
More specifically, the paper will present a historical context to migration; question whether there are millions of illegal
immigrants in South Africa; identify reasons for the increasing influx of migrants into the country; analyse the rise of xenophobia
in the Republic; discuss problems associated with migrants; and assess changing immigration policies. The main reason for
leaving their home countries was a lack of employment opportunities. Therefore the migrants could be regarded as economic
refugees.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
12.
A. J. Christopher 《GeoJournal》1994,34(4):439-446
South Africa was the object of a concerted international campaign of diplomatic isolation against the policy of apartheid during the era of National Party rule between 1948 and 1994. Part of the isolation was self-inflicted with the rejection of states with communist governments or the presence of African diplomats. South Africa became one of the international pariah states. The country therefore maintained only a small foreign service, which was spatially concentrated, notably in western Europe and North America. Attempts to expand diplomatic contacts before 1990 were limited mainly to Latin America as the foreign response was essentially hostile. The end of the Cold War enabled South Africa to extend its representation abroad, particularly in eastern Europe, but the majority of African and Asian states only established formal ties with the country following the first universal franchise elections and the installation of President Nelson Mandela as the first African head of state in May 1994. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2015
This study explores the spatial transformation of urban South Africa since the ending of Apartheid rule two decades ago. It places this experience within the context of countries which have also gone through a “loosening” of political control and of related controls over spatial arrangements. The paper provides a discussion of South Africa’s spatial trends between 1996 and 2011, focusing on urbanisation; urban form; and socio-spatial segregation, and exploring the extent to which changes identified are shaped by the state, private sector investment, and the everyday actions of households and individuals. It shows that South Africa’s urban spatial transformation, post-Apartheid, is both idiosyncratic and comparable. The consequences of spatial controls, and of their loosening, have been diverse across countries, but also within countries. Loosening has led to differing relationships between state, citizenry and private enterprise, and to complex new crossing points between these groupings, affecting spatial change. In South Africa, significant trends have been: movement to the major cities where employment growth is stronger; levels of racial desegregation; and densification of parts of cities and towns, along with peripheral growth and employment decentralisation. Many of the changes however are differentiated across space and between settlements. While proactive state policies have had some impact (not necessarily in the direction of desired spatial transformation), and there are complex interrelationships, our empirical studies suggest that the major weight of evidence is towards the roles of private enterprise and people in shaping spatial change, enabled in part by forms of state loosening. 相似文献
14.
Clare Herrick 《Geoforum》2012,43(6):1045-1056
While attention to the socio-ecological and political economic influences on health grows, there remains a paucity of political ecological analyses of health (King, 2010). At the same time, the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Global South demands new conceptual and pragmatic engagements with their modifiable risk factors. Drawing on the example of South Africa, this paper argues that alcohol consumption might usefully be theorised in political ecological lexicon as a “disaster”. To do so, it draws attention to the upstream causes of vulnerability, rather than just the downstream effects of risky drinking. This reorientation is needed for sustainable, publicly acceptable alcohol policies. To realise this, it draws on Blaikie et al.’s (1994, 2003) political ecological approach to risk, vulnerability and coping and, more specifically, applies their Pressure and Release model to explore liquor as a situated “disaster” in South Africa’s Western Cape province. In so doing, it aims to mark out an under-explored research agenda that considers alcohol as a pervasive governance dilemma. In addition, it also reflects on the model’s utility as a means of communicating findings that might reorient policy discussions on alcohol control in both South Africa and countries of the Global South. 相似文献
15.
J. H. Drummond 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):335-343
In recent years geographers have researched the problems of many rural areas of the third world. However, analysis of rural and agricultural development in the Bantustans of South Africa has been conspicuously absent. Although mythically independent, the Bantustans have their own Departments of Agriculture, as well as parastatal bodies, which develop and implement agricultural policies. This paper examines agricultural policy in the Bophuthatswana Bantustans, which is largely based on increasing food production for national self-sufficiency through the establishment of agricultural development projects. The effects of the implementation of this programme on a specific rural community, the village of Dinokana, are discussed. Two irrigation based projects were implemented in Dinokana in the early 1980's. The project planners did not seem to be concerned about the existence of an indigenous irrigation system which had been the foundation for agricultural development at Dinokana for several decades, and which could have been revived and upgraded. This suggests that there is a need for agricultural planners to have a detailed historial knowledge of local African agriculture. Geographers could play a valuable role here, by uncovering the dynamics of past systems of African agricultural production, in particular focusing on patterns of rural resource management. 相似文献
16.
Meshack M. Khosa 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):251-259
Bus fare subsidy, the difference between an economic fare charged by a bus operator and the amount paid by Black passengers, has played a vital role in the formation of the apartheid city in South Africa. Until 1986 employers paid transport levies on a weekly or monthly basis whilst the Government budgeted the contribution through Department of Transport vote. Transport subsidies reveals that subsidies were used to foster and facilitate the spatial organisation of urban areas. Subsidies were strongly associated with the geographical dislocation of Black communities from the centre of urban areas to the urban periphery. Subsidies first affected Black male workers in Johannesburg and a few geographical areas but were later extended to include African women, Coloureds and Indians. The theme that emerges from this paper is that the state used subsidies as one of the myriad strategies excluding Blacks politically, controlling them socially and making them dependent economically. 相似文献
17.
C. F. Vermaak 《Mineralium Deposita》1997,32(4):312-322
An examination of the important South African mineral resources clearly demonstrates that, omitting hydrocarbon fuels, South
Africa (RSA) contains the greatest value of mineral wealth per square kilometre of surface area on Earth. The reserves of
all these commodities are examined in a global context, comparing also their production and exports (1985–1994), as well as
new events that have influenced their holdings situation and their exploitation over the last ten years up to 1994 or beyond.
The mineral industry's current input to state revenue is also examined, along with continuing discussions to bring about the
necessary alterations in the mineral and mining laws and policies in the RSA, in the post-apartheid environment. Mineral wealth
is greatly dependant on secure land-tenure, so that this and the environmental aspects of mineral exploration and exploitation
are also appraised. The brief examination of labour and industrial relations is also very pertinent at this stage of the political
and economic development in the RSA. Finally, the future outlook for the RSA mining industry is reviewed.
Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997 相似文献
18.
Meshack M. Khosa 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):251-260
Bus fare subsidy, the difference between an economic fare charged by a bus operator and the amount paid by Black passengers, has played a vital role in the formation of the apartheid city in South Africa. Until 1986 employers paid transport levies on a weekly or monthly basis whilst the Government budgeted the contribution through Department of Transport vote. Transport subsidies reveals that subsidies were used to foster and facilitate the spatial organisation of urban areas. Subsidies were strongly associated with the geographical dislocation of Black communities from the centre of urban areas to the urban periphery. Subsidies first affected Black male workers in Johannesburg and a few geographical areas but were later extended to include African women, Coloureds and Indians. The theme that emerges from this paper is that the state used subsidies as one of the myriad strategies excluding Blacks politically, controlling them socially and making them dependent economically. 相似文献
19.
The upgrading and development of the small business economy, and more especially of black-owned enterprises, is a high priority area for post-apartheid reconstruction. The aim in this paper is to examine the urban formal small enterprise economy, presenting new research findings which point to the important and changing role of the metropolis as incubator for developing small enterprise. Historically, apartheid legislation determined that the only beneficiaries of the incubator role assumed by the central areas in South African cities would be white small-scale enterprise. One aspect of the deracialization of space is the recent growth of a wave of incipient black-owned small enterprises functioning in rented premises in the zone of the inner city. A key policy and planning issue is to develop support mechanisms to incubate and assist this new group of black enterprises. 相似文献
20.
Rolf Dauskardt 《GeoJournal》1993,30(1):9-20
In the 1990s, South Africa and its cities have entered an unprecedented era of change. This transition has been characterised by a burgeoning of civil society and negotiation processes around the key policy and development challenges facing the country. Within this context, the beginnings of a new post-apartheid urban reconstruction era has been marked by the dual challenges of neutralising the damaging anomalies created in cities by apartheid urban engineering, and of shaping efficient, functional and well-managed cities for the future. The core areas or central city zones of the major metropolitan complexes — comprising inner city residential components and central business district economic sectors — are now emerging as a priority area in urban reconstruction. This paper briefly outlines the evolution of the South African central city within the context of overall metropolitan morphology, before considering several of the key issues and processes currently shaping inner city and CBD zones. 相似文献